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A study was conducted to examine how different kinds of children's nonverbal behavior developed across grade levels. The six kinds of behavior studied were (1) proxemic, or observance of personal space; (2) haptic, or touching behavior; (3) oculesic, or gazing; (4) kinesic, or interpreting emotions from facial expressions; (5) vocalic, or identifying emotions from vocal cues; and (6) behavior stemming from perceptions of physical appearance. Nine hundred and one teachers from all grade levels were asked to indicate what percentage of their students engaged in each of 64 nonverbal behaviors. The results indicated that observance of personal space increased with grade level, while interpersonal touching decreased except for sexual touching. The gazing variables indicated no developmental increase, with students at all levels maintaining eye contact when speaking and when spoken to. The kinesic variables also showed no developmental pattern, although smiling appeared to decrease until grade seven, then fluctuate through grade 12. The ability to identify emotions from vocal cues steadily increased with grade level. There was also a developmental pattern for the physical appearance variables, with avoidance of overweight children and concern about dress increasing with grade level. (HTH)

The problem addressed by this report is the large size and heavy weight of the cable bundle, used for controlling a Multidegree-Of-Freedom Serpentine Truss Manipulator arm, which imposes limitations on the manipulator arm maneuverability. This report covers a design of an optical fiber network to replace the existing copper wire network of the Serpentine Truss Manipulator. This report proposes a fiber network design which significantly reduces the bundle size into two phases. The first phase does not require any modifications for the manipulator architecture, while the other requires major modifications. Design philosophy, hardware details and schematic diagrams are presented.

The problem addressed by this report is the large size and heavy weight of the cable bundle, used for controlling a Multidegree-Of-Freedom Serpentine Truss Manipulator arm, which imposes limitations on the manipulator arm maneuverability. This report covers a design of an optical fiber network to replace the existing copper wire network of the Serpentine Truss Manipulator. This report proposes a fiber network design which significantly reduces the bundle size into two phases. The first phase does not require any modifications for the manipulator architecture, while the other requires major modifications. Design philosophy, hardware details and schematic diagrams are presented.

Includes bibliographical references (p. 14.)

Includes bibliographical references (p. 14.)

In acoustic thermometry of the ocean, interpretation of the results of the measurements implies that all distances between sources and receivers in the thermometry system are fixed during an experiment. This means that the acoustic sources and receivers should be firmly installed on the bottom. However, it is not always possible to deploy such stable systems in the ocean, especially in deep water. One of the acoustic emitting complexes for the ACOUS (Arctic Climate Observation using Underwater Sound) experiment is planned for deployment in the deep-water Central Arctic Basin. Arctic conditions make it difficult to deploy a long-baseline system, since the ice drift cannot be controlled and the navigation beacons cannot be accurately deployed at the determined points on the bottom around the main mooring system. In these conditions, the beacons should be self-locating and the system construction adapted for fast deployment. Moreover, the necessary resolution of the thermometry system in the ACOUS experiment requires positioning accuracy better than that in the available commercial devices. This paper discusses these requirements of the acoustic positioning system as well as addressing the issue of communication between the complex and the shore.

Student writers must be aware of the limits and needs of their readers if they are to transmit messages with clarity and precision. Psychological research in referential communication and the development of social-cognitive skills supports the theory that a writer's egocentrism and audience awareness affect composition. At the high school and college levels, student writers appear to experience difficulties when adapting referential discourse to an audience because of three basic failures: (1) to take the needs and abilities of the reader into account; (2) to consistently maintain the reader's perspective; (3) to apply strategies for analyzing audience needs in a specific situation. Teachers of speech communication are familiar with techniques of audience analysis, and composition teachers could modify some of their suggestions for the writing class. Developmental research will continue to play an increasingly important role in shaping conceptions of how people learn to communicate in writing. (AEA)

In a study that sought to identify the gains in English oral communication skills of Spanish speaking learning disabled students in the elementary schools, the Basic Inventory of Natural Language (BINL) and the Woodcock Language Proficiency Battery (WLPB) were administered to two groups of students aged 8 to 12 years: an experimental group of 20 students in a self-contained class and a control group of 20 mainstreamed students. Students in the experimental group received English as a Second Language (ESL) instruction using the natural approach (NAT) and the control group followed the audiolingual approach (AAT). The BINL was used as a measure of English oral production skills and the WLPB was used to measure English vocabulary comprehension skills and listening comprehension. Results reveal that elementary Spanish speaking learning-disabled students showed gains in English oral communication skills. The NAT and AAT showed instructional strengths for the acquisition of ESL in learning-disabled students. Students under the NAT treatment showed a significant difference in the Woodcock Analogies subtest by age group. (Contains 41 references.) (JP)

