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This paper consists of an exploratory analysis of factors associated with inequality in the distribution of fiscal resources--the capacity to generate public goods--among municipal governments in metropolitan areas in the U.S. Political incorporation by class and status into municipal enclaves is stated to be institutional mechanism creating and perpetuating inequality among residents in metropolitan communities in the U.S. and tending to divorce financial resources from public needs. An investigation of data collected for a large number of metropolitan areas in 1960 reveals a number of variables associated with inequality in the distribution of fiscal resources among municipalities in metropolitan areas. The population of metropolitan areas consists of standard metropolitan statistical areas outside of New England with three or more municipalities with populations of 2500 and above. The level of income inequality among municipal governments in metropolitan areas varies directly with: location in the South, age, size, and density of the metropolis, non-white concentration, family income inequality, residential segregation among social classes, housing segregation by quality, and governmental fragmentation. The data appear to provide support for the argument that governmental inequality occupies a central position in the urban stratification system. (Author/JM)

In the year 2019 we won't tolerate still having separate and unequal schools. We are going to transform education in this country—learn how here: https://t.co/3XojUUWVu0 https://t.co/OHOxVTx3yz Source: https://twitter.com/BernieSanders/status/1133811495735824385 Uploader: Bernie Sanders

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Despite the 1973 Supreme Court decision, Keyes v. Denver School District, Hispanic students are more segregated today than they were 20 years ago, and gaps between the educational attainment and earnings of Hispanics and non-Hispanics continue to widen. The nation's Hispanic population has grown almost five times faster than the non-Hispanic population and is heavily concentrated in certain regions and major cities. Recent enrollment studies show an increase in the number of Hispanics who attend heavily segregated schools, a fact attributed to rising Hispanic enrollment and the disproportionate concentration of Hispanics in urban school districts with large minority enrollments and a lack of any significant desegregation initiatives. Hispanic parents and leaders have not insisted on integration, as have many Blacks, because they believe that Hispanic children are better served in a predominantly Hispanic school with extensive bilingual services. The following trends indicate a need for desegregation: (1) many students in predominantly Hispanic schools are not receiving the bilingual education entitled to them under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964; (2) Hispanics have the highest dropout rate of any minority group; and (3) few Hispanic students are prepared for college in the same way that White and Asian students are. A list of nine references is appended. (FMW)

Despite the 1973 Supreme Court decision, Keyes v. Denver School District, Hispanic students are more segregated today than they were 20 years ago, and gaps between the educational attainment and earnings of Hispanics and non-Hispanics continue to widen. The nation's Hispanic population has grown almost five times faster than the non-Hispanic population and is heavily concentrated in certain regions and major cities. Recent enrollment studies show an increase in the number of Hispanics who attend heavily segregated schools, a fact attributed to rising Hispanic enrollment and the disproportionate concentration of Hispanics in urban school districts with large minority enrollments and a lack of any significant desegregation initiatives. Hispanic parents and leaders have not insisted on integration, as have many Blacks, because they believe that Hispanic children are better served in a predominantly Hispanic school with extensive bilingual services. The following trends indicate a need for desegregation: (1) many students in predominantly Hispanic schools are not receiving the bilingual education entitled to them under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964; (2) Hispanics have the highest dropout rate of any minority group; and (3) few Hispanic students are prepared for college in the same way that White and Asian students are. A list of nine references is appended. (FMW)

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This study used data from the Census of Population 1990 and 2000 to investigate economic inequalities between racial and ethnic groups, particularly blacks and Hispanics. It examined people's household incomes and the quality of their neighborhoods. Non-Hispanic Blacks remained the lowest-income minority group, with household incomes only 63.7 percent as high as those of non-Hispanic Whites. Blacks had higher percentage growth in income than whites, but their disadvantage increased by more than $400 in absolute terms. Hispanics and Asians declined relative to Whites in both percentage and absolute terms. While Hispanics' household income was lower than Whites', Asians had an income advantage. Blacks had the greatest neighborhood gap, declining slightly as a proportion but increasing by about $1,000 in real terms. Blacks lived in neighborhoods with median incomes only about 70 percent as high as whites. High black-white segregation in the northeast and midwest accentuated neighborhood inequalities in those regions compared to the south and west. While the neighborhood gap was smaller for Hispanics than Blacks, it grew over time. Asians had a neighborhood advantage over Whites. The neighborhood gap was almost as high for economically successful group members. Disparities between neighborhoods for Blacks and Hispanics with incomes above $60,000 were almost as large as the overall disparities. (Contains 12 tables.) (SM)

