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There is a huge and rapidly growing amount of digital information about people. It is distributed across personal data stores, private corporate and government stores as well as on the very public web. If we can harness this personal information effectively, it has to potential to augment our cognition, providing the means to make use of life-long digital memories and support life-long learning. This talk describes the work of CHAI, the Computer Human Adaptive Interaction group which is tackling this problem from the perspective of life-long user modelling. Key to the approach is that we create user models and personalised systems that enable the user to scrutinize and control the whole personalisation process. This is particularly important in pervasive computing where devices and services recede into the environment, becoming invisible. It is key to effective management of privacy and security in pervasive and personalised environments. CHAI has created a layered set of theories and tools for personalisation. These tools support knowledge representation and reasoning, data mining, machine learning and user interfaces. This talk will present the PersonisAM modelling of people in pervasive computing environments and activity-mirrors to support small groups. Another dimension of this CHAI research is in novel pervasive computing interfaces such as tabletop interaction and pervasive appliances that are embedded in the environment to serve very specific functions. This talk will focus on the Keep-in-Touch appliance and the Cruiser framework for building tabletop surface applications. ©2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

There is a huge and rapidly growing amount of digital information about people. It is distributed across personal data stores, private corporate and government stores as well as on the very public web. If we can harness this personal information effectively, it has to potential to augment our cognition, providing the means to make use of life-long digital memories and support life-long learning. This talk describes the work of CHAI, the Computer Human Adaptive Interaction group which is tackling this problem from the perspective of life-long user modelling. Key to the approach is that we create user models and personalised systems that enable the user to scrutinize and control the whole personalisation process. This is particularly important in pervasive computing where devices and services recede into the environment, becoming invisible. It is key to effective management of privacy and security in pervasive and personalised environments. CHAI has created a layered set of theories and tools for personalisation. These tools support knowledge representation and reasoning, data mining, machine learning and user interfaces. This talk will present the PersonisAM modelling of people in pervasive computing environments and activity-mirrors to support small groups. Another dimension of this CHAI research is in novel pervasive computing interfaces such as tabletop interaction and pervasive appliances that are embedded in the environment to serve very specific functions. This talk will focus on the Keep-in-Touch appliance and the Cruiser framework for building tabletop surface applications. ©2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

This article is from Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine , volume 3 . Abstract Objective: Walnut (Juglans Regia) is a domestic fruit of Iran. Walnut kernel (WK) has many beneficial constituents such as unsaturated fatty acids, antioxidants, and vitamin E. Scientific studies have shown that fatty acids and vitamin E can modulate learning and memory processes. The aim of the present work was to study effects of walnut consumption by mothers during pregnancy and lactation on learning and memory in adult rat offsprings. Materials and Methods: The animals were divided into three groups: control (fed with ordinary food, 20 g daily), gestation (fed with WK, 6% of food intake during pregnancy), and gestation and lactation (fed with WK, 6% of food intake during gestation and lactation). Morris water maze test was performed for their adult offsprings. Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference in learning and memory of rat offsprings between experimental and control groups. Conclusion: These data may indicate that feeding mothers with WK results in improvement in learning and memory of their offsprings.

This article is from Journal of Natural Science, Biology, and Medicine , volume 4 . Abstract Background:: In the traditional system of medicine, the roots and rhizomes of Glycyrrhiza glabra (Gg) (family: Leguminosae) have been studied for their ability to improve a variety of health ailments. Aims:: The present study was designed to investigate the beneficial effects of Gg root extract on learning and memory in 1-month-old male Wistar albino rats. Four doses (75, 150, 225, and 300 mg/kg) of aqueous extract of root of Gg was administered orally for six successive weeks. Materials and Methods:: The aqueous extracts were evaluated for their effect on spatial learning and memory in rats using the elevated plus maze, Hebb–William maze, and Morris water maze tests which served as the exteroceptive behavioral model. Diazepam-induced amnesia served as the interoceptive behavioral model. Results:: Results showed that all the doses of aqueous root extract of Gg significantly enhanced the memory; however, in the doses of 150 and 225 mg/kg, it showed a significant (P < 0.01) enhancement in learning and memory. Furthermore, Diazepam-induced amnesia was reversed by the aqueous root extract of Gg (150 and 225 mg/kg, p.o.). Conclusion:: These findings suggest that the memory enhancement effects of Gg may be mediated by its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Thus, Gg appears to be a promising drug for improving memory in the management of impaired learning, dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and other neurodegenerative disorders.

This collection of abstracts is part of a continuing series providing information on recent doctoral dissertations. The 20 titles deal with a variety of topics, including the following: semantic constructivity in children's comprehension; text-based inferences generated by children in reading written discourse; a review of reading comprehension research; the psycholinguistic processes of beginning readers; the relationship between discourse structures and critical reading; information processing and retrieval of adult college students; the effects of anaphoric references, typographically modified organizers, and oral prequestioning on reading comprehension; word analysis strategies for reading; the effect of question order on reading achievement; sentence characteristics that influence the comprehensibility of text; the effect of chunking on the recall of written discourse; types of information addition in the psycholinguistic process of reading; the relationship of knowledge of given information to reading comprehension; prose learning as a function of adjunct questions and individual differences; and the relationship of language cues used in silent reading to the semantic and syntactic cues revealed in oral reading miscues. (GW)

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Memory and learning are fundamental cognitive processes that shape knowledge retention, skill acquisition, and problem-solving abilities. As information overload becomes a growing challenge, engineering techniques offer innovative solutions for cognitive enhancement. This paper examines the intersection of cognitive psychology, neuroscience, and engineering principles in optimizing memory performance. It discusses digital tools, gamification, and AI-driven learning systems, evaluating their effectiveness in diverse educational and professional settings. Additionally, ethical considerations and future trends in memory enhancement, such as augmented reality and neuroplasticity-based interventions, are examined. The findings underscore the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in developing effective, equitable, and sustainable cognitive enhancement strategies. 

