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The project “Vegetable variety and technology scaling in northern Nigeria" will look at the impact of the Sustainable Development Goals Partnership project “Transforming Nigeria’s Vegetable Markets” in Northern Nigeria. The SDGP project is used as a case study to gain an in-depth understanding of effective scaling mechanisms for vegetable technologies (improved varieties and good agricultural practices) and assess the impact of these technologies on livelihood outcomes for smallholder vegetable farmers. Two rounds of observational data are used from a sample of intervention, consisting of households trained and supported, and sample of control households, which did not receive training or support. To minimize spillover effects, the sample was clustered at the village level. Baseline data collection was done in September and October 2020. End-line data will start take place in October and November 2022.

The values of ion-atom ionization cross sections are frequently needed for many applications that utilize the propagation of fast ions through matter. When experimental data and theoretical calculations are not available, approximate formulas are frequently used. This paper briefly summarizes the most important theoretical results and approaches to cross section calculations in order to place the discussion in historical perspective and offer a concise introduction to the topic. Based on experimental data and theoretical predictions, a new fit for ionization cross sections is proposed. The range of validity and accuracy of several frequently used approximations (classical trajectory, the Born approximation, and so forth) are discussed using, as examples, the ionization cross sections of hydrogen and helium atoms by various fully stripped ions.

POD Associates have revisited the issue of generic scaling laws able to adequately predict (within better than 20 percent) cratering in semi-infinite targets and perforations through finite thickness targets. The approach used was to apply physical logic for hydrodynamics in a consistent manner able to account for chunky-body impacts such that the only variables needed are those directly related to known material properties for both the impactor and target. The analyses were compared and verified versus CTH hydrodynamic code calculations and existing data. Comparisons with previous scaling laws were also performed to identify which (if any) were good for generic purposes. This paper is a short synopsis of the full report available through the NASA Langley Research Center, LDEF Science Office.

This article is from PLoS ONE , volume 9 . Abstract Background and Methods: To guide achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, we used the Lives Saved Tool to provide a novel simulation of potential maternal, fetal, and newborn lives and costs saved by scaling up midwifery and obstetrics services, including family planning, in 58 low- and middle-income countries. Typical midwifery and obstetrics interventions were scaled to either 60% of the national population (modest coverage) or 99% (universal coverage). Findings: Under even a modest scale-up, midwifery services including family planning reduce maternal, fetal, and neonatal deaths by 34%. Increasing midwifery alone or integrated with obstetrics is more cost-effective than scaling up obstetrics alone; when family planning was included, the midwifery model was almost twice as cost-effective as the obstetrics model, at $2,200 versus $4,200 per death averted. The most effective strategy was the most comprehensive: increasing midwives, obstetricians, and family planning could prevent 69% of total deaths under universal scale-up, yielding a cost per death prevented of just $2,100. Within this analysis, the interventions which midwifery and obstetrics are poised to deliver most effectively are different, with midwifery benefits delivered across the continuum of pre-pregnancy, prenatal, labor and delivery, and postpartum-postnatal care, and obstetrics benefits focused mostly on delivery. Including family planning within each scope of practice reduced the number of likely births, and thus deaths, and increased the cost-effectiveness of the entire package (e.g., a 52% reduction in deaths with midwifery and obstetrics increased to 69% when family planning was added; cost decreased from $4,000 to $2,100 per death averted). Conclusions: This analysis suggests that scaling up midwifery and obstetrics could bring many countries closer to achieving mortality reductions. Midwives alone can achieve remarkable mortality reductions, particularly when they also perform family planning services - the greatest return on investment occurs with the scale-up of midwives and obstetricians together.

