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Data indicate that although science is required of all students in elementary school, elementary teachers do not usually teach science as a high priority or in a way that enhances student achievement. A myriad of possible causes for existing voids in this teaching process have been suggested by researchers. Teacher belief systems have been neglected as a possible contributor to behavior patterns which affect science teaching, therefore its investigation is vital to a more complete understanding of teacher behavior. This publication reports on a pilot and a major study in which the combined Personal Science Teaching Efficacy Belief scale and the Science Teaching Outcome Expectancy scale instrument (STEBI) was administered to measure self-efficacy or outcome expectancy. Results of a plot graph illustrated two homogeneous scales for the try-out study. Results of the major study indicate that the STEBI is a valid and reliable tool for studying elementary teacher's beliefs toward science teaching and learning. References, means and standard deviations, corrected item-total scale correlations and factor loadings, factor plot of final factor analysis results, demographic characteristics, final scales, validity coefficients, and scoring instructions for the STEBI are included. (RT)

Presented are measures of teacher interest and attitude toward science teaching. A sheet is attached which describes how the instruments should be used and results analyzed. Part I includes a Teaching Preference Scale for predicting effective inquiry model use for self-contained classrooms in grades 1-6. Part II is a Semantic Differential Instrument for Science Teaching involving attitudes expressed toward the three concepts of (1) nature, (2) a student learning about science in school, and (3) myself teaching science in the classroom. (CS)

Eighty first-grade students, randomly selected from eight elementary schools, participated in this study. Four of the schools were located within the city and four in the rural area surrounding the city. The assessment instrument was the Organisms Evaluation Supplement, designed to evaluate students' attitudes in science, students' perception of the classroom environment, and how well students are achieving the specified cognitive objectives of the unit. The instrument was administered as a pretest and a posttest to all students. The treatment consisted of instructing the students in the "Organisms" unit of the Science Curriculum Improvement Study (SCIS) program. Significant positive change in pupil performance as a result of instruction was found. The gain scores were subjected to a t-test at the .05 level. No pretest or posttest differences were found when examining urban versus rural populations. It was concluded that the "Organisms" assessment instrument is effective in terms of content validity, reliability, objectivity and interest. (Author/EB)

This paper describes the critical instrument alignment terms associated with the six-degree of freedom alignment of each the Science Instrument (SI) in the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), including focus, pupil shear, pupil clocking, and boresight. We present the test methods used during cryogenic-vacuum tests to directly measure the performance of each parameter, the requirements levied on each, and the impact of any violations of these requirements at the instrument and Observatory level.

The Integrated Science Instrument Module (ISIM) of the James Webb Space Telescope will be integrated and tested at the Environmental Test Facilities at Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). The cryogenic thermal vacuum testing of the ISIM will be the most difficult and problematic portion of the GSFC Integration and Test flow. The test is to validate the coupled interface of the science instruments and the ISIM structure and to sufficiently stress that interface while validating image quality of the science instruments. The instruments and the structure are not made from the same materials and have different CTE. Test objectives and verification rationale are currently being evaluated in Phase B of the project plan. The test program will encounter engineering challenges and limitations, which are derived by cost and technology many of which can be mitigated by facility upgrades, creative GSE, and thorough forethought. The cryogenic testing of the ISIM will involve a number of risks such as the implementation of unique metrology techniques, mechanical, electrical and optical simulators housed within the cryogenic vacuum environment. These potential risks are investigated and possible solutions are proposed.

A system of interaction analysis, the Instrument for the Analysis of Science Teaching (IAST, Part 1), and an accompanying sign system (IAST, Part 2) were developed. Originally used to analyze teaching behavior observed in elementary school classrooms where "Science--A Process Approach" was being taught, IAST was later found to be applicable as a research tool and supervisory aid in other curriculum areas and at other levels. Part 1, a 26-category system based on the 10-category Flanders system, includes 10 student, 14 teacher, and two new categories. Data may be treated for the analysis of various tally records, graphs, ratios, matrices, and tactical findings. Part 2 is a 15-item check list designed to measure some of the characteristics considered to be important in teaching elementary science and "Science--A Process Approach" which could not be determined by part 1 alone. Training in using IAST entails approximately 12 hours of discussion and observation practice. Since the validity of the Scott coefficient PI, the customary statistic for calculating observer reliability, appears to decrease as the number of categories in a system increases, a standardized, nationally available recording of teaching behavior (the Suchman recording of an inquiry session available from Science Research Associates) was used in estimating reliability of observers, demonstrating the possibility of establishing a universal reference for estimates of observer reliability. (JS)