Retrieval practice can enhance encoding and subsequent retrieval of new information relative to restudy or no additional practice (Chan et al., 2018; Pastötter & Bäuml, 2014; Yang et al., 2018). Multiple mechanisms related to the encoding, retrieval, and context of the newly encoded information, as well as motivational and metacognitive factors may contribute this so-called forward effect of testing (FET). While the FET has been shown with different materials, there is little research on the FET with educationally relevant materials, such as learning key-term definitions. The first objective of this study is to replicate and generalize the FET with key-term definitions in younger adults. The assignment of the participants to the two practice conditions is random, allowing to compare the size of the FET in Session 1 as a between-subjects effect and across sessions as a within-subjects effect. While we predict the FET to occur both as between- and within-subjects effect, the FET is expected to be larger between-subjects. due to potential transfer effects from Session 1 to Session 2 (cf. Kubik, Hahne, & Hausman, 2020; Pastötter & Frings, 2019) or due to a decreasing motivation and interest in fully engaging in Session 2, compared to Session 1. For this reason, we will also make corresponding predictions selectively for Session 1 as between-subjects comparisons and test these predictions. In Objectives 2–5, we examine the potential mechanisms underlying the FET. Here, we are specifically interested how retrieval practice may motivate learners to invest and sustain attention and mental effort during subsequent encoding of multiple new lists of key-term definitions. As a second objective, we examine the effects of the FET on self-reported cognitive effort during the initial encoding key-term definition in Learning Blocks 1–3. Based on the metacognitive account (Chan et al., 2018), interim-tests facilitate learners to adjust their encoding strategies, which can lead them to exert more cognitive effort to the learning task ahead and thus result in better future recall performance, compared to restudy practice. This leads to a smaller decline or even a maintenance of cognitive effort over the learning blocks in the retrieval-practice condition, as a result of more attention being directed towards the task (Jing et al., 2016) or expecting another test (Szpunar et al., 2007). Also, the overconfident participants may be surprised by their underperformance in an interim test, which may in turn lead to more cognitive effort in the following learning blocks (Cho et al., 2017; Lee & Ahn, 2017). As a result, retrieval practice (elicited by interim-tests) can enhance the criterial recall performance of the final text via sustained cognitive effort, compared restudy practice. The third objective of this study is to test the hypothesis that retrieval practice may attenuate the decline in attentional control or attention directed to the learned lists of key-term definitions across learning blocks. It is assumed that retrieval practice should reduce the number of lapses of attention and the occurrence of mind-wandering during the course of the learning phase, which should in turn facilitate new learning. As an index for attentional control, we will solicit a mind-wandering prompt during the initial learning phases of List 1 and List 3 of new six key term-definitions to probe participants’ current thoughts. Only a few studies investigated the effect of retrieval (vs. restudy) practice on the occurrence of mind-wandering as a self-reported proxy for attentional control, however, largely in relation to video materials on statistics (Pan et al., 2020; Szpunar, Khan, & Schacter, 2013; Szpunar, Jing, & Schacter, 2014). We predict that with the time-dependent decrease in attentional control, mind-wandering will occur more frequently during the initial study phase of Learning Block 3 compared to Learning Block 1; furthermore, we expect that retrieval practice will reduce this increase in mind-wandering during the initial study phase from Learning Blocks 1 to 3, compared to restudy practice. A fourth objective is to examine whether the size of the FET is moderated by test anxiety. There is the assumption that participants with higher rates on test anxiety may benefit less or even suffer from low-stake interim tests as participants may devote their limited cognitive resources to balance their state test anxiety (cf. Tse & Pu, 2012). There are a few studies on the role of test anxiety on the size of the backward testing effect, reporting rather mixed findings in young adults. Participants with high test anxiety scores profited either less from retrieval practice (Mok & Chans, 2016), more from retrieval practice (Clark et al., 2018) or to a similar degree as from restudy practice (Tse & Pu, 2012). To our knowledge, there is currently only one study the potential moderating role on test anxiety on the FET (Yang et al., 2020) with young adults, showing that this benefit on retrieval learning does not substantially modulate levels of trait and state test anxiety and neither does of trait and state test anxiety moderate the size of the FET. The aim of this study is to conceptually replicate this study and to assess the moderating role of trait and state anxiety on the FET with more complex learning materials (i.e., key-term definitions) in a within-subject design. Furthermore, we assess whether (repeated) retrieval practice via low-stake interim tests may decrease state test anxiety and thereby recall performance in Learning Block 3, compared to restudy practice. Given the limited knowledge on this topic, we do not formulate any specific predictions and only explore the role of trait and state test anxiety on FET and vice versa. A fifth objective is to explore the role of fluid intelligence for the FET. There are so far only very few studies on individual differences in young adults, with one study on the backward effect of testing revealing that learners with high fluid intelligence exhibit a larger testing benefit for difficult over easy items, and with low fluid intelligence showing the opposite results pattern (Minear et al., 2018). Two other recent studies on the FET showed that working memory played no role (Pastötter & Frings, 2019) or only a minor role (Yang et al., 2020) in modulating the size of the FET. However, these prior studies have used rather artificial materials of simple word materials in a lab-based study, while the present study uses more complex learning materials (i.e., key-term definitions). Given the few studies and the little theoretical work so far, we do not yet formulate any specific predictions but rather explore the potential role of fluid intelligence on the FET. To address the above-mentioned objectives, a blocked multiple-list learning paradigm (cf. Chan et al., 2018; see also Kubik, Hahne, & Hausman, 2020; Kubik, Lackner, & Hahne, 2020) is employed during two sessions of an online experiment. Dependent on the experimental group, participants are informed that in total 18 key-term definitions will be presented in each session. Participants are also instructed that they will have to remember all three lists of 6 key-term definitions at the end of each experimental session. Each of the three lists is presented for 50 seconds in an initial study phase, followed by a 30-s math distractor task, in which participants solve picture puzzles. For the Learning Blocks 1–2, the initial study phase is followed by either a 50s phase of retrieval or restudy practice. In the retrieval-practice condition, participants will attempt to recall the definitions of the just studied six definitions provided with the respective key term; in the restudy condition, they will be asked to study the list of key-term definitions again. In Learning Block 3, all participants will be asked after an initial study phase to recall the definitions of the just studied third list of key terms (as the criterial recall test). In the final tests, participants are instructed to recall the definitions of List 1–3 of key-term definitions. The same experimental procedure will be applied after seven days in Session 2, with the only difference of changing practice type (i.e., from retrieval practice to restudy practice or vice versa). At the end of Session 1 and 2, participants finish each session with a test of fluid intelligence. Self-reports of mind-wandering are prompted in the middle of the initial study phases of Learning Blocks 1 and 3. Furthermore, self-reported measures of cognitive effort (cf. Schmeck et al., 2015) are given immediately after the initial learning phases of Learning Blocks 1 and 3. In addition, before Learning Block 1, participants fill out a short form of the Test Anxiety Inventory (Wacker et al., 2008) to measure self-reported trait test anxiety (i.e., the tendency to perceive testing situations as threatening or frightening) as well as a one-item scale to measure state test anxiety (cf. Yang et al., 2020) before the criterial List-3 test and before the final tests of Lists 1–3. After the final recall phase of List 1 and List 2 of key-term definitions, participants provide self-reports about prior knowledge to each of the previously presented key-term definitions. Employing a within-subjects design of practice type provides the opportunity to examine individual differences of the FET in relation to cognitive and noncognitive factors, as measured by cognitive effort, mind-wandering, fluid intelligence, as well as state and trait test anxiety.

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Neurobiology of Learning and Memory is an active publication covering neurobiological processes underlying learning and memory. It was established in 1968 and is published 10 times a year (8 times a year until 2014) by Academic Press. The journal features papers in all areas of neurobehavioral research, emphasizing the areas of neural plasticity, and mechanisms of learning and memory. It includes original research, reviews, and brief reports. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory can be found online at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/neurobiology-of-learning-and-memory Publication History Behavioral and Neural Biology 0163-1047 Former titles (until 1995) USA United States Behavioral Biology 0091-6773 (until 1979) USA United States Communications in Behavioral Biology. Part A. Original Articles 0588-8042 (until 1972) USA United States

Council for Tobacco Research Records; abstract; st concerns neuropeptide functions; emb

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The report details the background, findings and conclusions of three studies completed in the Psychophysiology Laboratory of Baruch College, City University of New York, over the past twelve months. The first experiment was concerned with the effects of varied frequency of light stimulation upon verbal learning and a number of physiological responses, including: heart rate (HR), electromyogram (EMG), pulse wave velocity (PWV) and skin temperature (ST). The main findings were that HR was sensitive to task difficulty, while EMG was affected by frequency of light stimulation. Another finding was that lower baseline HR was related to better learning performance. The second study examined the effects of intensity of light stimulation on performance in a short term memory task (Sternberg paradigm) and a variety of physiological measures, including the event-related brain potential (ERP), HR, EMG, PWV, and ST. The major findings were that the endogenous component of the ERP (the P3 response) was delayed in latency with increased memory set size under the condition of no light stimulation. In the third study, we focused upon an examination of possible differences between the left and right hemispheres of the brain in processing verbal (words) versus spatial (areal size estimation) materials. Originator supplied keywords include: Event related potentials, Heart rate (HR), Electromyogram (EMG), Skin temperature (ST), Pulse wave velocity (PWV), Verbal learning, Sternberg paradigm, Hemispheric asymmetries, Light stimulation, and Areal discrimination.

Twenty-four learning disabled children (ages 8 to 12) were given tests of memory and selective attention in order to highlight the similarities and differences between the two. Ss were found to be sensitive to interfering stimuli especially when the task tapped areas of their weakness. Users of effective cognitive strategies in one type of task also tended to do well on other types of tasks, but memory and selective attention should be considered distinct processes. Altering performance by increasing time salience or teaching strategies can occur, but the processes are complex. (Author/CL)

The study analyzed short-and long-term memory processes in learning disabled (LD) children and compared them with normally achieving peers. Research on memory processes in LD children is reviewed and methodological limitations noted. Thirty-six normal and 36 LD Ss (8-11 years old) were asked to remember consonant trigams using one of three encoding strategies (study, vocalization, and elaboration). Findings revealed that, overall, LD Ss recalled significantly fewer consonants than normal Ss. There were no significant differences in recall among encoding strategies. LD Ss also exhibited a significantly faster rate of forgetting and lower asymptotic level of recall. Contrary to expectations, LD Ss were at least actively involved in maintaining the information. Speculations are offered for the reason for LD Ss' slower rate of processing and greater interference. Educational implications, including training acquisition and retrieval strategies that can be quickly executed, are noted. (CL)

A landmark event in the history of behavioral pharmacology was the discovery in the early 1970s of opiate receptors in the mammalian brain. Later research showed that opiate receptors occurred in all vertebrate brains. Two pentapeptides, met- and leu-enkephalin, accounted for most of the opioid activity of the brain extracts. Three experiments were conducted to assess the effects of a met-enkephalin analog (D-Ala2)-methionine enkephalinamide (DAME) on learning and memory of monkeys. Experiment 1 demonstrated that DAME impaired multiple discrimination reversal learning by capuchin monkeys. The DAME effect was not caused by DAME's effect on the monkeys' response to distracting or irrelevant stimuli nor was it caused by increasing production of systematic errors. Experiment 2 revealed DAME enhancement of two-choice spatial delayed response performance by squirrel monkeys at long but not short delays. However, in Experiment 3 low doses (100 micrograms/Kg) of DAME impaired delayed response performance on nine-choice spatial delayed response. DAME did not exert disproportionate effects on systematic as opposed to nonsystematic errors in either Experiment 2 or 3. DAME clearly has differing effects on different types of learning and memory problems in primates. These results strongly indicate that DAME would not be an effective agent for improving human performance.

