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Successful risk communication strategies depend upon first understanding how people process complex risk information. In the context of the coronavirus, decision-makers must take into account both the risk to themselves as well as the risk to others they may infect, if they contract the coronavirus. There are numerous cognitive issues associated with this process that at present are not well understood. In particular, how do people understand related but differing risk estimates? How do they use that information to make precautionary decisions that impact themselves as well as others? This project will conduct a series of online studies to determine how people perceive coronavirus risks, separately and in combination, as well as how risk perception impacts their precautionary decisions. Perhaps more importantly, based on preliminary surveys, understandable risk communication expressions will be developed and tested experimentally to establish causal links between information expression and risk perception, trust, and decisions. Finally, using a few relevant individual difference measures, we will determine whether specific abilities are necessary to process complex numeric risk expressions and whether simplified expressions are better in some cases. The results of this work will allow us to provide invaluable advice with the potential to save lives. This research can inform best practices in risk communication that have important implications for communicating risks in future outbreaks to avoid the overwhelming situation the world now faces. Understanding how best to communicate risks to the public and whether communication should be tailored to specific subgroups, is critical to avoiding future pandemics.

205 pages

The cognitive and emotional input that occurs through the early interactions children have with their parents provides a rich source of early learning that is theorized to have lasting effects on development across domains. Decades of research has highlighted the importance of parent responsiveness, indicating that providing meaningful, appropriate, and timely responses when prompted by a change in a child’s behavior supports their socioemotional and cognitive development. Yet, despite the importance of responsiveness in parents of young children, and evidence for substantial variability in the tendency to provide responsive caregiving, we know surprisingly little about its origins or antecedents. Understanding these origins/antecedents is critical for the development of effective interventions aimed at increasing parent responsiveness. One important candidate in predicting responsive caregiving is the parent’s perceptions of their child’s intentions. In particular, behaviors that are seen as intentionally communicative are more likely to elicit responses from parents. The ability to intentionally communicate wants and needs with others emerges and develops rapidly over the first two years of life, and some parents may underestimate this developmental trajectory. Critically, parent perceptions of child abilities are associated with their parenting behavior. We propose to examine the causal link between parent perceptions of their child’s emerging ability to intentionally communicate and parent responsiveness – specifically, whether encouraging perceptions of their child during infancy as capable of intentional communication will increase parent responsiveness. The goal of this study is to assess the efficacy of a brief, in-lab intervention aimed at promoting parents’ perception of their child’s intentional communication. During a free-play interaction, one group of parents will be prompted to attend to when their baby is trying to communicate with them on purpose. A second group of parents will be prompted to attend to their child’s motor skills. A third and final group will be given no specific instructions. This intervention will allow us to experimentally examine the causal association between parent perceptions about their infants’ intentional communication and observed parenting behavior.