An examination of the various definitions of the term "development journalism" shows that in some contexts it refers to the communication process that is used to serve the development goals of the government. Usually called development support communication, such journalism uses all forms--mass media, folk media, and small group and interpersonal communication--to promote the total development plans of an authoritarian regime. In other contexts, development journalism has been used in a manner similar to that of investigative reporting. Viewed in this manner, the role of the development journalist is to examine critically the existing development programs and projects of a government, compare the planned project with its actual implementation, and report any observed shortcomings. Any discussion of development journalism is usually emotionally charged. The developing nations claim that the Western journalists are protecting their own capitalistic interests in the world when they attack development journalism as "government say-so journalism." On the other hand, Western journalists fear that the establishment of the principles of development journalism will mean an end to the freedom to collect information first-hand in foreign countries. (Author/FL)

THE ILLINOIS COMMUNICATION SCALE WAS DEVELOPED ON 16 MM COLOR FILM TO ASSESS THE RECEPTIVE COMMUNICATION ABILITIES OF DEAF CHILDREN BETWEEN 6 AND 14 YEARS. FORMS WERE CONSTRUCTED TO MEASURE (1) AUDITORY RECEPTION, (2) LIPREADING AND LISTENING, (3) LIPREADING ONLY, (4) FINGERSPELLING, AND (5) LANGUAGE OF SIGNS. EACH FORM HAD 5 SUBPARTS (1) VOCABULARY, (2) SIMPLE SENTENCES, (3) STORIES, (4) NARRATIONS, AND (5) RANDOM SENTENCES AND PHRASES. THE SCALE (WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THE FIRST FORM WHICH COULD NOT BE ADMINISTERED AS A GROUP TEST) WAS GIVEN TO 417 SUBJECTS. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN TEST RESULTS AND AGE, NUMBER OF YEARS IN SCHOOL, IQ, ACHIEVEMENT TEST SCORES, PARAGRAPH MEANING SCORES, DEAFNESS OF RELATIVES, STATUS OF HEARING LOSS, AND SCHOOL ENTRANCE AGE WERE INVESTIGATED. TEST RESULTS WERE COMPARED WITH TEACHER RATINGS AS A CRITERION MEASURE. TWO VARIMAX ROTATED FACTOR MATRICES WERE OBTAINED FROM EACH OF THE TWO SCHOOLS IN THE STUDY. ONE USED THE SUBTESTS AS FACTORS. THE OTHER USED THE TOTAL SCORE FOR THE ENTIRE FORM AS A FACTOR. RESULTS INDICATED THAT THE TWO LIPREADING FORMS WERE VALID USING THE CRITERION OF TEACHERS' RATINGS. HOWEVER, THE "LIPREADING ONLY" FORM WAS NOT FOUND TO BE SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT FROM THE "LIPREADING AND LISTENING" FORM. THE AUTHOR RECOMMENDED ELIMINATING THE FORMER. PERFORMANCE ON THE FINGERSPELLING AND LANGUAGE OF SIGNS FORMS WAS MORE CLOSELY RELATED TO AGE, YEARS IN SCHOOL, AND ACHIEVEMENT TEST SCORES THAN TO TEACHER RATINGS. IT WAS SUGGESTED THAT BETTER CRITERIA FOR RATING ABILITY IN FINGERSPELLING AND THE LANGUAGE OF SIGNS BE FOUND SINCE TEACHER RATINGS OF THESE ITEMS WERE MORE HIGHLY CORRELATED WITH AGE, YEARS IN SCHOOL, AND DEAFNESS OF RELATIVES THAN WITH PERFORMANCE ON THESE ITEMS. ANALYSIS OF DATA INDICATED THAT SUBPARTS ONE, TWO, AND FIVE WERE EVALUATING THE SAME FACTOR AND PARTS THREE AND FOUR ANOTHER. IT WAS RECOMMENDED THAT PARTS ONE, TWO, AND FIVE BE COMBINED AND AND THAT EITHER PART THREE OR PART FOUR BE ELIMINATED. NO RELIABILITY INFORMATION IS AVAILABLE AS YET. FIGURES, TABLES, AND TEST ITEMS ARE INCLUDED IN THE APPENDIXES. THERE ARE 6 REFERENCES. (HK)

To gain insight into a leader's ability to effect change by influencing group peers this study sought to identify structural properties and communication behavior characteristics of the school systems in which opinion leaders and isolates work, as they relate to a change strategy for vocational-technical education. Based on questionnaire data collected from a random sample of 57 vocational agriculture teachers, the study revealed that the success of an opinion leader is related to the definition of the peer group and to the school in which he teaches. (JS)