As detailed in previous reports, the major purpose of this work, is to study biochemical mechanisms responsible for the toxic effects of the organometal neurotoxin trimethyltin (TMT) on learning, in order to develop strategies for prevention or alleviation of toxicity. Trialkyltins are used as stabilizers for plastics, or as biocides for control of fungus, barnacles, bacteria and insects. These compounds are anti-fouling toxicants of specific interest to the Navy, because of potential of estuarine contamination from naval vessels, and as a danger to seamen on ships carrying paint containing these compounds, since desalinated water used on these vessels may become contaminated. These compounds are also of interest as a model treatments for study of learning/memory dysfunction resulting from exposure to other toxicants (e.g. other heavy metals, organic solvents), or arising from disease states. We study learning in an autoshaping task, in which rats learn to touch a lever to obtain food. Keywords: Toxins; Antifouling coatings.

One of a series of investigations on the Project on an Information Memory Model, the purpose of this study was to determine the amount and kind of visual information processed and stored in the memory of children using different modalities of observation. Children, aged 5, 9 and 13 years, were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups. Two of the treatment groups individually viewed silently (N=21 per age level) or vocally (N=21 per age level) a projected 35mm slide of a living room. The third group (N-45 per age level) viewed the picture display in groups of three and verbally exchanged enumerations of items. Five minutes were allowed for viewing the slide. The subjects then verbally recalled the viewing experience and their recollections were tape recorded. As the age of the subjects increased, the numbe of picture item messages and variety or number of different picture items verbalized in the enumeration phase of the experiment also increased. A message processor algorithm for forecasting cognitions of verbal and nonverbal modalities was used with a prediction error of less than two percent. An item dimension algorithm for forecasting cognitions was developed to measure the M unit structure of memory pathways. The finding was that chronological age was related to M units of variations of learning and recall tasks. (Author/PEB)

This grant provided partial support for the Fourth Conference on the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory which was held at Irvine, California on October 17-20, 1990. The conference was organized and sponsored by the Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory of the University of California, Irvine. The aim of the conference was to review current fact and theory concerning three research issues in the neurobiology of learning and memory: (1) the features and loci of patterns of brain activity induced by learning, (2) the roles of different brain systems in mediating learning and memory, and (3) cellular modifications underlying learning and memory. The presentations and discussions represented all levels of analysis from molecular neurobiology through systems/behavioral studies. There were 20 principal speakers, 98 poster presentations and over 300 registered participants representing 20 countries. A book based on the proceedings of the conference, Memory: Organization and Locus of Change (Larry R. Squire, Norman M. Weinberger, Gary Lynch and James L. McGaugh, Editors) is in press. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Neuroscience, Neuroplasticity.

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 1990: Volume 16 , Issue INDEX. Digitized from IA1534524-01 . Previous issue: sim_journal-of-experimental-psychology-lmc_1989-11_15_6 . Next issue: sim_journal-of-experimental-psychology-lmc_1990-01_16_1 .

This article is from Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience , volume 8 . Abstract Mammalian memory is the result of the interaction of millions of neurons in the brain and their coordinated activity. Candidate mechanisms for memory are synaptic plasticity changes, such as long-term potentiation (LTP). LTP is essentially an electrophysiological phenomenon manifested in hours-lasting increase on postsynaptic potentials after synapse tetanization. It is thought to ensure long-term changes in synaptic efficacy in distributed networks, leading to persistent changes in the behavioral patterns, actions and choices, which are often interpreted as the retention of information, i.e., memory. Interestingly, new neurons are born in the mammalian brain and adult hippocampal neurogenesis is proposed to provide a substrate for dynamic and flexible aspects of behavior such as pattern separation, prevention of interference, flexibility of behavior and memory resolution. This work provides a brief review on the memory and involvement of LTP and adult neurogenesis in memory phenomena.

This article is from Journal of Neuroinflammation , volume 11 . Abstract Background: Patients with postoperative cognitive dysfunction have poor outcomes. Neuroinflammation may be the underlying pathophysiology for this dysfunction. We determined whether proinflammatory cytokines affect the trafficking of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors to the plasma membrane, a fundamental biochemical process for learning and memory. Methods: Four-month-old male Fischer 344 rats were subjected to right carotid exposure under isoflurane anesthesia. Some rats received intravenous lidocaine infusion during anesthesia. Rats were tested two weeks later by Barnes maze. The hippocampus was harvested six hours after the surgery for western blotting of interleukin (IL)-1β or IL-6. Hippocampal slices were prepared from control rats or rats subjected to surgery two weeks previously. They were incubated with tetraethylammonium, an agent that can induce long term potentiation, for determining the trafficking of GluR1, an α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor subunit. Results: Surgery or anesthesia increased the time to identify the target box during the Barnes maze test training sessions and one day after the training sessions. Surgery also prolonged the time to identify the target box eight days after the training sessions. Surgery increased IL-1β and IL-6 in the hippocampus. The tetraethylammonium–induced GluR1 phosphorylation and trafficking were abolished in the hippocampal slices of rats after surgery. These surgical effects were partly inhibited by lidocaine. The incubation of control hippocampal slices with IL-1β and IL-6 abolished tetraethylammonium–induced GluR1 trafficking and phosphorylation. Lidocaine minimally affected the effects of IL-1β on GluR1 trafficking. Conclusions: Our results suggest that surgery increases proinflammatory cytokines that then inhibit GluR1 trafficking, leading to learning and memory impairment.

Social learning of emotional salience from surrounding social cues is highly advantageous in uncertain environments. However, the neural mechanisms that underly social learning of emotional salience and the preservation of learning in long-term memory remain unclear. The present study will be conducted over two consecutive days to investigate whether emotional salience from social cues (facial expressions) is transferred to target stimuli (images) presented under perceptual uncertainty (lack of clarity in judging the emotional salience content of the images) and to investigate the underlying neurocognitive modulations; and whether the transferred emotional salience is preserved in memory even in the absence of the social cues.

The purpose of the current study is to better understand how the temporal proximity of reminders influences PM and the factors that influence how people strategically set reminders to optimize performance. If the reminder is not temporally proximal to the action execution stage, the intention essentially becomes a delayed-execution task, which can have negative consequences for performance. If a doctor is treating multiple patients, this may become an even bigger issue because some tasks may take priority over others. For example, when ensuring that a cancer patient receives medication, the appropriate time may be more important than remembering to treat a patient suffering from a common cold. In such instances, it may be optimal to strategically use reminders to ensure intention completion for some tasks compared to others. Experiment 4 will be similar to Experiment 3 with three primary adjustments. First, only the reminders of 0-second, 30-second, and no-reminder will be included. This change was made because performance was largely similar between 0-second and 6-second reminder conditions. Second, we use a 1 minute time interval rather than 1.15 minute. These first two changes were made to reduce the total duration of the task (now approximately 1 hr). Finally, participants will receive feedback throughout the task based on the number of points earned. During the formation of each new intention, the screen also displays the text “You have earned X out of Y possible points”. For example, if the participant successfully responds to a 5 point intention on the first trial, during encoding of the second intention it would state “You have earned 5 out of 5 possible points.” If the participant does not respond to a 20 point intention on the second trial, during encoding of the third intention it would state “You have earned 5 out of 25 possible points.” At the end of each block (fixed or choice) they are given their final point totals. This change was made because Experiment 3 showed that while point values clearly influenced offloading decisions, they had little influence on the number of intentions fulfilled in each block. Making point values more salient may encourage strategic allocation of attention to support remembering. Additionally, feedback may allow participants to learn over time that the 30-second reminder is largely ineffective.