This document presents a study related to teacher education programs in general, but with specific attention directed to, National Science Foundation (NSF) institute programs for in-service teachers. The study was designed to answer questions pertinent to an assessment instrument designed and used with the Ball State University NSF institute programs. The reliability of the instrument, the extent of participant-perceived change in classroom emphasis given to 57 instructional topics included in the instrument, and whether a significant difference existed between the shift of emphasis of the 1972 institute participants and that of the 1973 participants were determined. All of the 1973 members took part in a pre-institute assessment and in two post-institute follow-ups. One follow-up test was administered on the last day of the institute and one the following spring. Changes in instructional emphasis were evaluated by the sign test. Comparison of mean growth increments was accomplished using a t-test. Analyses showed that participant-perceived increases in the level of emphasis were significant. No significant differences were found between the mean growth increments of the two groups. Instrument reliability was established, using analysis of variance in a modified intraclass correlation formula, as .93 and .97 for the 1972 and 1973 groups, respectively. (Author/EB)

The attitude toward a subject contributes to both academic engagement and success at university, yet it is not routinely measured in undergraduate students. Therefore, in two consecutive introductory courses in Human anatomy and physiology (HAP 1, n = 239, and HAP 2, n = 329), an instrument to quantify undergraduate students' attitude to the subject of physiology (ASPI) was evaluated using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). In both HAP 1 and HAP 2, EFA indicated two latent components--affective (component 1) and cognitive (component 2). Items comprising each component were consistent for both courses, and alpha coefficients >0.7 indicated good internal consistency. Differences in affective attitude and cognitive attitude between HAP 1 and HAP 2 indicated that students had a more negative attitude to physiology in HAP 2. The ASPI may be a useful instrument to quantify affective and cognitive attitude in undergraduates studying physiology, thus complementing routine assessment of academic performance.

The CheMin mineralogical instrument on MSL will return quantitative powder X-ray diffraction data (XRD) and qualitative X-ray fluorescence data (XRF; 14)Z)92) from scooped soil samples and drilled rock powders collected on the Mars surface. The geometry of the source, sample, and detector is shown. A transmission geometry was chosen so that diffracted intensities in the low-20 region (5-15 deg), important for phyllosilicate identification, could be detected.

The Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument suite on the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Curiosity Rover detected both reduced and oxidized nitrogen-bearing compounds during the pyrolysis of surface materials at Yellowknife Bay in Gale Crater. Preliminary detections of nitrogen species include NO, HCN, ClCN, CH3CN, and TFMA (trifluoro-N-methyl-acetamide). Confirmation of indigenous Martian N-bearing compounds requires quantifying N contribution from the terrestrial derivatization reagents (e.g. N-methyl-N-tertbutyldimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide, MTBSTFA and dimethylformamide, DMF) carried for SAM's wet chemistry experiment that contribute to the SAM background. Nitrogen species detected in the SAM solid sample analyses can also be produced during laboratory pyrolysis experiments where these reagents are heated in the presence of perchlorate, a compound that has also been identified by SAM in Mars solid samples.

The Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument suite on the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Curiosity Rover detected both reduced and oxidized nitrogen-bearing compounds during the pyrolysis of surface materials at Yellowknife Bay in Gale Crater. Preliminary detections of nitrogen species include NO, HCN, ClCN, CH3CN, and TFMA (trifluoro-N-methyl-acetamide). Confirmation of indigenous Martian N-bearing compounds requires quantifying N contribution from the terrestrial derivatization reagents (e.g. N-methyl-N-tertbutyldimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide, MTBSTFA and dimethylformamide, DMF) carried for SAM's wet chemistry experiment that contribute to the SAM background. Nitrogen species detected in the SAM solid sample analyses can also be produced during laboratory pyrolysis experiments where these reagents are heated in the presence of perchlorate, a compound that has also been identified by SAM in Mars solid samples.

"June 1997."