To gain insight into a leader's ability to effect change by influencing group peers this study sought to identify structural properties and communication behavior characteristics of the school systems in which opinion leaders and isolates work, as they relate to a change strategy for vocational-technical education. Based on questionnaire data collected from a random sample of 57 vocational agriculture teachers, the study revealed that the success of an opinion leader is related to the definition of the peer group and to the school in which he teaches. (JS)

Purpose of the research  – consists of a research of issues of development of information and communication technology in the agricultural sector.  Methodology  – consists of systematic and comparative approaches, methods of analysis, synthesis of problems on the development of information and communication technology in the agricultural sector.  Finding  – offers and the recommendations about issues of development of information and communication technology in Agrarian sector, Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), Food Security, "Wisdom Agriculture". 

This paper examines how communication underpins the historical, structural, and interpretive development of constitutional law. Constitutional law is a multifaceted domain shaped not only by judicial decisions but also by socio-political discourse, international exchange, and symbolic expression. Communication through judicial opinions, public discourse, and technological mediums facilitates the construction, interpretation, and transmission of constitutional meaning. From pre-constitutional charters to modern-day transnational legal borrowings, communication processes allow constitutional values to evolve, migrate, and adapt to new contexts. The study also considers the interplay between judicial communication, legal pluralism, and public engagement in constitutional democracies, highlighting how law is made intelligible and authoritative through language, symbols, and discourse. Drawing on interdisciplinary approaches from law, linguistics, and anthropology, this work underscores the indispensable role of communication in shaping the legitimacy, accessibility, and adaptability of constitutional frameworks. 

This paper explored the relationships among career development, personality trait, and organizational commitment and examines whether career development mediates the relationship between personality trait and organizational commitment. The sample was 275 sport communication technology talents in Taiwan. The instrument included the Personality Trait Scale, Career Development Scale, and Organizational Commitment Scale. The relationship between personality trait and organizational commitment was mediated by career development. According the findings, some suggestions and recommendations for administration agency, and further researchers were made.

In the face of rising juvenile violent crime rates and media talk of waste, abuse, fraud, and ineffectiveness within the Florida Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services (HRS), the state recommended the adoption of a family-focused approach in client intervention strategy. The Florida Atlantic University Professional Development Centre (FAU/PDC) was contracted to develop a training program to implement the new policy. As a result, a study was conducted to determine the following: an efficient and valid method of determining the effectiveness of HRS communication of policy; training participants' level of understanding of the new policy; employees' attitudes toward implementation of the reform; and how receptive employees are to general policy communication. The Organizational Communication Profile (OCP) developed by Peterson and Pace was selected to develop a HRS communication profile. OCP surveys were administered to 123 case managers by FAU/PDC instructors during the introduction to the family-focused practice training sessions. The survey showed that overall, the communications were well-received by HRS employees and they were well aware of policies. The assessment instrument proved an efficient and valid method of identifying the effectiveness of HRS policy communication and employee attitudes toward that policy. As a result of the study, it was recommended that the juvenile justice curriculum be revised to include administration of the OCP survey. The instrument is also appropriate for future comparison of the policy communication strategies of other HRS departments, through their training partners, to their employees. Finally, it was suggested that HRS review its current method of policy dissemination to determine the feasibility of including training and development planners in the early stages of policy development. (The survey instrument is included in the report. Contains 18 references.) (KC)

Proceedings of a seminar on the role of communication skills instruction as part of English language training (ELT) offered through British technical assistance and economic development programs are presented. They take the form of speeches, case study summaries, and reports of group discussions about each case study. Speeches include: "Aspects of Accountability"; "The Value of English in Development"; "Economics and ELT"; and "Investing in Education." Case studies and related discussions are for Namibia, Kenya, Zimbabwe, Hungary, Poland, China, and India. A summary list of key issues emerging from the seminar, a summary of seminar outcomes, a seminar evaluation questionnaire, and a list of participants are also included. (MSE)

The socialization of sociology graduate students is examined to determine why graduate students often lack professional confidence, promise, and maturity. A review of professional development literature indicates possible problems. The student who lacks professional and occupational objectives, commitment, and works at less than full potential is described in section I. Section II discusses lack of graduate program standardization, unstructured curriculum, competitive grading, and student exploitation as sources of the problem. Section III describes the central cause of student problems as a double bind, consisting of the contradictory communications that sociology is a discipline of shapeless complexity and that the primary goal of the graduate student is to tie up all loose ends. These two communications, entitled the fallacy of shapeless complexity and the fallacy of closure, are characterized in sections IV and V, followed by solutions to the problem in section VI. The solution is to improve student and faculty awareness of and communication about the double bind and then to attempt practical reform of examination procedures, degree requirements, and knowledge development. References are included in the document. (Author/DB)