The purpose of the current study is to better understand how the temporal proximity of reminders influences PM and the factors that influence how people strategically set reminders to optimize performance. If the reminder is not temporally proximal to the action execution stage, the intention essentially becomes a delayed-execution task, which can have negative consequences for performance. If a doctor is treating multiple patients, this may become an even bigger issue because some tasks may take priority over others. For example, when ensuring that a cancer patient receives medication, the appropriate time may be more important than remembering to treat a patient suffering from a common cold. In such instances, it may be optimal to strategically use reminders to ensure intention completion for some tasks compared to others. Experiment 4 will be similar to Experiment 3 with three primary adjustments. First, only the reminders of 0-second, 30-second, and no-reminder will be included. This change was made because performance was largely similar between 0-second and 6-second reminder conditions. Second, we use a 1 minute time interval rather than 1.15 minute. These first two changes were made to reduce the total duration of the task (now approximately 1 hr). Finally, participants will receive feedback throughout the task based on the number of points earned. During the formation of each new intention, the screen also displays the text “You have earned X out of Y possible points”. For example, if the participant successfully responds to a 5 point intention on the first trial, during encoding of the second intention it would state “You have earned 5 out of 5 possible points.” If the participant does not respond to a 20 point intention on the second trial, during encoding of the third intention it would state “You have earned 5 out of 25 possible points.” At the end of each block (fixed or choice) they are given their final point totals. This change was made because Experiment 3 showed that while point values clearly influenced offloading decisions, they had little influence on the number of intentions fulfilled in each block. Making point values more salient may encourage strategic allocation of attention to support remembering. Additionally, feedback may allow participants to learn over time that the 30-second reminder is largely ineffective.

Replication of Predictions of Learning - Item and Location Memory (Joint Evaluation) - Belief Only with additional belief conviction probe

This study explores the immediate effects of peer exclusion on working memory performance and learning outcomes in children and adolescents aged 8-16 years. Using an immersive virtual reality (VR) environment, participants experienced exclusion by virtual peers during a simulated school conversation. The study tests hypotheses regarding the impact of exclusion on mood, cognitive function, and academic performance, with mediating effects of mood and working memory, and moderating effects of gender, age, and socioeconomic status (SES). Additionally, the role of baseline mood, cognitive abilities, and personality traits in modulating these effects is examined. The sample comprises 170 participants from Italian schools. Data analysis will employ structural equation modeling and other statistical tests to evaluate the hypotheses. Although data collection is complete, the pre-registration remains valid as no analyses have been conducted.

This research examines how perception of easy accessibility to online information affects individuals’ strategies to remember two types of information: keywords and content details and how individual differences in working memory capacity, which can determine efficient management of attentional resources, impact knowledge management in closely accessible information service contexts.

This project/preregistration is for an audit of the article Interactive Effects of Consumer’s Working Memory Capacity and Information Accessibility on Learning and Forgetting by Esther Kang (2023) for the course PSYC 421: Advanced Cognitive Psychology at StFX University.

A pre-registration of an online experiment that investigates whether there is evidence for a general learning monitoring ability and whether such an ability is related to working memory capacity.

The current project aims to investigate the association between an individual’s pattern separation abilities with their “Graph maze” task performance. Pattern separation is the ability to keep similar or overlapping memories separate in your mind, such as where you parked your car today vs where you parked your car yesterday. Participants, aged 18-35, who passed quality control and were included in the initial preliminary analysis of the Graph Maze Task will be reinvited to participate in a follow up study that will include the Mnemonic Similarity Task (MST), which has been shown to be an effective means of characterizing an individual’s pattern separation abilities. Our initial experiments found that there were differences in graph learning performance based on the structure of the graph. There were also large individual differences in performance overall (Kapogianis, in preparation). Given that each graph in our initial study has a unique structure and node organizational pattern, each stimuli object group is unique. However, there is a possibility that there are commonalities between object groups since these groups presented are the adjacent nodes to the currently ‘occupied’ node. For example, if node A is adjacent to both nodes B & C, then node A will be presented when participants occupy either node B or C. These commonalities in node objects across presentations increase with more highly interconnected communities. This gives rise to more opportunity for false recall, which can lead to an incorrect representation of state space. Pattern separation could be important in this situation to help keep the common nodes and similar adjacencies distinct from each other. Graph-like representations of more abstract associations have been recently observed throughout the brain. Representations of state space in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) represented nodes within a community – a tightly interconnected cluster of nodes – more similarly within communities than between communities1. Entorhinal cortex has also been shown to code for elements of a graph, representing relative edge distances between nodes in an abstract graph2, while hippocampus was shown to code for semantic similarity between nodes for the same information3. Additionally, the orbitofrontal cortex was shown to code for state space of unobservable task-relevant information4, which could be important for goal-directed planning. Prior work indicates that individuals can extract underlying graph structure in more abstract relationships through experience4-7, such as learning which nodes are closely associated. This ability to extract and connect abstract information through experience can most clearly be observed in recent work which presented pairs of items to participants during the Graph Walk Task5. These item pairs were actually disjointed edge-pairs – two nodes with a common edge – from a larger graph which participants were naïve to, presented in a random order. After repeated presentations of these edge-pairs, participants were able to make accurate relative edge-distance estimations, as well as reconstruct the graph itself, even though they were naïve to the graph's underlying structure at the start of the experiment and they never saw the whole graph. These findings show that individuals learn and connect associations from disordered experiences without prompting or knowledge of the underlying structure during latent learning. Importantly, it was found that performance during the Graph Walk Task was associated with an individual’s pattern separation ability8, and that those with lesser pattern separation abilities could overcome performance deficits when stimuli pairs were presented in blocks to be non-overlapping. For example, if node A is adjacent to nodes B & C, the original stimulus presentations would include A-B and A-C pairs. High pattern separators would have less difficulty distinguishing between A-B and A-C pairs during the same block, while low pattern separators would have more difficulty. But by only presenting pair A-B during study block 1 and pair A-C during block 2, these low pattern separators were able to overcome performance deficits. Our preliminary data for the Graph Maze task suggests that elements of a graph’s underlying structure such as size, edge-to-node ratio, and community structure all impact task performance. However, we theorize that another contributing factor may be an individual’s ability to pattern separate between similar stimuli and whether they are focused on local vs global structure of the underlying graph. Incorporating information into its global context may make regular organizational patterns more apparent and reduce reliance upon local pattern separation by using predictable patterns. This would be similar to navigating a city with a grid layout. However, learning based on local structure would require more robust representations of local connections, and be more reliant on pattern separation abilities in situations with low discriminability at the node level. (see attached image for better table view) Random Grid-like Comm-X-bridge Comm-w/bridge Regularity (global) ↓ ↑↑ ↑ ↑ Discrim. (local) ↑ ↑↑ ↓↓ ↓ Table 1: Regularity (global patterns) and discriminability (local patterns) of graphs used in Community Structure experiment. Graphs with higher regularity have a more global organizational pattern to connections. Graphs with high discriminability have less overlap of object groups meaning each group is relatively unique. The Graph Maze Task has a single study block for each graph where participants are exposed to the underlying structure through self-determined, temporally linked presentations of stimuli which represent the connections of their prior choice. Given this setup, we propose alternative hypotheses for each experiment. The results of the present MST study will adjudicate between them. Parameter search experiment: All graphs in this experiment were randomly generated, so there is no designed community structure. Thus, the focus here is on node number and ENR. a. High pattern separators will have greater task accuracy on high ENR graphs than low pattern separators. Low pattern separators will have greater task accuracy on low ENR graphs than high pattern separators (similar to Noh et al., 2023). b. Alternatively, high pattern separators may have greater task accuracy overall. c. Alternatively, we may see no difference across pattern separators on small graphs and see differences in accuracy across high and low pattern separators on larger graphs similar to hypothesis a. d. Additionally, we may see that working memory may play a larger role as ENR rises as the average stimulus group size grows. In this case, people with greater working memory ability would perform better with greater ENR. Community structure experiment: Here we follow the ideas laid out in Table 1 regarding the global regularity and local discriminability. e. If pattern separation is more relevant to regularity in global structure than to local patterns, we anticipate that task accuracy will be correlated with MST score in order of graph regularity (from lowest to highest performance: random, community w/ bridge, community no bridge, grid-like) f. If pattern separation is more relevant to discriminability in local patterns than to global structure, we anticipate that task accuracy will be correlated with MST score in order of graph discriminability (from lowest to highest performance: community no bridge, community w/ bridge, random, grid-like) g. Alternatively, trial edge distance (how far apart the start and target locations are from each other in terms of number of nodes) may be a significant factor for pattern separation and may need to be taken into consideration during analysis. Trial distance may determine whether start and target nodes are within or across communities, which could affect the degree to which global patterns are needed on any given trial. h. Additionally, we may see that working memory may play a greater role in graphs with greater community structure because participants are forced to plan more. Thus, we would expect the greatest relationship between working memory performance in task performance in the community with bridges and communities without bridges graphs. To address these hypotheses we will invite participants who completed the Graph Maze Task, for both our parameter search and community structure experiments, through Prolific to complete the MST, Spatial N-back, and Verbal N-back, also on Prolific. We will run a linear mixed model of MST Lure Discrimination Index scores, N-back Scores, node number, and edge-to-node ratio with Graph Maze task performance to evaluate the relationship between pattern separation ability, graph structure, and task performance, as well as the contributions of working memory. Participants will be invited to participate through Prolific, and will receive 3 weekly reminders following their initial invitation. The study will remain open for invited participants until 1 week after the final reminder or our goal of 80% of invitees complete the task. The parameter search Graph maze task had 208 participants, so we will target 166 participants. The community structure graph maze task had 52 participants, so we will target 42 participants. Graph Maze Task Description: Participants will complete four blocks of an N-alternative forced choice “graph maze” task, each with a unique non-spatial graph. Each block will consist of an exploration phase and a test phase. Exploration: Before each exploration phase participants will be informed that they will be presented with groups of up to three objects that they must memorize for a subsequent memory test. The language of the instructions will be carefully chosen to exclude spatial and navigation language to prevent priming of a spatial/ navigation reference. They will proceed through these object groups – “navigate” the graph whose underlying graph structure they are naïve to – at a self-guided pace until their exploration time ends. To proceed to the next object group, an item must be selected. To encourage novel object selection, participants will be informed that making different selections will result in different groups being presented. The objects displayed on the screen represent the adjacent (connected) Nodes to the currently occupied node. By selecting one object, participants will transition to a new node and the object group presented will be updated. This process repeats itself until the exploration time for that graph ends. Test: During the test phase, participants are asked to select the target item when it appears, by proceeding through the object groups the same way as in the exploration phase. The target item and the previously selected object will be displayed on the screen during the test trials to reduce working memory load. Participants complete a total of 20 trials per graph, each with a 20s trial time. Mnemonic Similarity Task Description: The task contains two phases: encoding and test phases. The encoding phase consists of a cover task which results in incidental encoding where participants judge whether stimuli are “indoor” or “outdoor” items. Immediately following the encoding phase, participants will perform a recognition task during the test phase, where they will judge stimuli as either new, similar, or old. One-third of the images in the test phase are exact repetitions of images presented in the study phase (targets); one-third of the images are new images not previously seen (foils); and one-third of the images are perceptually similar to those seen during the study phase, but not identical (lures). Lure Discrimination Index (LDI) scores are calculated by calculating the difference between the probability of giving a “Similar” response to the lure items minus the probability of giving a “Similar” response to the foils to account for any bias the participant may have in using the “Similar” response overall. N-back Task Description: The N-back is a test of working memory. It asks participants to continuously update task relevant information and relate it to the current stimulus. The task contains three distinct practice sessions of increasing difficulty and one test phase. Participants are shown a series of stimuli, and asked to respond when the current stimulus matches the stimulus N places back. For example in the 1-back block if the participant saw the sequence of letters “T-K-K”, they would not respond at “T’ or first “K” because those do not match stimuli 1 place back. However, they would respond to the second “K” shown, because it matches the stimulus 1 place back. There are 1-back, 2-back, and 3-back practice blocks and participants must have greater than 80% accuracy on the 1-back and 2-back blocks to proceed. Responses are categorized as a hit, correct rejection, false alarm, or miss. The N-back scores are calculated by the proportion of correct responses (hit and correct rejection) to the total number of stimuli presented. N-back scores give us a quantitative measure of someone’s working memory capacity in a task environment which is continually updating. Both verbal (using letters) and spatial (using locations on a 4x4 grid) versions are used. Analysis Plan: Parameter search: We will conduct a Linear Mixed Model (LMM) between LDI scores from the MST, Spatial and Verbal N-back scores, and the proportion of correct trials and path efficiency (excess steps) during the test phase of the Graph Maze Task. In addition to finding the raw correlation values, we will compare the correlation effect sizes to determine whether there are statistically significantly greater correlations in some conditions of the Graph Maze Task (node number and ENR of graphs). Community Structure: We will conduct a Linear Mixed Model (LMM) between LDI scores from the MST, Spatial and Verbal N-back scores, and the proportion of correct trials and path efficiency (excess steps) during the test phase of the Graph Maze Task. In addition to finding the raw correlation values, we will compare the correlation effect sizes to determine whether there are statistically significantly greater correlations in some conditions of the Graph Maze Task (grid-like, random, community with bridges, community without bridges) than in others. Schapiro, A. C., Rogers, T. T., Cordova, N. I., Turk-Browne, N. B. & Botvinick, M. M. Neural representations of events arise from temporal community structure. Nature Neuroscience 2013 16:4 16, 486–492 (2013). Garvert, M. M., Dolan, R. J. & Behrens, T. E. A map of abstract relational knowledge in the human hippocampal-entorhinal cortex. Elife 6, (2017). Zheng, X. Y. et al. Parallel cognitive maps for short-term statistical and long-term semantic relationships in 1 the hippocampal formation Correspondence to. bioRxiv (2023) doi:10.1101/2022.08.29.505742. Schuck, N. W., Cai, M. B., Wilson, R. C. & Niv, Y. Human Orbitofrontal Cortex Represents a Cognitive Map of State Space. Neuron 91, 1402–1412 (2016). Rmus, M., Ritz, H., Hunter, L. E., Bornstein, A. M. & Shenhav, A. Humans can navigate complex graph structures acquired during latent learning. Cognition 225, (2022). Schapiro, A. C., Rogers, T. T., Cordova, N. I., Turk-Browne, N. B. & Botvinick, M. M. Neural representations of events arise from temporal community structure. Nature Neuroscience 2013 16:4 16, 486–492 (2013). Kahn, A. E., Karuza, E. A., Vettel, J. M. & Bassett, D. S. Network constraints on learnability of probabilistic motor sequences. Nature Human Behavior 936–937 (2018) doi:10.1038/s41562-018-0463-8. Noh, Sharon M., Keiland W. Cooper, Craig Stark, and Aaron Bornstein. Multi-step Inference Can Be Improved Across the Lifespan with Individualized Memory Interventions. PsyArXiv (2023) doi:10.31234/osf.io/3mhj6.