This article is from Journal of Periodontal & Implant Science , volume 44 . Abstract Purpose: The present study was conducted to evaluate the impact of scaling and root planing (SRP) on the C-reactive protein (CRP) levels of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum in chronic periodontitis patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM-CP) or without type 2 diabetes mellitus (NDM-CP). Methods: Forty-eight human participants were divided into two groups: an experimental (T2DM-CP) group (group I, n=24) comprising chronic periodontitis patients with random blood sugar ≥200 mg/dL and type 2 diabetes mellitus, and control (NDM-CP) group (group II, n=24) of those with chronic periodontitis and random blood sugar

Journal of Nuclear Physics, Material Sciences, Radiation and Applications Vol-4, No-1, August 2016 pp. 69–75

Journal of Nuclear Physics, Material Sciences, Radiation and Applications Vol-4, No-1, August 2016 pp. 69–75

We use the suite of simulations presented in Poole et al (2006) to examine global X-ray and Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) observables for systems of merging relaxed X-ray clusters. In all of the scaling relations generated from the properties we have studied, we observe a generic evolution (in good qualitative agreement with previous authors): a rapid transient roughly along the mass scaling relations, a subsequent slow drift across the scatter until virialization, followed by a slow evolution along and up the mass scaling relations as cooling recovers in the cluster cores. However, this drift is not sufficient to account for the observed scatter in the scaling relations. We also study the effects of mergers on several theoretical temperature measures of the intracluster medium: emission weighted measures (T_ew), the spectroscopic-like measure proposed by Mazzotta et al (2004; T_sl) and plasma model fits to the integrated spectrum of the system (T_spec). We find that T_sl tracks T_spec for the entire duration of our mergers, illustrating that it remains a good tool for observational comparison even for highly disturbed systems. Furthermore, the transient temperature increases produced during first and second pericentric passage are 15-40% larger for T_ew than for T_sl or T_spec. This suggests that the effects of transient temperature increases on sigma_8 and Omega_M derived by Randall et al (2002) are over estimated. Lastly, we examine the X-ray SZ proxy proposed by Kravtsov et al (2006) and find that the tight mass scaling relation they predict remains secure through the entire duration of a merger event, independent of projection effects.

Recently, rapid observational and theoretical progress has established that black holes (BHs) play a decisive role in the formation and evolution of individual galaxies as well as galaxy groups and clusters. In particular, there is compelling evidence that BHs vigorously interact with their surroundings in the central regions of galaxy clusters, indicating that any realistic model of cluster formation needs to account for these processes. This is also suggested by the failure of previous generations of hydrodynamical simulations without BH physics to simultaneously account for the paucity of strong cooling flows in clusters, the slope and amplitude of the observed cluster scaling relations, and the high-luminosity cut-off of central cluster galaxies. Here we use high-resolution cosmological simulations of a large cluster and group sample to study how BHs affect their host systems. We focus on two specific properties, the halo gas fraction and the X-ray luminosity-temperature scaling relation, both of which are notoriously difficult to reproduce in self-consistent hydrodynamical simulations. We show that BH feedback can solve both of these issues, bringing them in excellent agreement with observations, without alluding to the `cooling only' solution that produces unphysically bright central galaxies. By comparing a large sample of simulated AGN-heated clusters with observations, our new simulation technique should make it possible to reliably calibrate observational biases in cluster surveys, thereby enabling various high-precision cosmological studies of the dark matter and dark energy content of the universe.