The socialization of sociology graduate students is examined to determine why graduate students often lack professional confidence, promise, and maturity. A review of professional development literature indicates possible problems. The student who lacks professional and occupational objectives, commitment, and works at less than full potential is described in section I. Section II discusses lack of graduate program standardization, unstructured curriculum, competitive grading, and student exploitation as sources of the problem. Section III describes the central cause of student problems as a double bind, consisting of the contradictory communications that sociology is a discipline of shapeless complexity and that the primary goal of the graduate student is to tie up all loose ends. These two communications, entitled the fallacy of shapeless complexity and the fallacy of closure, are characterized in sections IV and V, followed by solutions to the problem in section VI. The solution is to improve student and faculty awareness of and communication about the double bind and then to attempt practical reform of examination procedures, degree requirements, and knowledge development. References are included in the document. (Author/DB)

The article describes the stages of development of communication services. It highlights the role of innovative information technologies in the rapid development of the industry. The transition to a post industrial society has allowed information and communication technologies to become one of the main components of the development of the digital economy based on knowledge. The dynamic growth of the technical and economic characteristics of high tech innovative products contributes to a significant increase in computing power and intellectual potential of products, a rapid change in outdated standards and technological platforms of information and communication systems and networks. Hazratov Abror "The Role of Digital Economic Technologies in the Development of Communication Services in Uzbekistan" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41148.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comeconomics/development-economics/41148/the-role-of-digital-economic-technologies-in-the-development-of-communication-services-in-uzbekistan/hazratov-abror

The article describes the stages of development of communication services. It highlights the role of innovative information technologies in the rapid development of the industry. The transition to a post industrial society has allowed information and communication technologies to become one of the main components of the development of the digital economy based on knowledge. The dynamic growth of the technical and economic characteristics of high tech innovative products contributes to a significant increase in computing power and intellectual potential of products, a rapid change in outdated standards and technological platforms of information and communication systems and networks. Hazratov Abror "The Role of Digital Economic Technologies in the Development of Communication Services in Uzbekistan" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41148.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comeconomics/development-economics/41148/the-role-of-digital-economic-technologies-in-the-development-of-communication-services-in-uzbekistan/hazratov-abror

The aim of the work is to determine whether there is existing technology which could be adapted for use in surveillance of SLC development in children. A scoping review will be carried out to determine what tools exist already.

The purposes of this study were:1) Developed problem-based on learning tools in the cultural context of Aceh (PBM-BKBA) who meet the criteria are valid, practical and effective; 2) Described the improvement of communication capabilities mathematics and social skills of students using the PBM-BKBA developed; and 3) Described the process of student answers in solving mathematical communication skills.Research development of 4-D model was done in two stages: 1) the development of learning devices; and 2) testing devices. The subjects in this study were students of class VIII SMPN 1 Muara Batu, while the object is the PBM-BKBA developed, mathematical communication skills, and social skills of students. The results were obtained: 1) The PBM-BKBA that developed have valid criteria, practical and effective; 2) There is an increased ability of mathematical communication and social skills of students using the PBM-BKBA developed; 3) the student answers on trial II trial better than I.

The gap between numbers of job seeker and employment opportunity had triggered HEIs in developing the best curriculum in equipping their graduates with relevant skills to face the competitive and challenging world of employment. Graduate Tracer Studies are essential as a way of understanding the relevance and quality of programs offered by the universities as well as the labor market. The study aims are: (1). to analyze the employment opportunity which can be filled by the SKPM Department graduates; (2). to analyze the curriculum quality in education process of SKPM Department; (3).Analyzing the relevance between MAMI curriculum with the employment opportunity of graduates. The study is categorized as qualitative descriptive using the survey method. The samples are graduates and academic staff selected through snow ball technique. Gap SERVQUAL Analysis used to measure the university quality service and determine the gap between level of importance and level of performance. Cartesian Diagram used to analyze the position of each attributes of all five dimensions in students' perception. Based on the study result, concludes graduates' importance degree towards education service quality given by SKPM Department still needs to be improved because it shows a negative gap value for every attribute of service quality. Majority of SKPM graduates absorbed by job market (86,5%) with an average 5.5 months waiting period after graduation. As much as 34% of SKPM graduates stated that minor courses were irrelevant with their current occupations.