Motivation influences goals, decisions, and memory formation. Imperative motivation drives action to address urgent goals, whereas interrogative motivation supports broader learning for future goals. In this paradigm, we will induce motivational states by manipulating cover stories for a reinforcement learning task: Participants in the Imperative group imagine executing an art museum heist, whereas participants in the Interrogative group imagine planning a future heist. Participants repeatedly choose among four “doors” and sample trial-unique paintings with variable rewards, then return the next day for a surprise memory test. We predict that Imperative motivation will increase exploitation, reward earnings, and learning rate during the reinforcement learning task. Conversely, we expect that Interrogative motivation will increase directed exploration during reinforcement learning. Furthermore, we expect that participants in the Interrogative group will show better subsequent recognition memory and stronger reward-related associative memory.

This article is from PLoS ONE , volume 9 . Abstract Fluoride and arsenic are two common inorganic contaminants in drinking water that are associated with impairment in child development and retarded intelligence. The present study was conducted to explore the effects on spatial learning, memory, glutamate levels, and group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) expression in the hippocampus and cortex after subchronic exposure to fluoride, arsenic, and a fluoride and arsenic combination in rats. Weaned male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to four groups. The control rats drank tap water. Rats in the three exposure groups drank water with sodium fluoride (120 mg/L), sodium arsenite (70 mg/L), and a sodium fluoride (120 mg/L) and sodium arsenite (70 mg/L) combination for 3 months. Spatial learning and memory was measured in Morris water maze. mGluR1 and mGluR5 mRNA and protein expression in the hippocampus and cortex was detected using RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. Compared with controls, learning and memory ability declined in rats that were exposed to fluoride and arsenic both alone and combined. Combined fluoride and arsenic exposure did not have a more pronounced effect on spatial learning and memory compared with arsenic and fluoride exposure alone. Compared with controls, glutamate levels decreased in the hippocampus and cortex of rats exposed to fluoride and combined fluoride and arsenic, and in cortex of arsenic-exposed rats. mGluR5 mRNA and protein expressions in the hippocampus and mGluR5 protein expression in the cortex decreased in rats exposed to arsenic alone. Interestingly, compared with fluoride and arsenic exposure alone, fluoride and arsenic combination decreased mGluR5 mRNA expression in the cortex and protein expression in the hippocampus, suggesting a synergistic effect of fluoride and arsenic. These data indicate that fluoride and arsenic, either alone or combined, can decrease learning and memory ability in rats. The mechanism may be associated with changes of glutamate level and mGluR5 expression in cortex and hippocampus.