Please note that this study is a project thesis that I am conducting as part of my studies. It is not intended for publication in a journal. Long-standing research has shown that being emotional and being more emotional than men is one of the most consistent gender stereotypes concerning women (e.g. Plant et al., 2000; Shields, 2002, 2007). Compared to men, women are perceived as more emotionally intense and emotionally expressive (Brody & Hall, 2008). Gender stereotypes can be both descriptive in nature, describing how women and men are, and prescriptive in nature, describing how women and men should be (Burgess & Borgida, 1999). The prescriptive components of gender stereotypes function as “injunctive norms” (Cialdini & Trost, 1998) that define appropriate and inappropriate behaviors for individuals, leading to the emergence of normative expectations regarding men’s and women’s behavior. If these gender prescriptions are violated and the expected or prescribed behavior is not fulfilled, violators must expect social and economic penalties (Rudman & Phelan, 2008). Devaluation of a person due to counterstereotypical behavior and therefore violation of normative expectation is also referred to as the backlash effect (Rudman, 1998). These social and economic sanctions due to the backlash effect have so far been researched mainly in the labor context and are manifested, for example, in disadvantages for agentic women at every stage of their careers (Rudman & Phelan, 2008) or for female leaders who do not behave emotionally (Shields, 2002). Taken together, gender stereotypes are a long and well-researched topic that has been studied primarily in relation to leadership styles and organizational behavior. Only limited research has focused on how gender stereotypes especially regarding emotional expressivity affect source perception or persuasion of women and men. A better understanding of the influence of gender stereotypes on source perception allows us to gain a deeper understanding of how differently men and women are perceived in persuasion contexts and how the fulfillment or non-fulfillment of gender stereotypes can be beneficial or detrimental to the source. The present study explores the relationship between gender stereotypes and the perception of women and men concerning the three characteristics bias, trustworthiness and competence in a persuasive context. Contrary to earlier assumptions, Wallace et al. (2020) showed that bias and untrustworthiness are conceptually distinct. While trustworthiness is primarily associated with honesty and defined as “the communicator’s intent to communicate the assertions that he considers most valid” (Hovland et al., 1953, p. 21), being biased refers to having an honest but skewed perspective (Wallace et al., 2020). With regard to the perceived bias on the source, previous research has shown that emotionality has a significant influence on intuitive decisions (Sayegh et al., 2004). Assuming that women are perceived as more emotional than men (e.g. Plant et al., 2000) and that the effect shown by Sayegh et al. (2004) that emotionality is associated with intuitive decisions is reflected in people’s perceptions, women should also be perceived as more intuitive than men as a natural consequence. In particular, earlier literature supports this view that women are described as more intuitive (Hayes et al., 2004). It can be inferred that individuals attribute “a skewed perspective” (Wallace et al., 2020, p. 439) and thus higher bias scores to a woman who is intuitive according to stereotypes. In terms of the perceived trustworthiness on the source, I make assumptions based on the Stereotype Content Model. The Stereotype Content Model defines warmth and competence as the two central and opposing dimensions of group stereotypes, which are also known in the literature as the “Big Two” of social perception (Abele & Bruckmüller, 2011). The warmth dimension contains personality traits such as kindness, caring, tolerance, morality, but also trustworthiness. The competence dimension consists of traits like assertiveness, intelligence and creativeness (Cuddy et al., 2008; Otterbacher et al., 2017). Fiske et al. (2002) state that stereotypes are a combination of these two dimensions. Referring to gender stereotypes, on the one hand, women are descriptively more likely to be perceived as warm (Otterbacher et al., 2017), and on the other hand, they are also prescriptively expected to be warm (Rudman & Glick, 2001). Thus, it can be assumed that women are perceived as more trustworthy than men, as trustworthiness is a component of warmth. One recent study has already examined the effects of gender stereotyping on source perception in a persuasive communication context (Lüders, 2022). Lüders also found gender main effects regarding bias and trustworthiness, showing that women are perceived as more biased and more trustworthy than men.

Conceptual Replication of "The Seductive Allure of Neuroscience Explanations" by Weisberg et al. 2008.

Conceptual Replication of "The Seductive Allure of Neuroscience Explanations" by Weisberg et al. 2008.

The study was carried out to assess the undergraduate Business Education Students’ Perception on the use of Information and communication technology (ICT) in teaching and learning in the University. Thus, to achieve the purpose, two research questions and two hypotheses guided the study. A sample of 100 students was randomly drawn using balloting and proportionate stratified random sampling techniques. A questionnaire of 4-point scale was used to collect data. It has face validity determined through expert judgement, and construct validity verified through factor analysis. The reliability of the instrument was obtained through Cronbach Alpha. A reliability coefficient of 0.82 was obtained as a measure of internal consistency. The data collected were analyzed with mean and Z-test. Mean was used to answer the research questions while Z-test was used to test the hypotheses at the 0.05 level of significance. The result showed that there was high perception of students to use ICT in teaching and learning in the university. There was no significant difference between male and female students as well as 300 level and 400 level students on the use of ICT in teaching and learning. Therefore, it was recommended that ICT should be used in teaching and learning Business Education in the University.

The study was carried out to assess the undergraduate Business Education Students’ Perception on the use of Information and communication technology (ICT) in teaching and learning in the University. Thus, to achieve the purpose, two research questions and two hypotheses guided the study. A sample of 100 students was randomly drawn using balloting and proportionate stratified random sampling techniques. A questionnaire of 4-point scale was used to collect data. It has face validity determined through expert judgement, and construct validity verified through factor analysis. The reliability of the instrument was obtained through Cronbach Alpha. A reliability coefficient of 0.82 was obtained as a measure of internal consistency. The data collected were analyzed with mean and Z-test. Mean was used to answer the research questions while Z-test was used to test the hypotheses at the 0.05 level of significance. The result showed that there was high perception of students to use ICT in teaching and learning in the university. There was no significant difference between male and female students as well as 300 level and 400 level students on the use of ICT in teaching and learning. Therefore, it was recommended that ICT should be used in teaching and learning Business Education in the University.