This study illustrates how a factor analysis of a well-designed student-rating instrument can increase its utility. Factor analysis of a student-rating instrument was used to reveal constructs that would explain student attrition in science, mathematics, and engineering majors. The Instructional Development and Effectiveness Assessment (IDEA) instrument is used to rate college courses in science or mathematics at Kansas State University. It is used to gather students' reactions to instructors, personal progress, and courses, as well as students' attitudes, and to obtain an overall rating. Subjects for the factor analysis were 141 upperclass students (56.7 percent male). The factor analysis reveals constructs about which students in science and mathematics have expressed concern. Of seven identified factors, the first three, interpreted as instructor presentation skills, student perception of personal progress, and student-teacher interaction, are particularly important in distinguishing instructor presentation from the personal aspects of course takers. Three tables present analysis results. (Contains 23 references.) (SLD)

The purpose of this research is to design assessment instrument to evaluate science generic skill (SGS) achievement and chemistry literacy in ethnoscience-integrated chemistry learning. The steps of tool designing refers to Plomp models including 1) Investigation Phase (Prelimenary Investigation); 2) Designing Phase (Design); 3) Construction/Realization Phase (Realization/Construction); 4) Test, Evaluation and Revision Phase. (Test, Evaluation and Revision). To test the validity of assessment instrument, it was used content validity by three experts as validators, while to test the practical, it was used questionnaire which were given to 22 college students of food ingredients chemistry that is integrated of ethno-science and two supporting lecturers. The result of content validity showed that assessment tool which was developed was valid stated by experts with the reliability coefficient was 0.72. Every lecturers and 21 students gave positive response, so it can be concluded that developed assessment instrument was practice to use.

Three separate, sequential three-month studies were made to determine the effects of timed pupil feedback on teaching behavior. Audiotapes were made of the teaching behaviors of eighteen teachers before, during, and after the teachers introduced a feedback instrument to their pupils. The tapes were analyzed for changes in teacher behavior over the period of time the feedback was used. The results indicated that student feedback did change the teaching behavior significantly. The general direction of change was toward less teacher talk and lecture. The questioning techniques of teachers stayed fairly constant with the only statistically significant change being in the mean number of questions asked each month. The conclusions were that students can give accurate feedback which effects change in teacher behavior and that this change can be described and quantified using interaction analysis techniques. (Author/JY)

An instrument was constructed to measure changes in teacher attitudes and beliefs resulting from training in the teaching of the Elementary Science Study (ESS) program. The 40-item, Likert type instrument was administered to a group of 22 elementary teachers attending a three-week National Science Foundation summer institute, on the first morning of their attendance and again on the last afternoon. Analyses of the data revealed that no items showed significant change in the non-preferred direction and that the means of 21 of the 40 items had changed significantly in the preferred direction. Of those items showing no significant change, most were high on the pretest. Analysis by subject revealed that 14 subjects showed significant change in the preferred direction, one showed significant change in the unpreferred direction, and seven subjects showed no significant change. The instrument developed is included in the document. (CS)

An instrument was constructed to measure changes in teacher attitudes and beliefs resulting from training in the teaching of the Elementary Science Study (ESS) program. The 40-item, Likert type instrument was administered to a group of 22 elementary teachers attending a three-week National Science Foundation summer institute, on the first morning of their attendance and again on the last afternoon. Analyses of the data revealed that no items showed significant change in the non-preferred direction and that the means of 21 of the 40 items had changed significantly in the preferred direction. Of those items showing no significant change, most were high on the pretest. Analysis by subject revealed that 14 subjects showed significant change in the preferred direction, one showed significant change in the unpreferred direction, and seven subjects showed no significant change. The instrument developed is included in the document. (CS)

This document contains the instrument used, results gathered, and discussions of the instrument used to measure students' (grades 10 and 12) understanding of science in its technological and social context. The following sections are included: (1) "Introduction"; (2) "A Comparison of Grade 10 and 12"; (3) "The Grade 10 Students"; (4) "The Grade 12 Students"; (5) "The Bipolar Statements," which contains a comparison of grade 10 and 12, a comparison of males and females, and the demographies of the sample; (6) "The 'Attitude to Science' Clusters"; (7) "Responses by Attitudinal Clusters to the Knowledge Statements"; (8) "Responses by Attitudinal Clusters to the Bipolar Statements"; (9) "The Demographics of the Four 'Attitude to Science' Clusters"; (10) "Discussion" which contains a discussion of the answers to the knowledge statements; and (11) "Conclusions." (ZWH)