We use the high-resolution simulation MassiveBlackII to examine scaling relations between black hole mass (MBH) and host galaxy properties (sigma, M*, and LV), finding good agreement with observational data, especially at the high-mass end. The simulations have less intrinsic scatter than observations, and the MBH-LV correlation has the largest scatter, suggesting it may the the least fundamental of the three relations. We find Gaussian scatter about all three relations, except among the highest mass galaxies, which host more massive black holes. Below z~2 the slopes for the full population remain roughly z-independent, and only steepen by 50% by z~4. The normalization of the sigma, LV relations evolve by 0.3, 0.43 dex, while the MBH correlation does not evolve to at least z~2. Testing for selection biases, we find samples selected by MBH or M* have steeper slopes than randomly selected samples. If unaccounted for, such a selection function would find faster evolution than inferred from a randomly selected sample, as objects at the highend of the relation tend to evolve more rapidly. We find a potential bias among high-LBH subsamples (tending to reside in higher mass galaxies), but these bright-AGN exhibit no intrinsic bias relative to fainter ones in equivalent-mass hosts, nor is there a significant difference between active- and inactive-samples. Finally we characterize the evolution of individual black holes along the scaling planes. Below the local relation, black holes grow faster than their host (72% of black holes 0.3 dex below the mean relation have a MBH-M* trajectory steeper than the local relation), while those above have shallower trajectories (only 14% are steeper than local). Black holes tend to grow faster than their hosts until surpassing the local relation, at which point their growth is suppressed while their hosts continue to grow, returning them to the mean relation.

845: As with most industries, artificial intelligence has had an immeasurable impact on the entrepreneurial journey and the types of offerings being provided to enterprises from start-ups. In this episode of Technovation, Samsara co-founders Sanjit Biswas and John Bicket join Peter High in a conversation about the genesis story behind the company, its rationale for selling into physical operations, and how artificial intelligence is changing the start-up landscape. Both executives explain the role of AI at the company, the convergence of IT and OT within the industrial sector, and how they came to focus on the industrial sector when starting Samsara. They share how they overcame the learning curve associated with operating in an unfamiliar industry, the evolution of generative AI applications within the industrial sector, and how they've built their team with the right skills in technology. Finally, they share their lessons from scaling the business to become a publicly traded company, the trends in technology that are on their radar for the future, and the learnings they've taken away from their entrepreneurial journey.Also available on YouTube:https://youtu.be/3FkoKK6nflg_____________________________________This episode is sponsored by Codeium.

POD Associates have revisited the issue of generic scaling laws able to adequately predict (within better than 20 percent) cratering in semi-infinite targets and perforations through finite thickness targets. The approach used was to apply physical logic for hydrodynamics in a consistent manner able to account for chunky-body impacts such that the only variables needed are those directly related to known material properties for both the impactor and target. The analyses were compared and verified versus CTH hydrodynamic code calculations and existing data. Comparisons with previous scaling laws were also performed to identify which (if any) were good for generic purposes. This paper is a short synopsis of the full report available through the NASA Langley Research Center, LDEF Science Office.

Beginning teachers enter a profession that places particularly challenging demands on novice practitioners. The New Teacher Center's (NTC) induction model provides intensive, instructionally focused coaching to teachers during their first two years in the classroom, in-depth training for induction mentors, a suite of tools to guide coaching cycles, and capacity-building for district leaders to sustain induction mentoring programs after NTC's direct involvement in the district ends. With funding from a U.S. Department of Education Investing in Innovation (i3) scale-up grant, NTC tested strategies for scaling its validated induction model to 301 schools in five school districts serving high proportions of students of color and students from low-income households. NTC adapted its model to support district adoption at scale, including an option for deploying part-time, school-based mentors, reduced requirements for mentor training, and online training and video-sharing tools. SRI's evaluation of the implementation and impact of NTC's i3 scale-up grant employed a cluster-randomized controlled trial design with schools as the unit of randomization. All first-year teachers in randomized schools were included in the study. Treatment teachers received induction supports from NTC-trained mentors, while control teachers received the supports provided by their districts under business-as-usual conditions. The evaluation examined fidelity of implementation to the model as designed, the contrast between the induction supports in the treatment and control conditions, and impacts on three key outcomes: 1) teachers' classroom practice as measured by the Danielson Framework for Teaching, 2) student achievement on state standardized assessments in mathematics and English Language Arts (ELA) in grades 4 through 8, and 3) teacher retention within district. NTC's induction model was not implemented with adequate fidelity in any of the five sites according to thresholds set by NTC, and the mentoring received by NTC treatment teachers was not substantially different in key respects from the mentoring received by control teachers. There were no statistically significant impacts of the model as implemented on overall teacher practice, student achievement, or teacher retention. Exploratory findings suggest conditions under which NTC might see a greater impact. There was a positive correlation between students' mathematics achievement and mentoring that met NTC's fidelity thresholds for frequency and duration, as well as between mathematics achievement and mentoring that met NTC's expectations for instructional focus. NTC induction supports also had a positive impact on student ELA achievement in schools with higher proportions of historically underserved students. These findings indicate the importance of ensuring high-quality implementation of a program. Under the i3 scale-up grant, NTC attempted to adapt its model for scaling, but the partner districts failed to fully implement key components and mediators as intended. There is evidence that the model has promise when fully implemented, particularly in schools with higher proportions of historically underserved students, but without further research this evidence is simply suggestive.