Part II, 'An Annotated Bibliography', provides water resource managers with a survey of current and relevant literature on risk and uncertainty management and communication. It consists of a detailed annotation of 129 journal articles, books, theses, dissertations, or research reports that have been numbered and cross referenced to match principal themes associated with risk perception, behavior and risk communication. Risk assessment, Hazard, Public perception, Uncertainty, Risk communication and display, Planning process.

Book Source: Digital Library of India Item 2015.139166 dc.contributor.author: Broadbent,d.e. dc.date.accessioned: 2015-07-04T02:38:41Z dc.date.available: 2015-07-04T02:38:41Z dc.date.digitalpublicationdate: 2012-08-00 dc.date.citation: 1949 dc.identifier.barcode: 99999990285957 dc.identifier.origpath: /data9/upload/0283/889 dc.identifier.copyno: 1 dc.identifier.uri: http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/139166 dc.description.scanningcentre: Banasthali University dc.description.main: 1 dc.description.tagged: 0 dc.description.totalpages: 382 dc.format.mimetype: application/pdf dc.language.iso: English dc.publisher.digitalrepublisher: Digital Library Of India dc.publisher: New York.,pergamon Press dc.rights: Out_of_copyright dc.source.library: Central Library Mohanlal Sukhadia University,udaipur dc.subject.classification: Psychology dc.title: Perception And Communication

To determine which variables best predict academic achievement, a study explored relationships among teacher perception of student communication apprehension (CA), intelligence, academic achievement, and self-reported CA in 203 public elementary school students, ages 8 to 12 years in grades 3-6. The Personal Report of Communication Fear (a 14-item self-report inventory) was used to measure levels of CA. Davey's Communication Apprehension Behavior Inventory was used to record teacher perception of CA among subjects. Academic achievement measures consisted of the total battery scaled score on the Comprehensive Tests of Basic Skills, and intelligence data (IQ) were derived from the Test of Cognitive Skills, which was administered in conjunction with the achievement battery. Results indicated that the best predictor of CA included only two variables--intelligence and teacher perception of CA--with the latter sharing little variance with achievement. A predictor model based on both intelligence and teacher perception of CA was found to be only slightly better than one based on intelligence alone. Intelligence correlated significantly with achievement, and CA correlated with teacher perception of CA. Teacher perception of CA correlated negatively with achievement and IQ. CA was not found to correlate significantly with either achievement or intelligence. (Two tables of data are included, and 35 references are attached.) (MM)

Contemporary research findings in the fields of perceptual psychology and neurology of the human brain that are directly related to the study of visual communication are reviewed and briefly discussed in this paper. Specifically, the paper identifies those major research findings in visual perception that are relevant to the study of visual communication in regard to the key variables in picture perception, examines those key neurological and neurophysiological findings that relate to the study of images insofar as the hemisphere specializations of the brain are concerned, and provides some examples and suggestions for empirical research in visual communication drawn from the review of the few key studies that now exist in the field. (Author)

This paper describes the development of different lesson plans dealing with authentic and controversial socio-scientific issues in the framework of climate change. These lesson plans orient themselves along the socio-critical, problem-oriented approach to science teaching. They deal with the use of bioethanol as an alternative fuel and with the phenomenon of climate change itself. The development of these lesson plans for chemistry classes using Participatory Action Research will also be discussed. Parallel approaches to Physics, Biology and Politics education taken in the project "Climate Change Before the Court" will also be outlined briefly. Experiences from applying these lesson plans in German chemistry teaching are also discussed. (Contains 6 figures and 1 table.)

Because hearing protectors attenuate the noise and signal by equal amounts within a given frequency range, reducing both to a level where there is less likelihood of distortion, they often provide improved listening conditions. The crossover level from disadvantage to advantage usually occurs between 80 and 90 dB. However, hearing protectors may adversely affect speech recognition under a variety of conditions. For hearing-impaired listeners, whose average hearing levels at 2000, 3000, and 4000 Hz exceed 30 dB, certain speech sounds will fall below the level of audibility. Visual cues may decrease the disadvantage imposed by hearing protectors. However, the Occlusion Effect, which decreases vocal output when the talker wears protection, adversely affects the listener's speech recognition. The poorest performance occurs when both talkers and listeners wear protectors. Hearing protectors affect warning signal perception in a similar manner. Again the crossover level seems to be between 80 and 90 dB, and there is greater degradation for individuals with impaired hearing. Earmuffs appear to pose greater problems than plugs, and this is especially true of difficulties in signal localization. Earplugs produce mainly front-back localization errors, while earmuffs produce left-right localization errors as well. Earmuffs also drastically impede localization in the vertical plane.