This document contains the instrument used, results gathered, and discussions of the instrument used to measure students' (grades 10 and 12) understanding of science in its technological and social context. The following sections are included: (1) "Introduction"; (2) "A Comparison of Grade 10 and 12"; (3) "The Grade 10 Students"; (4) "The Grade 12 Students"; (5) "The Bipolar Statements," which contains a comparison of grade 10 and 12, a comparison of males and females, and the demographies of the sample; (6) "The 'Attitude to Science' Clusters"; (7) "Responses by Attitudinal Clusters to the Knowledge Statements"; (8) "Responses by Attitudinal Clusters to the Bipolar Statements"; (9) "The Demographics of the Four 'Attitude to Science' Clusters"; (10) "Discussion" which contains a discussion of the answers to the knowledge statements; and (11) "Conclusions." (ZWH)

This article is from Journal of Family & Community Medicine , volume 21 . Abstract Objective:: The aim of this paper was to determine the validity and reliability of a questionnaire tool for measuring students' attitudes toward components relevant to research training programs in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods:: The paper reports the responses of 564 Saudi Arabian students from seven government universities to the questionnaire comprising 16 items on 3 conceptual subscales, which measured students' attitude to research activities in the college; students' opinion of faculty involvement in research; and infrastructural facilities in the college. The results of this study provide the final scale, with all the 16 items of the initial Likert scale, for which strong evidence was obtained. Results:: Results indicated that the students' attitude toward the research (SAR) scale had three latent factors, which explained 62% of the variance: The three subscales measured includes: (i) Research activities offered in the college, (ii) students' opinion of faculty involvement in research, and (iii) infrastructural facilities offered in the college for research. The full scale including three subscales had good internal consistency (rs = 0.72 and α = 0.77 for full scale; and α between 0.71 and 0.79 for three subscales). Conclusion:: This study provides evidence of reliability and validity of the SAR scale for the measurement of students' attitudes toward research training programs in Saudi Arabian Universities. The research findings will provide the basis for further research on health science students.

The design and analysis of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Integrated Science Instrument Model (ISIM) structural requirements is presented.

The design and analysis of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Integrated Science Instrument Model (ISIM) structural requirements is presented.

BAFTA-award winning composer, Troels Folmann, will be describing a variety of custom sample techniques and tricks used in his latest TOMB RAIDER soundtracks and by the majority of A-listed composers in Hollywood. "The Art and Science of Creating Your Own Instrument Samples" involves a variety of exclusive recording, editing, programming and scoring techniques that are used to simulate full symphonic orchestras and choirs. The prime focus of this session is provide the audience with applicable knowledge in custom sample techniques for strings, brass, woodwinds, percussion and choirs - and provide an insight into the latest emerging trends within epic orchestral scoring. The custom sample techniques are meant to replace- and/or support commercial samples. The general difference between commercial sampling and custom sampling is based in technique. The commercial sample developers have a tendency to create clean- and studio polished samples, which have many great applications. However, in the simulation of something as complex as a symphonic orchestra you also need imprecision, power and emotive qualities in the samples, which is core of the custom sampling techniques.

The persistent and prolonged pitiable state of teachers' job performance leading to poor academic achievement of secondary school students in Ebonyi State has become a source of concern and worry among stakeholders and parents. This could be that instructional supervision is not regularly performed by the principals in order to provide professional guidance and assistance to teachers to enable them improve on their instructional delivery. It therefore becomes necessary to investigate the relationship between principals supervisory techniques and teachers job performance in secondary schools in Ebonyi State. The study was guided by three research questions and three hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance. The study adopted a correlation research design. The study population comprised 4,368 secondary school teachers in Ebonyi State. Stratified proportionate sampling technique was used to sample 1005 respondents from the population of the study. The researchers developed two sets of instruments titled "Principals' Supervisory Techniques Questionnaire (PSTQ)" and "Teachers Job Performance Questionnaire (TJPQ)" were used for data collection. The instrument was subjected to face and content validation by three experts who are lecturers; two in Department of Foundations and the other in Measurement and Evaluation Unit in the Department of Science Education, all from Faulty of Education, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki. Cronbach alpha was employed for the reliability test and this yielded a coefficient of 0.78, 0.68 and 0.81 for the three parts of PSTQ and 0.78 for TJPQ respectively. Pearson product moment coefficient was used in answering the research questions and t-test was used in testing the hypotheses. The findings of the study revealed among others that there is a high positive correlation between classroom observation techniques and teachers' job performance in secondary schools in Ebonyi State. It also revealed that there was a significant relationship between principals' demonstration techniques and teachers' job performance in secondary schools in Ebonyi State. Based on the findings, conclusion was drawn and it was recommended among others that government should provide opportunity for principals to attend conferences, workshops, seminars and colloquiums on supervisory techniques at least once a year both nationally and internationally for more acquisition of skills and knowledge for effective instructional supervision in order to keep them at par with their foreign counterparts.