Based on literature research and personal experiences gained in Africa, this book pays attention to the cultural and educational aspects of communication for development in developing countries. The book addresses the many pitfalls of communication and the factors that have an influence on the effectiveness of communication. The first part of the book provides an overview of the changes of development strategies in the last few decades and describes the practice of communication for development in the field. The second part of the book discusses the intricate link between communication and culture and the way it influences the practice of interpersonal and mediated communication. Part three deals with media and their educational potential. The fourth part of the book pays attention to the steps involved in the planning and implementation/production of communication events, programs, and materials. The fourth part of the book pays special attention to the importance of pre-testing, monitoring, and evaluation in this process. A 25-item dictionary of concepts and a bibliography containing about 200 items are attached. (RS)

To derive a descriptive profile of communication role patterns and to determine whether these patterns were gender dependent, a Gender Communication Scale was developed by selecting scale items from other instruments that best discriminated reports of role behavior. The scale was then administered to 91 male and 148 female undergraduate students. Four dimensions of role behavior were tested: role dominance, role sensitivity, role adaptability, and role flexibility. Also tested were sex role attitudes. Findings showed that biological sex was a less consistent predictor of role communication patterns than role variability. Role variability appeared to better explain development of opposite-sex friendship than biological sex. On the other hand, biological sex did appear to mediate social-role attitudes more consistently than role variability. It was concluded that the global gender stereotype frequently attributed to males and females was not consistently manifested in perceptions of communication role behavior. (A copy of the scale and tables of data are appended.) (HOD)

To improve speech communication education at the secondary school level, high school and college teachers must focus attention on speaking and listening content and on research having direct applications to speech instruction. Three approaches to curriculum planning have weakened secondary school level speech programs: the popularization of minicourses to the detriment of a basic skills foundation; the tendency among new instructors to present what they learned in college, with little attention to student needs; and teacher determination of the curriculum without objective criteria. To improve the secondary school speech curriculum, high school and college instructors must collaborate. Methods of building this collaboration include establishing partnerships between college speech departments and local high school programs that focus on student needs, the application of research to those needs, and the improvement of instruction. In addition to giving preservice speech and language arts teachers the confidence and knowledge to teach secondary school speech education effectively, colleges can recognize outstanding high school speech programs, teachers, and students. (MM)

Document number CIA-RDP75B00514R000200050004-6 declassified and released through the CIA's CREST database. Previously available only on four computers located outside of Washington D.C., the Agency was successfully pressured into putting the files online as a result of a MuckRock lawsuit and the efforts of Emma Best. The metadata was collected by Data.World, and the files are now being archived and made text searchable by the Internet Archive.

The Communications Skills Laboratory Program, an ESEA/Title I project in the Atlanta, Georgia, public schools, presented a language skills course for underachieving eighth-grade pupils. Pupils had reading achievement scores below sixth-grade level, had reading potential scores above this level, and had a 70 IQ or better. Small group or individual instruction stressed grammar through oral language pattern drills, listening activities, writing activities, and basic reading skills practice. Data for six schools are reported separately, comparing pretests and post-tests scores for significant differences. No two participating schools administered the same number or kind of tests. In all except one of the schools significant improvement in total reading was noted. In all three schools measuring language usage there was significant improvement. Tables are included. (CM)

A study developed and tested a communication and physical environment scale (CAPES) that consisted of items formulated from previous theoretical and empirical research. Subjects, 52 workers in a warehouse and its offices, completed questionnaires about information dissemination in their organization, the quality of organizational relationships, and satisfaction with organizational outcomes. Results indicated that the CAPES scale was a highly reliable instrument that could differentiate between populations with known variations in physical environment. Item analyses results suggested that no items should be deleted from the scale. A further pragmatic benefit is that the scale was designed to be incorporated in the more encompassing ICA (International Communication Association) Communication Audit framework. (Tables of data are included, and a comprehensive list of references is appended.) (NKA)

Data on perceptions of 1354 Canadian college and university students with disabilities about how well their information and communication technology (ICT) needs are being met on and off campus were collected. These formed the basis for the POSITIVES Scale (Postsecondary Information Technology Initiative Scale). The measure contains 26 items which use a 6-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree, 6 = strongly agree) to indicate level of agreement with each of the positively worded items. The Scale has three factor analysis derived subscales (ICTs at School Meet Student's Needs, ICTs at Home Meet Student's Needs, e-Learning ICTs Meet Student's Needs) and a total score. Reliability and validity are excellent for both English and French versions. Versions that could be completed online, on paper (printable PDF), and within a Microsoft Word document were found to be equivalent. Both the measure and the norms are provided. (Contains 8 tables.)