Because hearing protectors attenuate the noise and signal by equal amounts within a given frequency range, reducing both to a level where there is less likelihood of distortion, they often provide improved listening conditions. The crossover level from disadvantage to advantage usually occurs between 80 and 90 dB. However, hearing protectors may adversely affect speech recognition under a variety of conditions. For hearing-impaired listeners, whose average hearing levels at 2000, 3000, and 4000 Hz exceed 30 dB, certain speech sounds will fall below the level of audibility. Visual cues may decrease the disadvantage imposed by hearing protectors. However, the Occlusion Effect, which decreases vocal output when the talker wears protection, adversely affects the listener's speech recognition. The poorest performance occurs when both talkers and listeners wear protectors. Hearing protectors affect warning signal perception in a similar manner. Again the crossover level seems to be between 80 and 90 dB, and there is greater degradation for individuals with impaired hearing. Earmuffs appear to pose greater problems than plugs, and this is especially true of difficulties in signal localization. Earplugs produce mainly front-back localization errors, while earmuffs produce left-right localization errors as well. Earmuffs also drastically impede localization in the vertical plane.

Because hearing protectors attenuate the noise and signal by equal amounts within a given frequency range, reducing both to a level where there is less likelihood of distortion, they often provide improved listening conditions. The crossover level from disadvantage to advantage usually occurs between 80 and 90 dB. However, hearing protectors may adversely affect speech recognition under a variety of conditions. For hearing-impaired listeners, whose average hearing levels at 2000, 3000, and 4000 Hz exceed 30 dB, certain speech sounds will fall below the level of audibility. Visual cues may decrease the disadvantage imposed by hearing protectors. However, the Occlusion Effect, which decreases vocal output when the talker wears protection, adversely affects the listener's speech recognition. The poorest performance occurs when both talkers and listeners wear protectors. Hearing protectors affect warning signal perception in a similar manner. Again the crossover level seems to be between 80 and 90 dB, and there is greater degradation for individuals with impaired hearing. Earmuffs appear to pose greater problems than plugs, and this is especially true of difficulties in signal localization. Earplugs produce mainly front-back localization errors, while earmuffs produce left-right localization errors as well. Earmuffs also drastically impede localization in the vertical plane.

Because hearing protectors attenuate the noise and signal by equal amounts within a given frequency range, reducing both to a level where there is less likelihood of distortion, they often provide improved listening conditions. The crossover level from disadvantage to advantage usually occurs between 80 and 90 dB. However, hearing protectors may adversely affect speech recognition under a variety of conditions. For hearing-impaired listeners, whose average hearing levels at 2000, 3000, and 4000 Hz exceed 30 dB, certain speech sounds will fall below the level of audibility. Visual cues may decrease the disadvantage imposed by hearing protectors. However, the Occlusion Effect, which decreases vocal output when the talker wears protection, adversely affects the listener's speech recognition. The poorest performance occurs when both talkers and listeners wear protectors. Hearing protectors affect warning signal perception in a similar manner. Again the crossover level seems to be between 80 and 90 dB, and there is greater degradation for individuals with impaired hearing. Earmuffs appear to pose greater problems than plugs, and this is especially true of difficulties in signal localization. Earplugs produce mainly front-back localization errors, while earmuffs produce left-right localization errors as well. Earmuffs also drastically impede localization in the vertical plane.

Effectively exploring the efficacy of synchronous computer-mediated communication (SCMC) for pedagogical purposes can be achieved through the careful investigation of potentially beneficial, inherent attributes of SCMC. This study provides empirical evidence for the capacity of task-based SCMC to draw learner attention to linguistic forms by offering opportunities for corrective feedback and incidental recasts, highlighting learners' errors. The findings open up the discussion on the meaning of feedback considering learners' perceptions and the unique SCMC features. The findings indicate that learners do not attend to corrective feedback that promote "the corrector" and "the corrected" relationships. Rather, they benefit from incidental recasts that coincidentally contrast with their ill-formed L2 production. This study also challenges the previous assumptions regarding certain SCMC features believed to be beneficial to learners. Features like split turns increase learners' cognitive load and make it difficult for learners to follow the flow of the conversation. Considering split turns of SCMC and learners' different perceptions on tasks, this study calls for reframing recasts in SCMC and more sensitive research methods for investigating SCMC interaction.