Presented is a 30-item observational instrument to be used for the evaluation and description of preservice or inservice science teaching in the elementary school. Sections of the instrument include (1) use of intellectual development stages, (2) performance objectives, (3) lesson planning skills, (4) instruction sequencing, (5) question asking skills, (6) learning-teaching strategies, and (7) evaluation techniques. (CS)

The Sampl;e Analysis at Mars (sam) instrument suite on the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Curiosity Rover detected both reduced and oxidized nitrogen bearing compounds during the pyrolysis of surface materials from the three sites at Gale Crater. Preliminary detections of nitrogen species include No, HCN, ClCN, and TFMA ((trifluoro-N-methyl-acetamide), Confirmation of indigenous Martian nitrogen-bearing compounds requires quantifying N contribution from the terrestrial derivatization reagents carried for SAM's wet chemistry experiment that contribute to the SAM background. Nitrogen species detected in the SAM solid sample analyses can also be produced during laboratory pyrolysis experiments where these reagents are heated in the presence of perchlorate a compound that has also been identified by SAM in Mars solid samples.

An important goal of the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL 09) mission is the determination of definitive mineralogy and chemical composition. CheMin is a miniature X-ray diffraction/X-ray fluorescence (XRD/XRF) instrument that has been chosen for the analytical laboratory of MSL. CheMin utilizes a miniature microfocus source cobalt X-ray tube, a transmission sample cell and an energy-discriminating X-ray sensitive CCD to produce simultaneous 2-D X-ray diffraction patterns and X-ray fluorescence spectra from powdered or crushed samples. A diagrammatic view of the instrument is shown.

The JWST Integrated Science Instrument Module (ISIM) includes a large metering structure (approx. 2m x 2m x 1.5m) that houses the science instruments and guider. Stringent dimensional stability and repeatability requirements combined with mass limitations led to the selection of a composite bonded frame design comprised of biased laminate tubes. Even with the superb material specific stiffness, achieving the required frequency for the given mass allocations in conjunction with severe spatial limitations imposed by the instrument complement has proven challenging. In response to the challenge, the ISIM structure team considered literally over 100 primary structure topology and kinematic mount configurations, and settled on a concept comprised of over 70 m of tubes, over 50 bonded joint assemblies, and a "split bi-pod" kinematic mount configuration. In this paper, we review the evolution of the ISIM primary structure topology and kinematic mount configuration to the current baseline concept.

The highly variable solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation is the major energy input to the Earth's upper atmosphere, strongly impacting the geospace environment, affecting satellite operations, communications, and navigation. The Extreme ultraviolet Variability Experiment (EVE) onboard the NASA Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) will measure the solar EUV irradiance from 0.1 to 105 nm with unprecedented spectral resolution (0.1 nm), temporal cadence (ten seconds), and accuracy (20%). EVE includes several irradiance instruments: The Multiple EUV Grating Spectrographs (MEGS)-A is a grazingincidence spectrograph that measures the solar EUV irradiance in the 5 to 37 nm range with 0.1-nm resolution, and the MEGS-B is a normal-incidence, dual-pass spectrograph that measures the solar EUV irradiance in the 35 to 105 nm range with 0.1-nm resolution. To provide MEGS in-flight calibration, the EUV SpectroPhotometer (ESP) measures the solar EUV irradiance in broadbands between 0.1 and 39 nm, and a MEGS-Photometer measures the Sun s bright hydrogen emission at 121.6 nm. The EVE data products include a near real-time space-weather product (Level 0C), which provides the solar EUV irradiance in specific bands and also spectra in 0.1-nm intervals with a cadence of one minute and with a time delay of less than 15 minutes. The EVE higher-level products are Level 2 with the solar EUV irradiance at higher time cadence (0.25 seconds for photometers and ten seconds for spectrographs) and Level 3 with averages of the solar irradiance over a day and over each one-hour period. The EVE team also plans to advance existing models of solar EUV irradiance and to operationally use the EVE measurements in models of Earth s ionosphere and thermosphere. Improved understanding of the evolution of solar flares and extending the various models to incorporate solar flare events are high priorities for the EVE team.