This report summarizes the development of two physics-based scaling laws for describing crater depths and diameters caused by normal incidence impacts into aluminum and TFE Teflon. The report then describes equations for perforations in aluminum and TFE Teflon for normal impacts. Lastly, this report also studies the effects of non-normal incidence on cratering and perforation.

Reading Recovery is a short-term early intervention designed to help the lowest-achieving readers in first grade reach average levels of classroom performance in literacy. Students identified to receive Reading Recovery meet individually with a specially trained Reading Recovery teacher every school day for 30-minute lessons over a period of 12 to 20 weeks. The purpose of these lessons is to support rapid acceleration of each child's literacy learning. In 2010, The Ohio State University received a Scaling Up What Works grant from the U.S. Department of Education Investing in Innovation (i3) Fund to expand the use of Reading Recovery across the country. The award was intended to fund the training of 3,675 new Reading Recovery teachers in U.S. schools, thereby expanding service to an additional 88,200 students. The Consortium for Policy Research in Education (CPRE) was contracted to conduct an independent evaluation of the i3 scale-up of Reading Recovery over the course of five years. The evaluation includes parallel rigorous experimental and quasi-experimental designs for estimating program impacts, coupled with a large-scale mixed-methods study of program implementation. This report presents the findings of the second year of the evaluation. The primary goals of this evaluation are: (1) to provide experimental evidence of the impacts of Reading Recovery on student learning under this scale-up effort; (2) to assess the success of the scale-up in meeting the i3 grant's expansion goals; and (3) to document the implementation of the scale-up and fidelity to program standards. This document is the second in a series of three reports based on the external evaluation of the Reading Recovery i3 Scale-Up. The report represents results from the impact and implementation studies conducted over the 2012-2013 school year--the third year of the scale-up effort and the second full year of the evaluation. [This document is a reissue of the December 2014 CPRE Research Report RR-79 under the same title. For the Year One Report, see ED547669.]

Reading Recovery is a short-term early intervention designed to help the lowest-achieving readers in first grade reach average levels of classroom performance in literacy. Students identified to receive Reading Recovery meet individually with a specially trained Reading Recovery teacher every school day for 30-minute lessons over a period of 12 to 20 weeks. The purpose of these lessons is to support rapid acceleration of each child's literacy learning. In 2010, The Ohio State University received a Scaling Up What Works grant from the U.S. Department of Education Investing in Innovation (i3) Fund to expand the use of Reading Recovery across the country. The award was intended to fund the training of 3,675 new Reading Recovery teachers in U.S. schools, thereby expanding service to an additional 88,200 students. The Consortium for Policy Research in Education (CPRE) was contracted to conduct an independent evaluation of the i3 scale-up of Reading Recovery over the course of five years. The evaluation includes parallel rigorous experimental and quasi-experimental designs for estimating program impacts, coupled with a large-scale mixed-methods study of program implementation. This report presents the findings of the second year of the evaluation. The primary goals of this evaluation are: (1) to provide experimental evidence of the impacts of Reading Recovery on student learning under this scale-up effort; (2) to assess the success of the scale-up in meeting the i3 grant's expansion goals; and (3) to document the implementation of the scale-up and fidelity to program standards. This document is the second in a series of three reports based on the external evaluation of the Reading Recovery i3 Scale-Up. The report represents results from the impact and implementation studies conducted over the 2012-2013 school year--the third year of the scale-up effort and the second full year of the evaluation. [This document is a reissue of the December 2014 CPRE Research Report RR-79 under the same title. For the Year One Report, see ED547669.]