This article is from PLoS ONE , volume 9 . Abstract The liposoluble insecticide rotenone is commonly used as a mitochondrial complex I inhibitor to replicate Parkinson's disease (PD) pathological features. However, there was no assessment of the spatial learning and memory abilities in chronic rotenone-induced PD models. In the present study, by rotarod test and Thioflavine T staining, we first noted the impairment of motor coordination in rotenone-treated group for 3 months, as well as alpha-synuclein inclusions in the nigral dopaminergic neurons in C57BL/6 mice with intragastrical delivery of rotenone (5 mg/Kg) for 3 months rather than 1 month. We then evaluated spatial learning and memory abilities by Morris water maze task in this model. The results showed escape latency reduced in rotenone-intoxicated mice for 3 months, indicating an improvement of learning ability. However, it was delayed slightly but not significantly in rotenone-intoxicated mice for 1 month. Similarly, we demonstrated that spatial memory ability was enhanced in 3-month-treatment group, but impaired in 1-month-treatment group. There were no proliferating cell nuclear antigen and doublecortin positive cells in the hippocampus by double immunofluorescent staining, indicating the absence of hippocampal neurogenesis in rotenone-intoxicated mice. These results suggest that spatial learning and memory abilities are disturbed in chronic rotenone-intoxicated PD model.

This article is from Neural Regeneration Research , volume 9 . Abstract Substance P is an endogenous neurokinin that is present in the central and peripheral nervous systems. The neuropeptide substance P and its high-affinity receptor neurokinin 1 receptor are known to play an important role in the central nervous system in inflammation, blood pressure, motor behavior and anxiety. The effects of substance P in the hippocampus and the marginal division of the striatum on memory remain poorly understood. Compared with the hippocampus as a control, immunofluorescence showed high expression of the substance P receptor, neurokinin 1, in the marginal division of the striatum of normal rats. Unilateral or bilateral injection of an antisense oligonucleotide against neurokinin 1 receptor mRNA in the rat hippocampus or marginal division of the striatum effectively reduced neurokinin 1 receptor expression. Independent of injection site, rats that received this antisense oligonucleotide showed obviously increased footshock times in a Y-maze test. These results indicate that the marginal division of the striatum plays a similar function in learning and memory to the hippocampus, which is a valuable addition to our mechanistic understanding of the learning and memory functions of the marginal division of the striatum.

This article is from Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience , volume 4 . Abstract Previous studies have shown that cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptor signaling dissociates between reward-associated and aversive memories. The influence of CB1 receptors on the aversion-driven spatial learning in the Morris water maze test is strongly age-dependent: mice with genetic deletion of CB1 receptors (Cnr1−/−) show superior learning when young but inferior learning when old compared to age-matched wild-type mice. Whether the reward-driven spatial learning is influenced in the same way by CB1 receptor signaling as the aversion-driven learning remains unclear. Thus, we examined the performance of Cn1−/− and their wild-type littermates at ages of 2-, 5-, and 12-months-old in the eight-arm radial maze test—a reward-motivated model of spatial learning. Interestingly, 2-months-old Cnr1−/− mice had a superior learning ability to wild-type mice. At the age of 5-months, Cnr1−/− mice showed the same performance as the wild-type littermates. However, 12-months-old Cnr1−/− mice showed significantly impaired performances in each parameter of the test. Accordingly, this study provides compelling support for our previous result that genetic deletion of CB1 receptor leads to early onset of age-related memory decline, similarly affecting both reward and aversion-driven learning.

Multimodal glossing in L2 vocabulary learning has garnered substantial theoretical and empirical interest (Ramezanali, Uchihara, & Faez, 2021). Despite theoretical benefits predicted by Mayer’s (2001) Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning, the intervention’s effectiveness remains inconclusive, possibly due to the high cognitive load it induces (Warren, Boers, Grimshaw, and Siyanova-Chanturia, 2018), suggesting a role of cognitive individual differences such as those in working memory (WM). Moreover, the nexus between the process and outcome of learning through repeated multimodal glosses remains underexplored, where individual differences in gloss lookup behaviors may be influential (Boers, 2022). So far Chun and Payne (2004) is the only study delving into both factors, yet more research is clearly needed with a larger sample size and more rigorous design. This experimental study aims to further our understanding of multimodal glossing by exploring how individual differences in WM and gloss lookup behaviors impact the effectiveness of repeated multimodal glosses on vocabulary learning during reading. We will recruit 100 intermediate Chinese EFL learners, randomly assigning them to the following treatment conditions: (a) repeated exposures to L2 textual glosses, (b) repeated exposures to pictorial glosses, (c) repeated exposures to glosses (a) and (b), and (d) reading without glosses. Learners will read an 800-word English story on computer screen, with their lookup behaviors (as measured by clicks on gloss windows and time spent thereupon initially and in total) recorded by computer log and triangulated by immediate stimulated recall. Eight pseudowords will be glossed three times each. Word uptake will be measured in form-recall and meaning recognition tasks. Learner proficiency will be controlled using Vocabulary Levels Test. This study will shed light on how individual cognitive and behavioral differences influence vocabulary learning through multimodal glossing. Pedagogically, the findings will provide valuable guidance for educators on effectively tailoring multimodal glossing to enhance vocabulary learning.

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 1975: Volume 1 , Issue INDEX. Digitized from IA1534524-01 . Next issue: sim_journal-of-experimental-psychology-lmc_1975-01_104-1_1 .

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 1975: Volume 1 , Issue INDEX. Digitized from IA1534524-01 . Next issue: sim_journal-of-experimental-psychology-lmc_1975-01_104-1_1 .

95 p. 21 cm

95 p. 21 cm

The extent to which individual differences in pictograph recall performance are related to reading readiness and other aspects of language and cognitive development is examined in this paper. In each of three studies kindergarten children were taught names and toy enactions for approximately 30 pictographs. The kindergarteners were then administered the Pictograph Sentence Memory Task, which required reading a series of 6- to 8-item pictograph sentences and recalling each sentence after a short (10- or 15-second) delay period. Performance measures for these tasks included the number and order of pictographs recalled, the number of articles ("the") and verb inflections (/s/) included in the recall attempts, the number of decoding errors (corrected by the experimenter) made in reading the pictograph sentences, and the use of separate and integrated toy enactions. Moreover, the number of errors made in initially learning the individual pictograph names and enactions was recorded. Additional measures such as word recognition, oral word blending, metareading, nonverbal reasoning, metamemory, and auditory rehearsal, were performed in each of the three studies. Results indicate that learning the names and enactions corresponding to a rather large set of vocabulary items and recalling the meanings of pictograph sentences are both related to traditional measures of readiness and linguistic/cognitive development. (Author/JA)

Evidence from studies of memory for meaningful materials such as sentences and prose passages is reviewed in this paper with emphasis on its implications for the nature of the memory representation. It is argued that models of memory which involve the retrieval of stored copies of originally presented material cannot account for two crucial phenomena: (1) the retention of meaning in spite of losses in memory for specific wording, and (2) the "recall" of information which could only have been obtained by inference. Views of memory which include varying degrees of constructive, interpretive, and reconstructive processes are considered as alternatives to the copy model. These alternatives include theories based on psycholinguistic constructs and visual imagery, as well as positions involving the abstraction and reconstruction of information by means of more general integrative representations. (Author)

This article is from PLoS ONE , volume 9 . Abstract Ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, is used as a general pediatric anesthetic and anti-depressive drug. Recent studies suggest that ketamine enhances neuronal apoptosis in developing rats. The goal of this study is to explore whether ketamine could result in learning and memory impairment and neurodegeneration in adolescent rats, and if so, whether the effects of ketamine are associated with miR-214 and PTEN expression. Fifty-day-old SD rats were randomly divided into three groups receiving ketamine at 30, or 80 mg/kg, i.p. or saline for seven consecutive days. Twenty-four hours after the last treatment, learning and memory function were tested by the Morris water maze. The rats were then decapitated, and the brains were isolated for detection of neuronal apoptosis and protein PTEN expression by TUNEL and immunohistochemistry respectively. Expression levels of the miR-214 and PTEN in the hippocampus were measured by qRT-PCR and western blot analysis respectively. Ketamine administered to the adolescent rats at a dose of 80 mg/kg rather than the lower dose of 30 mg/kg caused learning and memory impairment, increased the number of apoptotic cells in the hippocampal CA1 region, cerebral cortex and subcortical region, decreased the miR-214 levels and increased PTEN protein expression in hippocampus. The results suggest that ketamine at a dose of 80 mg/kg in the adolescent rats is able to induce the learning and memory impairment and neurodegeneration, in which the down-regulation of miR-214 and high expression of PTEN protein may be involved.