No abstract available

In the spring of 1962, engineers from the Engineering Mechanics Division of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory gave a series of lectures on spacecraft design at the Engineering Design seminars conducted at the California Institute of Technology. Several of these lectures were subsequently given at Stanford University as part of the Space Technology seminar series sponsored by the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Presented here are notes taken from these lectures. \n\nThe lectures were conceived with the intent of providing the audience with a glimpse of the activities of a few mechanical engineers who are involved in designing, building, and testing spacecraft. Engineering courses generally consist of heavily idealized problems in order to allow the more efficient teaching of mathematical technique. Students, therefore, receive a somewhat limited exposure to actual engineering problems, which are typified by more unknowns than equations. For this reason it was considered valuable to demonstrate some of the problems faced by spacecraft designers, the processes used to arrive at solutions, and the interactions between the engineer and the remainder of the organization in which he is constrained to operate. \n\nThese lecture notes are not so much a compilation of sophisticated techniques of analysis as they are a collection of examples of spacecraft hardware and associated problems. They will be of interest not so much to the experienced spacecraft designer as to those who wonder what part the mechanical engineer plays in an effort such as the exploration of space.

This paper describes the development of a valid and reliable instrument to measure teacher candidates' attitudes and beliefs about the nature of and the teaching of mathematics and science. The instrument--Attitudes and Beliefs about the Nature of an the Teaching of Mathematics and Science--was developed for the Maryland Collaborative for Teacher Preparation (MCTP), an undergraduate teacher preparation program for specialist mathematics and science elementary/middle level teachers funded by the National Science Foundation. Sections of the instrument that were verified by factor analysis dealt with beliefs about mathematics and science, attitudes toward mathematics and science, beliefs about teaching mathematics and science, attitudes toward learning to teach mathematics and science, and attitudes toward teaching mathematics and science. It is concluded that the survey instrument has proven useful as one tool in an effort to landscape the attitude and belief paths the MCTP teacher candidates travel during their undergraduate years. The survey instrument is included in the appendix. Contains 37 references. (Author/JRH)

The study examined some human resource management variables and academic staff job effectiveness in the university of Calabar in Cross River State, Nigeria. To achieve the aim of this study, two research questions were raised and two hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. A correlational research design was adopted for the study. The population of the study comprises all the academic staff in the University of Calabar. The total number of all the academic staff is three thousand eight hundred and sixty (3860). A stratified random sampling technique was used to select total numbers of one hundred (100) respondents from the University of Calabar. Relevant data for the study was collected with a researcher-developed questionnaire titled: "Human Resource Management Variable and Academic Staff Job Effectiveness Questionnaire" (HRMVASJEQ). The instrument was subjected to face and content validity by experts in the administration of higher education and measurement and evaluation, Faculty of Education, University of Calabar. The Pearson Product Moment Correlation Analysis with the aid of the statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 25, was used for data analysis. The result revealed that the management of lecturers' appraisal/promotion and management of lecturers' in-service training significantly relate to their job effectiveness in the university. It was recommended that the university management should ensure that lecturers are appraised and promoted appropriately to enhance their lecturer job performance. Also, that the university management should make provision for lecturer in-service training to enhance learning and improving lecturers' job effectiveness.

The study examined some human resource management variables and academic staff job effectiveness in the university of Calabar in Cross River State, Nigeria. To achieve the aim of this study, two research questions were raised and two hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. A correlational research design was adopted for the study. The population of the study comprises all the academic staff in the University of Calabar. The total number of all the academic staff is three thousand eight hundred and sixty (3860). A stratified random sampling technique was used to select total numbers of one hundred (100) respondents from the University of Calabar. Relevant data for the study was collected with a researcher-developed questionnaire titled: "Human Resource Management Variable and Academic Staff Job Effectiveness Questionnaire" (HRMVASJEQ). The instrument was subjected to face and content validity by experts in the administration of higher education and measurement and evaluation, Faculty of Education, University of Calabar. The Pearson Product Moment Correlation Analysis with the aid of the statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 25, was used for data analysis. The result revealed that the management of lecturers' appraisal/promotion and management of lecturers' in-service training significantly relate to their job effectiveness in the university. It was recommended that the university management should ensure that lecturers are appraised and promoted appropriately to enhance their lecturer job performance. Also, that the university management should make provision for lecturer in-service training to enhance learning and improving lecturers' job effectiveness.