Please note that this study is a master's thesis that I am conducting as part of my studies. It is not intended for publication in a journal. Social role theory provides a widely accepted explanation of why there are sex differences in social behavior (Eagly, 1987). It assumes that the differences and similarities arise primarily from the distribution of men and women to social roles, such as gender-typical occupational and family roles, within their society (Eagly & Wood, 2016). By having women occupy roles that require predominantly communal, domestic, or subordinate behaviors more than men, such characteristics are incorporated into the female gender role and become stereotypical of women. By having men occupy roles that require primarily agency or dominant behaviors, such characteristics are adopted in a masculine gender role and thus become stereotypical of men (Eagly & Karau, 2002). Despite the increasing employment of women in recent years, women are still perceived as more communal than men and men as more agentic than women (e.g. Eagly et al., 2020; Hentschel et al., 2019). To the extent that certain behaviors become more differentiated by gender as a result of social roles, these behaviors are also judged to be appropriate for only one gender. This results in relatively rigid gender stereotypes and associated injunctive norms regarding the behavior of men and women (Wood & Eagly, 2012). These injunctive norms encompass the obligatory aspect of gender roles, containing expectations about what men and women should do (Eagly et al., 2000). In addition to the broader view that gender roles have made communal traits stereotypical of women and agency traits stereotypical of men, there are also specific contents of gender stereotypes, for example, regarding the expression of emotions. The belief that women are more emotional than men is one of the strongest and most consistent gender stereotypes (Plant et al., 2000). However, this stereotype does not necessarily apply equally to every type of emotion. Among the six basic emotions (Ekman, 1992), happiness, fear, surprise and sadness are more communal emotions whose expression is stereotypically associated with women, while anger and disgust represent agentic emotions whose expression is stereotypically associated with men (Plant et al., 2004). It is also believed that women experience and express emotions such as embarrassment, fear, and also sadness more strongly, whereas men express and show anger more often than women do (Plant et al., 2000). This result is consistent with the display rules, which are norms about the expressions of emotions: Men should not cry and women should not show anger because these emotions are incompatible with their gender role (Ekman & Friesen, 1969). These gender differences in emotional expression between men and women are not only observed, but also strongly expected (Hess et al., 2004). When both women and men do not behave according to their gender roles and deviate from the injunctive norms of their gender, they are generally punished by others (Eagly & Wood, 2012). This phenomenon is also called backlash (Rudman, 1998) and occurs in a variety of contexts. Backlash is particularly evident when women display male-stereotypical agentic characteristics, such as aggression, arrogance or dominance, for example by seeking political office (Okimoto & Brescoll, 2010) or vying for a managerial role (Moss-Racusin, 2014), as these behaviors are seen as undesirable and incompatible with the female gender role. Recent research shows that men who violate male gender stereotypes also encounter backlash, for example by working as elementary educators (Moss-Racusin & Johnson, 2016) or behaving modestly in a job interview (Moss-Racusin et al., 2010). Backlash also occurs to women and men who do not adhere to their stereotypical emotions. The negative effects are particularly strong when one gender behaves according to the role expectations of the other gender (Motro & Ellis, 2017). This has been researched primarily in the leadership context: Male leaders are rated as less effective when expressing sadness compared to anger, while female leaders are rated as less effective when displaying anger compared to sadness (Lewis, 2000; Schaubroeck & Shao, 2012). To date, there has been limited research on gender stereotypes in general, and display rules in specific, in the persuasion context with respect to source perception. In the realm of source perception, the most important evaluations of communicators include assessments of their trustworthiness, bias and expertise (Wallace et al., 2020). While previous research suggested that trustworthiness and (inverse) bias were conceptionally similar, recent findings of Wallace et al. (2020) have shown that these constructs are actually distinct. Trustworthiness is primarily associated with honesty and is defined as “the communicator’s intent to communicate the assertions that he considers most valid” (Hovland et al., 1953, p. 21), whereas being biased refers to having an honest but skewed perspective. A previous study examined whether a violation of the female stereotype of being generally emotionally expressive leads to backlash and thus to a devaluation of female speakers in the persuasion context (Meyer, 2022). In this study, however, no significant effects of gender stereotype violation were found in relation to devaluation on trustworthiness, bias, or competence. However, since not all emotions can be equally assigned to the female stereotype, we now examine whether gender-incongruent specific emotions lead to devaluation of men and women in the persuasion context. The specific emotions (sadness vs. anger) are incorporated into a context of a related other experiencing something negative. Thus, the emotions are in general appropriate, but the specific expression is subject to gendered expectations. Since there is nothing special about persuasion that would imply social roles would not be in play there, the general devaluation effects described in social role theory should also be evident in this specific context.