This volume describes a communications program for a high school district. The plan is intended to improve school-community relations through involving parents in advisory positions in the schools and through coordinating information exchange and communication between community agencies (such as the sheriff's department) and the schools. Community communication needs were identified from the responses of parents and students to questionnaires. The communications plan outlined here was implemented in two California high school districts (Orange and Norwalk-La Mirada Unified School districts). (Author/DS)

The purpose of this study was to examine the construct validity of a classroom communication apprehension scale. Subjects were 196 high school students in Japan. The original English version of a classroom communication apprehension scale (M. R. Neer, 1987) consisted of 20 items representing 2 hypothesized dimensions of classroom communication apprehension: confidence and participation. The Japanese translation of the scale was comprised of the same items representing the same two dimensions. The internal consistency reliability for each of the two subscales was 0.81 and 0.82 respectively. Exploratory factor analysis using a principal axis factoring method with an oblique (promax) rotation extracted 4 factors with eigenvalues greater than 1.0, collectively accounting for 61% of the total variance. Results of confirmatory factor analyses provide little support for the factor structures of both the a priori two-factor model and a four-factor model. The study concludes that for the sample of high school students in this study the Japanese version of the classroom communication apprehension scale is a multidimensional construct. However, results provide little support for the presence of the two hypothesized dimensions. The findings of the study suggest the needs for redefinition of the dimensions of classroom communication apprehension. (Contains 3 tables and 19 references.) (Author/SLD)

In their attempts to further the adoption of productivity increasing ideas and practices by third world peasants, diffusion researchers have paid insufficient attention to the factors acting as constraints to their efforts. An examination of one of these constraints, the lack of an equitable system for delivering knowledge and skills to rural populations, reveals the erroneous assumptions and methodological mistakes of diffusion researchers, including (1) preoccupation with already diffused innovations; (2) unrealistic proliteracy bias; (3) focus on the individual as locus of change; (4) media effects approach; (5) propersuasion bias; (6) proinnovation bias; (7) favoring of in-the-head variables of receivers over manipulable ones; (8) prosource bias; (9) inadequate researcher self-examination; (10) one way message flow bias from top to bottom; and (11) a lack of interest in field experimentation. Given these inadequacies, one can predict that a diffusion campaign would result in few peasants gaining systematic knowledge about innovations and their applications, even fewer with sufficient knowledge to act effectively, and some whose knowledge was distorted. And the communication constraint is only one of many constraints that need to be overcome before successful implementation of rural development projects will be possible. (JL)

An interdisciplinary course in health communication can begin to bridge the gap in knowledge between different health care disciplines and provide epistemological gains for both health care practitioners and communication scholars. Possible topics include patient interviewing, health education, practitioner/patient relationships, health care teams, therapeutic communication, health care ethics, and communication in health care organizations. In health education training, health care providers are instructed how to describe and explain complex health care topics and procedures clearly and explicitly. The practitioner/patient relationship is examined as a crucial issue in health care provision, and poor health care relationships are identified as a primary cause of many current problems in the health care system. The importance of developing effective health care teams is examined in light of the growing specialization and complexity of modern health care practice. Therapeutic communication is identified as a key communication characteristic of helping, and health care is characterized as a helping profession. Ethics in health communication are examined as moral evaluations of the correctness of health care behaviors, and health care organizations are presented as the primary social systems for the delivery of health care services to the public in the modern world. (HOD)

Five papers summarize the development of the Elementary Communication Skills Programs in reading, composition, spelling, and expressive language, as well as the training system designed to accompany each program. These programs are intended for use in kindergarten through grade 4. Product development, field tryouts, revisions, and results for the period 1966-1974 are presented chronologically for each of the programs. (AA)

St. Louis Community College-Meramec (SLCC-Meramec) is a metropolitan community college offering associate degrees, transfer, and certificate programs. Because of an anticipated increase in public speaking enrollment, the Communications Department Chair at SLCC-Meramec wanted to upgrade and improve the public speaking course content and methodology. A 5-phase project was used to develop a plan for incorporating gender communication content and gender-fair teaching methodologies into the public speaking course at SLCC-Meramec. The first phase consisted of completing a series of literature reviews in response to four research questions. The second phase included an analysis of public speaking materials currently available and the instructional methods presently used in the communications classes. The third phase included the development and the distribution of a questionnaire to male and female professional speakers in the St. Louis area to determine gender differences in public speaking and the preferred methods of instruction. Questions were developed to note perceived gender differences in public speaking styles, and respondents were asked to provide suggestions for improving instruction. The fourth phase consisted of the development and execution of in-depth interviews to solicit information regarding male and female speaking styles, male and female preference for public speaking instruction and methodology, and the impact of gender differences on speaking styles. The fifth phase consisted of the development of a plan for making recommendations to the Communications Department at SLCC-Meramec to incorporate gender communication content and gender-fair teaching methodologies into the public speaking course. (Contains a 325-item bibliography.) (NKA)