xiv, 621 p. 19 cm

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is an upcoming flagship observatory mission scheduled to be launched in 2018. Three of the four science instruments are passively cooled to their operational temperature range of 36K to 40K, and the fourth instrument is actively cooled to its operational temperature of approximately 6K. The requirement for multiple thermal zoned results in the instruments being thermally connected to five external radiators via individual high purity aluminum heat straps. Thermal-vacuum and thermal balance testing of the flight instruments at the Integrated Science Instrument Module (ISIM) element level will take place within a newly constructed shroud cooled by gaseous helium inside Goddard Space Flight Center's (GSFC) Space environment Simulator (SES). The flight external radiators are not available during ISIM-level thermal vacuum/thermal testing, so they will be replaced in test with stable and adjustable thermal boundaries with identical physical interfaces to the flight radiators. Those boundaries are provided by specially designed test hardware which also measures the heat flow within each of the five heat straps to an accuracy of less than 2 mW, which is less than 5% of the minimum predicted heat flow values. Measurement of the heat loads to this accuracy is essential to ISIM thermal model correlation, since thermal models are more accurately correlated when temperature data is supplemented by accurate knowledge of heat flows. It also provides direct verification by test of several high-level thermal requirements. Devices that measure heat flow in this manner have historically been referred to a "Q-meters". Perhaps the most important feature of the design of the JWST Q-meters is that it does not depend on the absolute accuracy of its temperature sensors, but rather on knowledge of precise heater power required to maintain a constant temperature difference between sensors on two stages, for which a table is empirically developed during a calibration campaign in a small chamber at GSFC. This paper provides a brief review of Q-meter design, and discusses the Q-meter calibration procedure including calibration chamber modifications and accommodations, handling of differing conditions between calibration and usage, the calibration process itself, and the results of the tests used to determine if the calibration is successful.

This is an update to the Preregistration for the Project of the same name. As files needed to be changed which is currently not supported by regular registration updates, this new open ended registration accounts for the changes made.

Note this registration has been withdrawn: This is an update to the Preregistration for the Project of the same name. As files needed to be changed which is currently not supported by regular registration updates, this new open ended registration accounts for the changes made.

As global average temperatures rise, there has been an increase in the frequency and magnitude of meteorological natural hazards. To survive in the world and thrive in the work place, students need to utilize educational skills (such as creative thinking, non-routine problem solving, collaboration and systems thinking) and become independent thinkers. Such learning can be encompassed under the heading of education through science. This study strives to develop a research instrument, which meaningfully determines student preparedness for dealing with natural hazards, based on their education through science learning, including student understanding of the Nature of Science (NOS) and Nature of Technology (NOT). The instrument, piloted with students in grades 7th/8th and 10th/11th in North America and Europe, is designed to allow comparisons across cultures. Outcomes show that the devised instrument is suitable for determining student competences and understanding of NOS/NOT associated with values and attitudes for students from different cultural backgrounds, and determining awareness of natural hazards and the use of appropriate behavioural actions related to disaster risk reduction for students from different cultural backgrounds.

Natural News Forensic Food Lab director Mike Adams (the Health Ranger) gives viewers a tour of the Agilent 7700x ICP-MS instrument used to test foods and superfoods for toxic heavy metals.

The CheMin instrument (short for "Chemistry and Mineralogy") on the Mars Science Laboratory rover Curiosity is one of two "laboratory quality" instruments on board the Curiosity rover that is exploring Gale crater, Mars. CheMin is an X-ray diffractometer that has for the first time returned definitive and fully quantitative mineral identifications of Mars soil and drilled rock. I will describe CheMin's 23-year development from an idea to a spacecraft qualified instrument, and report on some of the discoveries that Curiosity has made since its entry, descent and landing on Aug. 6, 2012, including the discovery and characterization of the first habitable environment on Mars.

xx, 752 p. 21 cm

As part of an effort to monitor the transformation of classrooms within Limpopo Province, South Africa, an instrument was developed to assess students perceptions of their learning environments. The developed questionnaire, the Outcomes-Based Learning Environment Questionnaire (OBLEQ), was designed to measure the impact of the Curriculum 2005 initiative on the learning environment of science outcomes. This exploratory study involved the collection of data from 2,638 learners in 50 classes in 50 schools. These data were analyzed to determine the validity and reliability of the OBLEQ . The factor structure of the OBLEQ indicated that students respond to the Investigation and Involvement scales in similar ways, so that these two scales have been combined to yield a total of six scales. The internal consistency reliability estimate for each of the six scales was comparable with those found in studies of similar instruments. There were statistically significant associations between student attitudes and all six scales of the OBLEQ at the individual level and for four scales at the class level. Findings also suggest that students would generally prefer a more favorable learning environment than the one they perceive to exist, a finding that replicates findings of research in Western primary and secondary schools. The questionnaire appears promising for showing the capability and success of educators in Limpopo Province in implementing outcomes-based education. An appendix contains a sample from the questionnaire. (Contains 35 references.) (SLD)