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In this online experiment, our aim is to find out whether the addition of accuracy prompts results in the crisis communication of a fictitious company being processed more positively than the crisis communication of a fictitious company that does not include such an accuracy prompt.

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Islamic Guidance and Counseling Journal

To explore the impact of communication styles on physiological health, coronary-prone Type A and low-stress Type B subjects were administered two surveys testing reactions to hypothetical, stressful situations. While not revealing a correlation between Type A behavior and specific perceptions of, or strategies for, dealing with compliance-gaining situations, the studies did suggest profitable directions for future research. Further study is needed, for example, both on the characteristics of Type A communication and on the impact of Type A behavior on interpersonal relations. (Materials used in the study are appended.) (MM)

To explore the impact of communication styles on physiological health, coronary-prone Type A and low-stress Type B subjects were administered two surveys testing reactions to hypothetical, stressful situations. While not revealing a correlation between Type A behavior and specific perceptions of, or strategies for, dealing with compliance-gaining situations, the studies did suggest profitable directions for future research. Further study is needed, for example, both on the characteristics of Type A communication and on the impact of Type A behavior on interpersonal relations. (Materials used in the study are appended.) (MM)

To explore the impact of communication styles on physiological health, coronary-prone Type A and low-stress Type B subjects were administered two surveys testing reactions to hypothetical, stressful situations. While not revealing a correlation between Type A behavior and specific perceptions of, or strategies for, dealing with compliance-gaining situations, the studies did suggest profitable directions for future research. Further study is needed, for example, both on the characteristics of Type A communication and on the impact of Type A behavior on interpersonal relations. (Materials used in the study are appended.) (MM)

The goal of this experimental online study is to examine which impact an inoculation according to McGuire (1964) has on the credibility perception and sharing intention of true information respectively false information. Furthermore, it will be investigated if an inoculation in the format refutational-different leads to a lower credibility perception of false information. In addition, it should be determined whether the relationship between the presentation of an inoculation and the belief in false information is moderated by the factors critical thinking, need for cognition and information literacy skills. A further focus of the research is to determine whether the usage of messenger services for news purposes also moderates the relationship between the presentation of an inoculation and the credibility perception of false information.

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The gap between numbers of job seeker and employment opportunity had triggered HEIs in developing the best curriculum in equipping their graduates with relevant skills to face the competitive and challenging world of employment. Graduate Tracer Studies are essential as a way of understanding the relevance and quality of programs offered by the universities as well as the labor market. The study aims are: (1). to analyze the employment opportunity which can be filled by the SKPM Department graduates; (2). to analyze the curriculum quality in education process of SKPM Department; (3).Analyzing the relevance between MAMI curriculum with the employment opportunity of graduates. The study is categorized as qualitative descriptive using the survey method. The samples are graduates and academic staff selected through snow ball technique. Gap SERVQUAL Analysis used to measure the university quality service and determine the gap between level of importance and level of performance. Cartesian Diagram used to analyze the position of each attributes of all five dimensions in students' perception. Based on the study result, concludes graduates' importance degree towards education service quality given by SKPM Department still needs to be improved because it shows a negative gap value for every attribute of service quality. Majority of SKPM graduates absorbed by job market (86,5%) with an average 5.5 months waiting period after graduation. As much as 34% of SKPM graduates stated that minor courses were irrelevant with their current occupations.