Rising costs of power generation as a result of increased condenser tube scaling and corrosion have become critical areas that need intervention at Eskom’s power stations in South Africa. In the past few years, the quality of cooling and raw water has deteriorated with increased concentrations of scale formation metals such as calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) as well as Natural Organic Matter (NOM). The Dissolved Organic Matter (DOC) fraction of NOM in the water forms complexes with metals Ca and Mg under various conditions. In this study, the Cooling Water (CW) and Raw Water (RW) at Lethabo and Duvha power stations were sampled and were analyzed for metals as well as organics and the data obtained was fitted into a Visual MINTEQ chemical model and Langelier Saturation Index (SI) calculations coupled with calcium carbonate precipitation potential models. The data obtained indicated that as the DOC concentration increased, the SI values decreased which may be attributed to the to complexation of Ca and Mg (the scaling metals) bound to DOC, leaving relatively lower concentrations of the free Ca and Mg ions until the reactive sites of DOC were saturated. The seasonal changes affect pH, DOC and concentrations of other metals present in the water that influenced complex formation and scaling.

Direct measurements of the acceleration of spheres and disks impacting granular media reveal simple power law scalings along with complex dynamics which bear the signatures of both fluid and solid behavior. The penetration depth scales linearly with impact velocity while the collision duration is constant for sufficiently large impact velocity. Both quantities exhibit power law dependence on sphere diameter and density, and gravitational acceleration. The acceleration during impact is characterized by two jumps: a rapid, velocity dependent increase upon initial contact and a similarly sharp, depth dependent decrease as the impacting object comes to rest. Examining the measured forces on the sphere in the vicinity of these features leads to a new experimentally based granular force model for collision. We discuss our findings in the context of recently proposed phenomenological models that capture qualitative dynamical features of impact but fail both quantitatively and in their inability to capture significant acceleration fluctuations that occur during penetration and which depend on the impacted material.

This report summarizes the development of two physics-based scaling laws for describing crater depths and diameters caused by normal incidence impacts into aluminum and TFE Teflon. The report then describes equations for perforations in aluminum and TFE Teflon for normal impacts. Lastly, this report also studies the effects of non-normal incidence on cratering and perforation.

In this research brief, SRI presents six lessons about equitable scaling from a retrospective study of the Deeper Learning + Diffusion of Innovation and Scaled Impact Initiative (DL+D initiative). Funded by the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation beginning in 2018, the goal of the DL+D initiative was to generate knowledge about how fundamental shifts to teaching and learning could be scaled within public school systems efficiently, expediently, and equitably. The Hewlett Foundation funded 10 research-practice partnerships, collaborations that are intentionally organized to leverage diverse expertise to accelerate educational improvement or equitable transformation through engagement with research. The lessons presented in this research brief are informed by both the challenges and the successes that the 10 RPPs experienced and are broadly useful for any school district or funder interested in catalyzing complex instructional improvement at scale and with attention to equity.

Along with an apparent convergence in estimates of impact-melt volumes produced during planetary impact events, intensive efforts at deriving scaling relationships for crater dimensions have also yielded results. It is now possible to examine a variety of phenomena associated with impact-melt production during large cratering events and apply them to planetary problems. This contribution describes a method of combining calculations of impact-melt production with crater scaling to investigate the relationship between the two.