In August 2010, the NASA Office of Chief Technologist (OCT) commissioned an assessment of 15 different technology areas of importance to the future of NASA. Technology Assessment #8 (TA8) was Science Instruments, Observatories and Sensor Systems (SIOSS). SIOSS assessed the needs for optical technology ranging from detectors to lasers, x-ray mirrors to microwave antenna, in-situ spectrographs for on-surface planetary sample characterization to large space telescopes. This needs assessment looked across the entirety of NASA and not just the Science Mission Directorate. This paper summarizes the SIOSS findings and recommendations.

The Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument suite on the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Curiosity Rover detected nitrogen-bearing compounds during the pyrolysis of Rocknest material at Gale Crater. Hydrogen cyanide and acetonitrile were identified by the quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS) both in direct evolved gas analysis (EGA). SAM carried out four separate analyses from Rocknest Scoop 5. A significant low temperature release was present in Rocknest runs 1-4, while a smaller high temperature release was also seen in Rocknest runs 1-3. Here we evaluate whether these compounds are indigenous to Mars or a pyrolysis product resulting from known terrestrial materials that are part of the SAM derivatization.

The Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument suite on the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Curiosity Rover detected nitrogen-bearing compounds during the pyrolysis of Rocknest material at Gale Crater. Hydrogen cyanide and acetonitrile were identified by the quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS) both in direct evolved gas analysis (EGA). SAM carried out four separate analyses from Rocknest Scoop 5. A significant low temperature release was present in Rocknest runs 1-4, while a smaller high temperature release was also seen in Rocknest runs 1-3. Here we evaluate whether these compounds are indigenous to Mars or a pyrolysis product resulting from known terrestrial materials that are part of the SAM derivatization.

The Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument suite on the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Curiosity Rover detected nitrogen-bearing compounds during the pyrolysis of Rocknest material at Gale Crater. Hydrogen cyanide and acetonitrile were identified by the quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS) both in direct evolved gas analysis (EGA). SAM carried out four separate analyses from Rocknest Scoop 5. A significant low temperature release was present in Rocknest runs 1-4, while a smaller high temperature release was also seen in Rocknest runs 1-3. Here we evaluate whether these compounds are indigenous to Mars or a pyrolysis product resulting from known terrestrial materials that are part of the SAM derivatization.

The Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument suite on the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Curiosity Rover detected nitrogen-bearing compounds during the pyrolysis of Rocknest material at Gale Crater. Hydrogen cyanide and acetonitrile were identified by the quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS) both in direct evolved gas analysis (EGA). SAM carried out four separate analyses from Rocknest Scoop 5. A significant low temperature release was present in Rocknest runs 1-4, while a smaller high temperature release was also seen in Rocknest runs 1-3. Here we evaluate whether these compounds are indigenous to Mars or a pyrolysis product resulting from known terrestrial materials that are part of the SAM derivatization.

The Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument suite on the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Curiosity Rover detected nitrogen-bearing compounds during the pyrolysis of Rocknest material at Gale Crater. Hydrogen cyanide and acetonitrile were identified by the quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS) both in direct evolved gas analysis (EGA). SAM carried out four separate analyses from Rocknest Scoop 5. A significant low temperature release was present in Rocknest runs 1-4, while a smaller high temperature release was also seen in Rocknest runs 1-3. Here we evaluate whether these compounds are indigenous to Mars or a pyrolysis product resulting from known terrestrial materials that are part of the SAM derivatization.

Calibration and testing of the instruments on the Integrated Science Instrument Module (ISIM) of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is being performed by the use of a cryogenic, full-field, optical simulator that was constructed for this purpose. The Pupil Select Mechanism (PSM) assembly is one of several mechanisms and optical elements that compose the Optical Telescope Element SIMulator, or OSIM. The PSM allows for several optical elements to be inserted into the optical plane of OSIM, introducing a variety of aberrations, distortions, obscurations, and other calibration states into the pupil plane. The following discussion focuses on the details of the design evolution, analysis, build, and test of this mechanism along with the challenges associated with creating a sub arc-minute positioning mechanism operating in an extreme cryogenic environment. In addition, difficult challenges in the control system design will be discussed including the incorporation of closed-loop feedback control into a system that was designed to operate in an open-loop fashion.