The purpose of this training manual is to assist parents and professionals in understanding how a child's temperament, sensorimotor system, and communication system support each other in helping the child develop a solid foundation for normal growth and development. Training is based on the premise that awareness of the interaction and integration of these systems leads to more appropriate interpretation of the child's developmental needs by parents, teachers, and other caregivers, leading to a better "goodness of fit" in how the child and adult respond to each other and thereby enhancing the child's development. The manual was developed as a four workshop series, covering: (1) child development overview and sensorimotor development; (2) communication system; (3) temperament; and (4) integration of systems. The training involves discussion, mini-lectures, small and large group participation, self-awareness and problem-solving activities, and audiovisual aids. For each workshop, numerous handouts, overhead transparency originals, background information, and supplemental materials are provided. (Some chapters contain references.) (JDD)

The central theme of this ideabook on the Bicentennial is the extension of the human rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness to the United States and the rest of the world. The ideabook is divided into three sections. Section one describes 17 proposed projects based upon a central Bicentennial program entitled "A Declaration of Interdependence: Education for a Global Community." Each project is dependent upon funding outside the National Association (NEA). Section two offers a sample listing of innovative activities for classroom use. The first part of this section -- Heritage -- suggests class activities to probe into our nation's development, especially the human rights and cultural diversity qualities. The second part of this section -- Horizon -- suggests class activities for dealing with problems facing the global community including energy, political action, transportation, population, shared education, a common system of measurement, and communication. Section three lists national, regional, and state Bicentennial funding sources. (Author/DE)

During the last two decades, sustainability has become an emerging issue, both in literature and policies. As to literature, the focus has been on sustainability reporting for private organizations, while less attention has been given to public administrations. As regards policies, intergovernmental organizations, such as the UN, have embarked on a path towards sustainability that has developed through a series of international conferences resulting in commitments and recommendations addressed to governments as well as multinational and national corporations. To date, the European Union has advised national and local governments to undertake a sustainability focus through a series of communications, and a list of actions devoted to sustainability. With regards to corporations, four ‘governmental roles’ have been identified in order to support the adoption of social responsibility and sustainability behaviors: mandator, facilitator, partner, endorser. This paper aims to discuss the role played by the European Union in encouraging local governments to adopt sustainable policies. In doing so, the path followed at the international level is first analyzed in order to support sustainable development, and the content of the Communications is followed issued by the European Union in order to promote sustainable policies at the local level.

During the last two decades, sustainability has become an emerging issue, both in literature and policies. As to literature, the focus has been on sustainability reporting for private organizations, while less attention has been given to public administrations. As regards policies, intergovernmental organizations, such as the UN, have embarked on a path towards sustainability that has developed through a series of international conferences resulting in commitments and recommendations addressed to governments as well as multinational and national corporations. To date, the European Union has advised national and local governments to undertake a sustainability focus through a series of communications, and a list of actions devoted to sustainability. With regards to corporations, four ‘governmental roles’ have been identified in order to support the adoption of social responsibility and sustainability behaviors: mandator, facilitator, partner, endorser. This paper aims to discuss the role played by the European Union in encouraging local governments to adopt sustainable policies. In doing so, the path followed at the international level is first analyzed in order to support sustainable development, and the content of the Communications is followed issued by the European Union in order to promote sustainable policies at the local level.

The study reported here tested a proposed teacher efficacy model by examining: (1) whether perceived teacher efficacy, teacher communication competence, and teacher immediacy are significant predictors of perceived affective and cognitive student learning; and (2) whether perceived teacher communication competence and teacher immediacy are significant predictors of perceived teacher efficacy. Subjects, 47 instructors and 557 students at a large midwestern university, completed questionnaires. Instructors completed self-report measures of teacher efficacy, and students completed reports of teacher communication competence and immediacy, and responded to a scale which measures cognitive and affective learning. Results indicated that: teachers who were perceived as competent and immediate positively influenced their students' affective learning; teachers who were perceived as competent and immediate had a negative impact on cognitive student learning; and student perceptions of teacher communication competence and teacher immediacy made significant contributions to the prediction of teacher efficacy. Findings represent a paradox: while perceived teacher competence and teacher immediacy were significantly predictive of student learning, perceived teacher efficacy (referring to a perception that teachers can influence student learning) was not. An unanticipated finding was that perceived teacher communication competence and teacher immediacy significantly predicted cognitive student learning, but in a negative direction. (A figure of the model and four tables of data are included. Contains 68 references.) (RS)