New scales for ASVAB forms 11, 12, and 13 have been implemented. This research memorandum describes the impact of this adjusted scaling on scores for FY 1985 Marine Corps applicants. In addition, the initial and adjusted scalings for each ASVAB subtests are compared. Keywords: AFQT(Armed Forces Qualification Test), Aptitude tests, ASVAB(Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery), Enlistment standards, Marine Corps personnel, Mental ability, Personnel selection, Qualifications, Performance(human), Recruiting, Recruits, Scoring, Subtests, Test scores.

The application of scaling laws to thin flat and curved composite panels exhibiting nonlinear response when subjected to low-velocity transverse impact is investigated. Previous research has shown that the elastic impact response of structural configurations exhibiting geometrically linear response can be effectively scaled. In the present paper, a preliminary experimental study is presented to assess the applicability of the scaling laws to structural configurations exhibiting geometrically nonlinear deformations. The effect of damage on the scalability of the structural response characteristics, and the effect of scale on damage development are also investigated. Damage is evaluated using conventional methods including C-scan, specimen de-plying and visual inspection of the impacted panels. Coefficient of restitution and normalized contact duration are also used to assess the extent of damage. The results confirm the validity of the scaling parameters for elastic impacts. However, for the panels considered in the study, the extent and manifestation of damage do not scale according to the scaling laws. Furthermore, the results indicate that even though the damage does not scale, the overall panel response characteristics, as indicated by contact force profiles, do scale for some levels of damage.

Interest in scaling promising innovations to effect systemic change in education around the world has grown over the last decade. The work of scaling education innovations (up, out, down, and into deep and lasting impact) has always required nimble attention to the unpredictability of implementation. Much has been written about the need for adaptive mindsets, planning for scale at the beginning, enlisting allies and champions, and embedding continuous improvement loops into the whole process (Al-Ubaydli, List, & Suskind, 2019; Gargani & McLean, 2019; Perlman Robinson, Curtiss, & Hannahan, 2020). As challenging as scaling is under ordinary 21st-century circumstances, it has become downright arduous over the last two years due to the global COVID-19 pandemic. This first annual brief reflects on scaling insights from different scaling teams across many low- and middle-income countries to jointly learn and share best practices related to scaling in education. Effective scaling is not just about designing and delivering promising innovations for use but also embedding them in thoughtful, mutifaceted ways to ensure that they grow, deepen, and have lasting impact. This brief discusses how several teams went about this work during the difficult last year. [This project is supported by the Global Partnership for Education Knowledge and Innovation Exchange (KIX), a joint partnership between the Global Partnership for Education (GPE) and the International Development Research Centre (IDRC).]

The consequences of impact on the solid bodies of the solar system are manifest and legion. Although the visible effects on planetary surfaces, such as the Moon's, are the most obvious testimony to the spatial and temporal importance of impacts, less dramatic chemical and petrographic characteristics of materials affected by shock abound. Both the morphologic and petrologic aspects of impact cratering are important in deciphering lunar history, and, ideally, each should complement the other. In practice, however, a gap has persisted in relating large-scale cratering processes to petrologic and geochemical data obtained from lunar samples. While this is due in no small part to the fact that no Apollo mission unambiguously sampled deposits of a large crater, it can also be attributed to the general state of our knowledge of cratering phenomena, particularly those accompanying large events. The most common shock-metamorphosed lunar samples are breccias, but a substantial number are impact-melt rocks. Indeed, numerous workers have called attention to the importance of impact-melt rocks spanning a wide range of ages in the lunar sample collection. Photogeologic studies also have demonstrated the widespread occurrence of impact-melt lithologies in and around lunar craters. Thus, it is clear that impact melting has been a fundamental process operating throughout lunar history, at scales ranging from pits formed on individual regolith grains to the largest impact basins. This contribution examines the potential relationship between impact melting on the Moon and the interior morphologies of large craters and peaking basins. It then examines some of the implications of impact melting at such large scales for lunar-sample provenance and evolution of the lunar crust.