This study used data from the Census of Population 1990 and 2000 to investigate economic inequalities between racial and ethnic groups, particularly blacks and Hispanics. It examined people's household incomes and the quality of their neighborhoods. Non-Hispanic Blacks remained the lowest-income minority group, with household incomes only 63.7 percent as high as those of non-Hispanic Whites. Blacks had higher percentage growth in income than whites, but their disadvantage increased by more than $400 in absolute terms. Hispanics and Asians declined relative to Whites in both percentage and absolute terms. While Hispanics' household income was lower than Whites', Asians had an income advantage. Blacks had the greatest neighborhood gap, declining slightly as a proportion but increasing by about $1,000 in real terms. Blacks lived in neighborhoods with median incomes only about 70 percent as high as whites. High black-white segregation in the northeast and midwest accentuated neighborhood inequalities in those regions compared to the south and west. While the neighborhood gap was smaller for Hispanics than Blacks, it grew over time. Asians had a neighborhood advantage over Whites. The neighborhood gap was almost as high for economically successful group members. Disparities between neighborhoods for Blacks and Hispanics with incomes above $60,000 were almost as large as the overall disparities. (Contains 12 tables.) (SM)

This study used data from the Census of Population 1990 and 2000 to investigate economic inequalities between racial and ethnic groups, particularly blacks and Hispanics. It examined people's household incomes and the quality of their neighborhoods. Non-Hispanic Blacks remained the lowest-income minority group, with household incomes only 63.7 percent as high as those of non-Hispanic Whites. Blacks had higher percentage growth in income than whites, but their disadvantage increased by more than $400 in absolute terms. Hispanics and Asians declined relative to Whites in both percentage and absolute terms. While Hispanics' household income was lower than Whites', Asians had an income advantage. Blacks had the greatest neighborhood gap, declining slightly as a proportion but increasing by about $1,000 in real terms. Blacks lived in neighborhoods with median incomes only about 70 percent as high as whites. High black-white segregation in the northeast and midwest accentuated neighborhood inequalities in those regions compared to the south and west. While the neighborhood gap was smaller for Hispanics than Blacks, it grew over time. Asians had a neighborhood advantage over Whites. The neighborhood gap was almost as high for economically successful group members. Disparities between neighborhoods for Blacks and Hispanics with incomes above $60,000 were almost as large as the overall disparities. (Contains 12 tables.) (SM)

This study used data from the Census of Population 1990 and 2000 to investigate economic inequalities between racial and ethnic groups, particularly blacks and Hispanics. It examined people's household incomes and the quality of their neighborhoods. Non-Hispanic Blacks remained the lowest-income minority group, with household incomes only 63.7 percent as high as those of non-Hispanic Whites. Blacks had higher percentage growth in income than whites, but their disadvantage increased by more than $400 in absolute terms. Hispanics and Asians declined relative to Whites in both percentage and absolute terms. While Hispanics' household income was lower than Whites', Asians had an income advantage. Blacks had the greatest neighborhood gap, declining slightly as a proportion but increasing by about $1,000 in real terms. Blacks lived in neighborhoods with median incomes only about 70 percent as high as whites. High black-white segregation in the northeast and midwest accentuated neighborhood inequalities in those regions compared to the south and west. While the neighborhood gap was smaller for Hispanics than Blacks, it grew over time. Asians had a neighborhood advantage over Whites. The neighborhood gap was almost as high for economically successful group members. Disparities between neighborhoods for Blacks and Hispanics with incomes above $60,000 were almost as large as the overall disparities. (Contains 12 tables.) (SM)

This study used data from the Census of Population 1990 and 2000 to investigate economic inequalities between racial and ethnic groups, particularly blacks and Hispanics. It examined people's household incomes and the quality of their neighborhoods. Non-Hispanic Blacks remained the lowest-income minority group, with household incomes only 63.7 percent as high as those of non-Hispanic Whites. Blacks had higher percentage growth in income than whites, but their disadvantage increased by more than $400 in absolute terms. Hispanics and Asians declined relative to Whites in both percentage and absolute terms. While Hispanics' household income was lower than Whites', Asians had an income advantage. Blacks had the greatest neighborhood gap, declining slightly as a proportion but increasing by about $1,000 in real terms. Blacks lived in neighborhoods with median incomes only about 70 percent as high as whites. High black-white segregation in the northeast and midwest accentuated neighborhood inequalities in those regions compared to the south and west. While the neighborhood gap was smaller for Hispanics than Blacks, it grew over time. Asians had a neighborhood advantage over Whites. The neighborhood gap was almost as high for economically successful group members. Disparities between neighborhoods for Blacks and Hispanics with incomes above $60,000 were almost as large as the overall disparities. (Contains 12 tables.) (SM)