In an endeavour to find solutions to the country's improving but ailing education system the South African government through some of its departments is attempting to find out if the introduction of technology in the class room has the potential to improve teaching and learning. The paper is based on a pilot study currently underway in Cofimvaba in Eastern Cape Province where tablets were introduced to teachers in eleven schools. The paper used the Cofimvaba ICT4RED initiative as a case study to ascertain how teachers accepted the introduction of tablets at their schools for teaching and learning. The main research methodology is qualitative multiple case study research with interpretivism as paradigm. Data were gathered though the use of questionnaires administered to teachers. The results showed that most teachers embraced tablets and were using them in the classroom, for their own professional development and personal use. Therefore, within the South African education system the introduction of tablets in learning and teaching is an important step towards improvement of education particularly in poorly resourced schools.

This paper is a review of human resource development, training, and instructional communication literature to determine any connections between trainers presentation and trainee motivation. The literature review explores constructs of instructional communication that impact motivation, and then connects motivation to trainees' transfer of learning. Furthermore, the literature review reveals a connection between trainer delivery, motivation and transfer of learning; thus, revealing additional variables to explore in the HRD discipline.

This document is the 1971-72 annual report of the Special Committee for Development of Communications with Negro Colleges and Universities (SCDCNCU). This report conveys, in explicit terms the nature and the implications of the SCDCNCU approach to human and social development. An overview of the year's progress, persons' contacted throughout the year, process in course, and the immediate future of the committee are highlighted. (MJM)

This document comprises 7 papers that are annual reports from the Special Committee for Development of Communication with Negro Colleges and Universities. The Committee, founded in 1963 as the Special Committee on Visiting Lecturers to Negro Colleges and Universities, has as its primary goal the creation of sensitive, on-going relationships between the faculties and staffs of Negro schools and corresponding persons in the flourishing educational institutions in the country. The purpose is accomplished by bringing people together through productive and meaningful visits back and forth. While the seat of the program is at the University of California at Berkeley, the aim is toward universal participation. The Committee's activities are reported for the academic years 1964-65 through 1970-71. (HS)

This paper reports the development of a classroom observation instrument designed to broaden and extend the power of existing tools to provide a balanced, reciprocal perspective of both verbal and nonverbal communication. An introductory section discusses developments in communication analysis. The Miniaturized Total Interaction Analysis System (Mini-TIA) is described as an extension of the Flanders and Galloway techniques which 1) uses time sampling techniques with matrix data interpretation, 2) features reciprocal categories, 3) maintains a reasonable limit on the number of categories for economy and efficiency, and 4) directs observer focus to reception as well as transmission of communication events. A table presents the Mini-TIA categories, seven verbal categories each subdivided into two categories according to the nature of the nonverbal events that parallel the verbal events. Recording with the Mini-TIA system is described, and the major matrix zones are depicted. An observer reliability study is reported in which 39 of 52 preservice teachers trained to use the system achieved a reliability level of .60 or higher, demonstrating that the system is functional and can be taught to observers who can record interaction reliably. Another study is reported which explored the relationship between Mini-TIA data and learner perception of classroom events (as measured by an adjectival checklist), concluding that further study of that relationship is needed. (JS)

A study of the dynamic organization of content through the sequence of communication behaviors in the classroom attempted to 1) systematically analyze observed and classified communication behaviors of teachers and students in the classroom which relate to content; 2) display the data thus generated so that elements, sequences, and organizations of communication behaviors related to content development can be studied and analyzed; and 3) extrapolate prototypes of content development from the analysis of elements, relationships, and organizing principles of content communication behaviors. Twelve junior high school teachers and their students were observed and video-taped as they engaged in teaching and learning activities in the four subject areas of science, mathematics, social studies, and English. Tapes of 34 class sessions were classified and codified using the 12-category Content Analysis System (developed and refined from a basic scheme of five categories: background, naming, defining, examples, and amplification). Analysis of data consisted of a classification of elements of content communication and the identification of larger and larger sequences of communication behaviors within which these content elements were found. Analysis of elements and larger sequences of data was made of the sample as a whole and within the sample according to subject area and according to individual teachers. (Summary findings are presented and the category system is included.) (JS)

Ralph J Canine Letter: Requesting Dr Kelly Designate Someone In The Field Of Communication Theory General Electronics Transistor Development Or Allied Fields To Serve On The Nsasab

Ralph J Canine Letter: Requesting Dr Kelly Designate Someone In The Field Of Communication Theory General Electronics Transistor Development Or Allied Fields To Serve On The Nsasab