This article is from PLoS ONE , volume 9 . Abstract Ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, is used as a general pediatric anesthetic and anti-depressive drug. Recent studies suggest that ketamine enhances neuronal apoptosis in developing rats. The goal of this study is to explore whether ketamine could result in learning and memory impairment and neurodegeneration in adolescent rats, and if so, whether the effects of ketamine are associated with miR-214 and PTEN expression. Fifty-day-old SD rats were randomly divided into three groups receiving ketamine at 30, or 80 mg/kg, i.p. or saline for seven consecutive days. Twenty-four hours after the last treatment, learning and memory function were tested by the Morris water maze. The rats were then decapitated, and the brains were isolated for detection of neuronal apoptosis and protein PTEN expression by TUNEL and immunohistochemistry respectively. Expression levels of the miR-214 and PTEN in the hippocampus were measured by qRT-PCR and western blot analysis respectively. Ketamine administered to the adolescent rats at a dose of 80 mg/kg rather than the lower dose of 30 mg/kg caused learning and memory impairment, increased the number of apoptotic cells in the hippocampal CA1 region, cerebral cortex and subcortical region, decreased the miR-214 levels and increased PTEN protein expression in hippocampus. The results suggest that ketamine at a dose of 80 mg/kg in the adolescent rats is able to induce the learning and memory impairment and neurodegeneration, in which the down-regulation of miR-214 and high expression of PTEN protein may be involved.

1Red Shadows

By Robert E. Howard

Red Shadows is the first of a series of stories featuring Howard's puritan avenger, Solomon Kane. Kane tracks his prey over land and sea, enters the jungles of Africa, and even faces dark gods and evil magic -- all to avenge a woman he'd never met before. (Summary by Paul Siegel)

Breckinridge Elkins is the roughest, toughest, fastest-shootin', hardest-fightin' feller in the Bear Creek settlement, and probably in the entire Humbolt Mountains. As he travels further from home, he single-handedly takes on outlaws, settles (and starts) feuds and tries his hand at romancing the girls. He also discovers a lot of strange customs among other folks, such as building houses out of boards and wearing clothes that ain't buckskins. Set in Nevada during the late 1800's, this collection of stories is a great rollicking romp through the American frontier as seen through the eyes of one of the most enjoyable characters created in the history of tall tales. (Summary by RK Wilcox)

Breckinridge Elkins is the roughest, toughest, fastest-shootin', hardest-fightin' feller in the Bear Creek settlement, and probably in the entire Humbolt Mountains. As he travels further from home, he single-handedly takes on outlaws, settles (and starts) feuds and tries his hand at romancing the girls. He also discovers a lot of strange customs among other folks, such as building houses out of boards and wearing clothes that ain't buckskins. Set in Arizona during the late 1800's, this collection of stories is a great rollicking romp through the American frontier as seen through the eyes of one of the most enjoyable characters created in the history of tall tales. (Summary by RK Wilcox)

4Red Nails

By Robert E. Howard

Conan the Cimmerian pursues the beautiful and deadly pirate Valeria after she kills a Stygian only to find himself cornered by a dragon. Apparently this dragon doesn’t know who he’s messing with. The pair then encounters the city of Xuchotl with its warring factions and ancient secrets. Swordplay and sorcery ensue. – Red Nails is Howard’s final Conan story and was published in the July, August, September and October 1936 issues of Weird Tales magazine (Summary by Gregg Margarite)

Francis Key Howard recounts in this book his life as a political prisoner of the United States. He points out that he was held captive at the same location where his grandfather was inspired to write the national anthem about the "land of the free," which makes a very stunning contrast. The sufferings that were imposed on him by the Union forces had the effect of solidifying his determination to resist unjust governmental dictates. (Introduction by Katie Riley)

6Devil in Iron

By Robert E. Howard

Conan's lustful desires again get him into a whole pile of trouble. This time the beautiful, golden haired, noble born Octavia, lures him into a fiendish trap set by his most powerful enemies and from which there seems to be no escape. But on the long deserted island of Xapur where he goes to capture this crafty beauty, it is not just mortal enemies that await him; Khosatral Khel a demon that crawled up from the abyss many eons ago and is of a substance as hard as iron has been awakened and is intent on crushing Conan and the woman like bugs for it's amusement. Conan is up against a being immensely stronger than he is and which he cannot kill with normal weapons. Will his mighty thews and muscles finally be crushed beneath the iron fists of this devil? Will Conan finally meet his match in this fierce but scantily clad woman or will she finally yield to his powerful kisses? Listen and discover the answer to these questions. (Summary by Phil Chenevert)

7Hour of the Dragon

By Robert E. Howard

The Hour of the Dragon, also known as Conan the Conqueror, is a fantasy novel by American writer Robert E. Howard featuring his sword and sorcery hero Conan the Cimmerian. It was one of the last Conan stories published before Howard's suicide although not the last to be written. The novel was first published in serial form in the pulp magazine Weird Tales in 1935 through 1936. (Summary from Wikipedia)

8Jewels of Gwahlur

By Robert E. Howard

Conan The Barbarian is after fabulous treasure in this exciting story. But he finds himself in more difficulties than he had counted on. Crafty and powerful human opponents seek to skin him alive, bestial mutations seek to rip his arms off, denizens of the deep want to devour him whole and scantily clad dusky beauties try to waylay him at every step. And all of this to find the Jewels of Gwahlur, the most fabulous treasure every hidden in a secret temple. Has Conan finally met his match? Will his evil enemies or the seductive women finally succeed in making him beg for mercy? Listen and find out. Caution: there is some sex, lots of (justified) violence and the women are all equally voluptuous, independent, yielding and very dangerous.

9People of the Black Circle

By Robert E. Howard

"The People of the Black Circle" is one of the original novellas about Conan the Cimmerian, written by American author Robert E. Howard and first published in Weird Tales magazine in three parts over the September, October and November 1934 issues. It is set in the pseudo-historical Hyborian Age and concerns Conan kidnapping a regal princess of Vendhya (pre-historical India) and foiling a nefarious plot of world domination by the Black Seers of Yimsha. Due to its epic scope and atypical Hindustan flavor, the story is considered an undisputed classic of Conan lore and is often cited by Howard scholars as one of his best tales. It is also one of the few Howard stories where the reader is treated a deeper insight on magic and magicians beyond the stereotypical Hyborian depiction as demon conjurer-illusionist-priests. (Summary by Wikipedia)

10Queen of the Black Coast

By Robert E. Howard

Conan finally meets his match in Belit, the fierce, bloodthirsty and scantily clad pirate Queen. She also is unable to resist the huge, blue eyed, iron thewed barbarian who literally sweeps her off her feet. Together they become pirates of legend and are the scourge of the Black Coast. They venture up the river of death where no one has gone in centuries and lived, in search of plunder, battle and adventure. And get get more of all three than they could wish for.

11Shadows in Zamboula

By Robert E. Howard

Despite a warning received in the Suq by an elderly desert nomad, Conan stays the night in a cheap tavern in Zamboula, run by Aram Baksh. As night falls, a black Darfarian cannibal enters to drag him away to be eaten. All of the Darfar slaves in the city are cannibals who roam the streets at night. As they only prey on travellers, the people of the city tolerate this and stay locked securely in their homes, while nomads and beggars make sure to spend the night at a comfortable distance from its walls. This night, however, Conan finds a naked woman chasing through the streets after her deranged lover; Conan rescues them from an attack by the cannibals. She tells him that she tried to secure her lover's unending affection via a love potion which instead made a raving lunatic of him. Promising Conan "a reward" in return for his assistance, they attempt to kill the high priest responsible for the man's madness. (Summary by Wikipedia)

12Shadows in the Moonlight

By Robert E. Howard

For a genuine Conan tale, full of barbarian craftiness, magic, fierce fighting and his berserker strength, this meets every criteria and is one of the best. Conan was raiding with the Free Companions when they were trapped and slaughtered by the merciless Shah Amurath the great Lord of Akif. Conan is one of the very few who escape by hiding in the mud of the marshes like a beast living on raw snake and muskrat. Luck, which seems to have deserted him, smiles again and allows him the chance for revenge and he eagerly seizes it, destroying his enemy with fierce strokes. Barely escaping his soldiers with the slave girl Olivia, once a princess of Koth, they reach a deserted island that holds many enchantments and strange dangers. Then the pirates arrive and things become even bloodier. (Summary by Phil Chenevert)

13Beyond the Black River

By Robert E. Howard

Conan the Barbarian is employed by one of the civilized countries to help in it's push to claim lands from the primitive Picts. The Picts are not excited about the idea however. Old gods and mythical creatures are called up by the Pict witches to contest the invading army and Conan finds himself battling for his life amid the blood thirsty hordes that include saber-toothed tigers, 40 foot long venomous snakes and a demon from another dimension who is intent on crushing him. The huge dog Slasher makes an appearance here and distinguishes himself so well in a doomed battle to delay their forces that Conan openly praises his courage and pledges that 7 Pict heads will roll in his honor. (Summary by Phil Chenevert)