This study used data from the Census of Population 1990 and 2000 to investigate economic inequalities between racial and ethnic groups, particularly blacks and Hispanics. It examined people's household incomes and the quality of their neighborhoods. Non-Hispanic Blacks remained the lowest-income minority group, with household incomes only 63.7 percent as high as those of non-Hispanic Whites. Blacks had higher percentage growth in income than whites, but their disadvantage increased by more than $400 in absolute terms. Hispanics and Asians declined relative to Whites in both percentage and absolute terms. While Hispanics' household income was lower than Whites', Asians had an income advantage. Blacks had the greatest neighborhood gap, declining slightly as a proportion but increasing by about $1,000 in real terms. Blacks lived in neighborhoods with median incomes only about 70 percent as high as whites. High black-white segregation in the northeast and midwest accentuated neighborhood inequalities in those regions compared to the south and west. While the neighborhood gap was smaller for Hispanics than Blacks, it grew over time. Asians had a neighborhood advantage over Whites. The neighborhood gap was almost as high for economically successful group members. Disparities between neighborhoods for Blacks and Hispanics with incomes above $60,000 were almost as large as the overall disparities. (Contains 12 tables.) (SM)

This study used data from the Census of Population 1990 and 2000 to investigate economic inequalities between racial and ethnic groups, particularly blacks and Hispanics. It examined people's household incomes and the quality of their neighborhoods. Non-Hispanic Blacks remained the lowest-income minority group, with household incomes only 63.7 percent as high as those of non-Hispanic Whites. Blacks had higher percentage growth in income than whites, but their disadvantage increased by more than $400 in absolute terms. Hispanics and Asians declined relative to Whites in both percentage and absolute terms. While Hispanics' household income was lower than Whites', Asians had an income advantage. Blacks had the greatest neighborhood gap, declining slightly as a proportion but increasing by about $1,000 in real terms. Blacks lived in neighborhoods with median incomes only about 70 percent as high as whites. High black-white segregation in the northeast and midwest accentuated neighborhood inequalities in those regions compared to the south and west. While the neighborhood gap was smaller for Hispanics than Blacks, it grew over time. Asians had a neighborhood advantage over Whites. The neighborhood gap was almost as high for economically successful group members. Disparities between neighborhoods for Blacks and Hispanics with incomes above $60,000 were almost as large as the overall disparities. (Contains 12 tables.) (SM)

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70 Years After Brown V. Board, Revisit CT‘ Separate And Unequal’ | FRONTLINE

70 Years After Brown V. Board, Revisit CT‘ Separate And Unequal’ | FRONTLINE

70 Years After Brown V. Board, Revisit CT‘ Separate And Unequal’ | FRONTLINE

Perma.cc archive of https://www.urban.org/racial-equity-analytics-lab/structural-racism-explainer-collection/causes-and-consequences-separate-and-unequal-neighborhoods created on 2022-08-29 17:50:50.834552+00:00.

Fifty years ago, a mainstream group of high-profile Americans declared the following: \"Our nation is moving toward two societies, one black, one white - separate and unequal. Reaction to last summer's disorders has quickened the movement and deepened the division. Discrimination and segregation have long permeated much of American life; they now threaten the future of every American. This deepening racial division is not inevitable. The movement apart can be reversed. Choice is still possible. Our principal task is to define that choice and to press for a national resolution.\" The Kerner Commission, established by President Johnson, embodied left liberalism at its most bold and idealistic. But that vision of radical reform was eviscerated by the American war on Vietnam, the rise of neoliberalism and the modern conservative movement, and liberal triangulation that reached its apotheosis under Bill Clinton.Dan talks to Vanessa A. Bee, a consumer protection lawyer in D.C. and a social media editor for Current Affairs magazine, about her New York magazine essay on the subject: nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2018/03/how-we-can-get-a-more-equal-union.html.Thanks to Verso Books. Check out Police: A Field Guide by David Correia and Tyler Wall versobooks.com/books/2530-police. Support this podcast at Patreon.com/TheDig and access our new weekly newsletter. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

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70 Years After Brown V. Board, Revisit CT‘ Separate And Unequal’ | FRONTLINE

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Guest: Hacker, Andrew Theme: Race

Guest: Hacker, Andrew Theme: Race

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Government Publishing Office U.S. Congress Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions AMERICA'S SCHOOLS: PROVIDING EQUAL OPPORTUNITY OR STILL SEPARATE AND UNEQUAL? Date(s) Held: 2002-05-23 107th Congress, 2nd Session GPO Document Source: CHRG-107shrg79941 Superintendents of Documents ID: Y 4.L 11/4 Related Items: United States House Bill 1 (107th Congress) United States House Bill 1234 (107th Congress)

Government Publishing Office U.S. Congress Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions AMERICA'S SCHOOLS: PROVIDING EQUAL OPPORTUNITY OR STILL SEPARATE AND UNEQUAL? Date(s) Held: 2002-05-23 107th Congress, 2nd Session GPO Document Source: CHRG-107shrg79941 Superintendents of Documents ID: Y 4.L 11/4 Related Items: United States House Bill 1 (107th Congress) United States House Bill 1234 (107th Congress)

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