14Witch Shall Be Born

By Robert E. Howard

The kingdom of Khauran is admittedly a small one, nestled between the vast desert and the plains, but it is blessed with an abundance of rich soil, hard working devoted inhabitants and much gold but most of all by a sweet young queen who is as wise and beneficent as she is beautiful. But then from out of nowhere, disaster strikes. A horrible witch (her evil twin sister) secretly replaces her and introduces devil worship, human sacrifice and other things too repulsive to mention. Conan, who was the captain of her guard is captured and crucified in the desert. From there the incomparable story telling skill of Robert E. Howard takes us on a spiral of exciting intrigue, battle, blood, demons, and final retribution. (summary by phil chenevert)

15Gods of the North

By Robert E. Howard

"The Frost-Giant's Daughter" is, arguably the earliest chronological story by Robert E. Howard in terms of Conan's life. The brief tale is set somewhere in frozen Nordheim, geographically situated north of Conan's homeland, Cimmeria. Conan is depicted by Howard as a youthful Cimmerian mercenary traveling among the golden-haired Aesir in a war party.<br /><br /> Shortly before the story begins, a hand-to-hand battle has occurred on an icy plain. Eighty men ("four score") have perished in bloody combat, and Conan alone survives the battlefield where Wulfhere's Aesir "reavers" fought the Vanir "wolves" of Bragi, a Vanir chieftain. Thus, the story opens.<br /><br /> Following this fierce battle against the red-haired Vanir, Conan the Cimmerian, lying exhausted on the corpse-strewn battlefield, is visited by a beautiful, condescending and semi-nude woman identifying herself as "Atali." Upon her bodice, she wears a transparent veil: a wisp of gossamer that was not spun by human distaff. The mere sight of her strange nakedness kindles Conan's lust and, when she repeatedly taunts him, he madly chases her for miles across the snows with the intent of raping her. The excitement continues but I won't ruin the story for you by saying more. Can Conan deal with this daughter of a frost-giant? And what when her daddy shows up? (from Wikipedia and Phil Chenevert)

16Red Nails (version 2)

By Robert E. Howard

Conan the Barbarian finds himself lusting after and fighting alongside the toughest woman alive, Valeria The Red, a beautiful pirate who out pirates the best of them in her strength and ferocity. This is one of the strangest stories ever written by Robert E. Howard — the tale of a barbarian adventurer, a woman pirate, and a weird enclosed and long dead city now inhabited by the most peculiar race of men ever spawned. Listen and be amazed at Howard's inventive genius. - Summary by phil Chenevert

17People of the Black Circle (version 2)

By Robert E. Howard

The People of the Black Circle" is one of the original novellas about Conan the Cimmerian, written by American author Robert E. Howard and first published in Weird Tales magazine in three parts over the September, October and November 1934 issues. Howard earned $250 for the publication of this story.</p> It is set in the pseudo-historical Hyborian Age and concerns Conan kidnapping a regal princess of Vendhya (pre-historical India) and foiling a nefarious plot of world domination by the Black Seers of Yimsha. Due to its epic scope and atypical Hindustan flavor, the story is considered an undisputed classic of Conan lore and is often cited by Howard scholars as one of his best tales. It is also one of the few Howard stories where the reader is treated a deeper insight on magic and magicians beyond the stereotypical Hyborian depiction as demon conjurer-illusionist-priests. - Summary from Wikipedia

18Poems

By Hattie Howard

<i>"This poet's ear is so attuned to metric harmony that she must have been born within sound of some osier-fringed brook leaping and hurrying over its pebbly bed. There is a variety of subject and treatment, sufficient for all tastes, and these are poems which should be cherished."<br></br> "Lovers of good poetry will herald with pleasure this new and attractive volume by the well-known authoress of Hartford. A wooing sentiment and genial spirit seem to guide her in every train of thought. Her book has received, and deserves, warm commendations of the press."</i> - Summary by the 1904 press

19Shadows in Zamboula (version 2)

By Robert E. Howard

In the dark streets of Zamboula, huge ghouls stalk the night seeking victims for their ghastly rites and feasts. Conan is passing through this city and is almost a victim but escapes, only to rush to the aid of a beautiful, voluptuous maiden still in their horrible talons. Swords flash, thews are strained and the mighty Conan almost meets his match in the temple of the monkey god. Will he escape? Will he get the girl? Listen and marvel! Excellent story, well told as always by Howard. Summary by phil chenevert

20Hour of the Dragon (version 2)

By Robert E. Howard

This is absolutely the best Conan novel ever written in my opinion. It follows Conan when at the peak of his power as king of Aquilonia, he is overthrown by dark, evil magic from Stygia and turned into a hunted refugee. A 3,000 year old magician from the most evil empire that ever existed is resurrected and with his sinister aid, Conan's enemies cause the barbarian's downfall. The plot twists and turns in wonderful fashion, following the Heart of Arihman, a strange extremely powerful magic jewel from another universe. He fights back as only he can against tremendous odds; beautiful women love and aid him; other beautiful women try to kill him; he travels through many hostile countries; his days as a corsair and pirate are remembered and used; and so, so, much more. This book was a joy to read and it will be a good listen for Conan fans. (by phil Chenevert).

21Tobogganing

By Hattie Howard

"This author's verse shows a hearty, wholesome, human spirit, sometimes overflowing into downright fun, and a straightforward directness always. It is a pleasant book, sure to be welcomed by all." (EXTRACTS FROM PRESS NOTICES OF A FORMER VOLUME.)

The sixth and final cycle of Wheels was published in 1921, and is much shorter than the preceding volumes. Apart from the three Sitwells, the poets represented are Aldous Huxley, Alan Porter, Sherard Vines, H.R.Barbour, Charles Orange (Brian Howard), Paul Selver and Augustine Rivers. - Summary by Algy Pug

23Christmas at Church

By Hattie Howard

LibriVox volunteers bring you 8 recordings of Christmas at Church by Hattie Howard.<br> This was the Fortnightly Poetry project for December 2, 2018. <br> ------<br> This Fortnightly Poem is taken from Poems by Hattie Howard, Pub 1902 (David Lawrence )

24Red Shadows (Version 2)

By Robert E. Howard

Excitement and sorcery mixed with blades of steel. The mysterious stranger who appears out of nowhere to avenge injustice and defend the defenseless. Robert Howard, in this early story of his, gives us Solomon Kane; the man who walks like a leopard, wears all black and is relentless in perusing evil doers. But he is pitted against voodoo and the superbly skillful opponent - Le Loupe - The Wolfe and may have met his doom. - Summary by phil chenevert

25Weird Tales Double Feature: Kull of Valusia

By Robert E. Howard

Before Conan the Barbarian, Robert E. Howard created Kull the Conqueror, revealed later by Howard to be an ancestor of Conan. Kull, like Conan is a vicious and bloodthirsty barbarian but in some ways is a more contemplative and thoughtful character. In these, the first two Kull stories Howard published, we find Kull dealing with a conspiracy to murder him by a race of shapeshifting lizard people in "The Shadow Kingdom" and we see Kull contemplating his place in the world and even his own reality as he becomes ensnared in the wicked plot of a magician in "The Mirrors of Tuzun Thume". Relish in the savagery of a Hyperborean Age of brutality and bloodlust with another double feature from the fine folks at Weird Tales magazine! - Summary by Ben Tucker

Grandmaster of weird fiction Robert E. Howard is perhaps most well-known as the forefather of dark fantasy via creations like Conan the Barbarian and Solomon Kane. While not as well-known but no less strange and mesmerizing are his tales of agonizing horror found in Weird Tales Magazine, many of which take places in the grim and stark swamp lands and forests of the American South, showing us terrifying visions of the ghastly and grisly that may lurk, not in faraway lands of magic and mystery, but just around the corner. Join Mr. Howard on a journey through what may be his most heart-stopping, pulse-pounding stories of horror in this thrilling collection ripped from the pages of Weird Tales! - Summary by Ben Tucker

27Christmas-Tide

By Hattie Howard

LibriVox volunteers bring you 16 recordings of Christmas-Tide By Hattie Howard.<br> This was the Fortnightly Poetry project for December 8, 2024. <br> ------<br> "Many of the poems abound in playful humor or tender touches of sympathy which appeal to a refined feeling, and love for the good, the true, and the beautiful." (from the Introduction to Poems by Hattie Howard Vol. IV)