Flood risk management is gradually shifting from a risk-based approach to an integrated one that, among other elements, considers risk communication (RC) as a means of boosting resilience. Regardless of the above, few scientists have tackled up to now the integration of RC into flood risk management. In this connection, this particular study seeks to check out the potential of a risk dialogue approach (based on an ad hoc RC strategy) to change attitudes and behaviours in relation to flash flood risk. Via a pre-post survey design, we evaluated risk perception and awareness regarding a Civil Protection Plan (CPP) implemented locally (i.e., in the municipality of Navaluenga, central Spain). For this particular objective, a questionnaire survey was created, and 201 adults (representing more than 10% of the population census) were interviewed twice in a one-year period. Before the second survey, an RC strategy was created. The RC strategy comprised briefings, quiz answers, storytelling, a contest of videos and photographs about past floods, and an intergenerational workshop. A t-test for paired sample analyses and a general linear model (GLM) repeated measures ANOVA were applied to identify changes in risk perception and awareness. Our results indicate that the RC strategy did increase flood risk perception in Navaluenga in the long term (lifetime). Also, it increased the level of awareness of the various features that comprise the CPP, enabling people to be more competent in facing a flash flood. Some cognitive biases detected in the perceptual process of human beings may shed some light on the results obtained. The implementation of well-thought-out RC strategies can play a role in improving resilience, particularly in geographic areas such as the Iberian Peninsula, in which climate change scenarios indicate a likely increase in the severity and frequency of flooding.

Noise-induced hearing loss acts as a low-pass filter for individuals receiving speech sounds or warning signals. These losses can also cause some degree of distortion in the auditory system, necessitating a speech-to-noise ratio of up to 10 dB more favorable to achieve speech recognition comparable to a normal-hearing listener. These distortions may appear in the frequency, intensity, and temporal domains. Hearing in the high-frequency range is important for understanding speech in noisy conditions, or when speech has been distorted by, for example, reverberation or filtering. Recent research targets the point of beginning hearing handicap or 'low fence' as an average hearing threshold level between 15 and 30 dB for the audiometric frequencies 1000, 2000, and 3000 Hz. The effects of hearing impairment on speech may be estimated by various frequency-filter models, which need to be adjusted to account for the distortion component. There is lack of data on the ability of hearing-impaired listeners to detect and recognize warning signals, although predictions based on filtering models indicate that differences between normal-hearing and hearing-impaired listeners are small. (kr)

The paper suggests that culturally determined patterns of perception should be related to Fritz Heider's attribution theory in order to understand differences of perception in male-female interaction. The first section explains Heider's theory as a complex process in which past experiences with the person or act may influence perceptions. For instance, a stumble by a person "known" to be clumsy will be perceived as a clumsy act, whereas an action perceived as "aggressive" may lead the observer to attribute aggressiveness to the actor's personality. The second section applies the theory to the professional situation and the home setting, using one specific sex difference -- patterns of interruption--as an illustration. In order to be heard at a board meeting, for example, a woman may have to speak more loudly than usual. This action may cause the men present to view the interruption as more important than the woman intended; the woman may become known as an aggressive, pushy person. In the home situation, interruption by the wife may be interpreted as "bitchiness" or the blame may be placed on the environment, i.e., pushy feminist influences. The third section discusses field sensitivity and field independence in assessing cross-cultural applicability of Heider's theory. These cultural patterns of perception refer to the tendency to synthesize or to analyze elements in the perceptual field. Heider's theory implies the superiority of the field independent or analytic approach. Thus, his theory should be reconsidered with particular attention given to whether and how sexes and cultures differ in perceptions. (Author/KC)

The paper suggests that culturally determined patterns of perception should be related to Fritz Heider's attribution theory in order to understand differences of perception in male-female interaction. The first section explains Heider's theory as a complex process in which past experiences with the person or act may influence perceptions. For instance, a stumble by a person "known" to be clumsy will be perceived as a clumsy act, whereas an action perceived as "aggressive" may lead the observer to attribute aggressiveness to the actor's personality. The second section applies the theory to the professional situation and the home setting, using one specific sex difference -- patterns of interruption--as an illustration. In order to be heard at a board meeting, for example, a woman may have to speak more loudly than usual. This action may cause the men present to view the interruption as more important than the woman intended; the woman may become known as an aggressive, pushy person. In the home situation, interruption by the wife may be interpreted as "bitchiness" or the blame may be placed on the environment, i.e., pushy feminist influences. The third section discusses field sensitivity and field independence in assessing cross-cultural applicability of Heider's theory. These cultural patterns of perception refer to the tendency to synthesize or to analyze elements in the perceptual field. Heider's theory implies the superiority of the field independent or analytic approach. Thus, his theory should be reconsidered with particular attention given to whether and how sexes and cultures differ in perceptions. (Author/KC)

Issues in development of public policy concerning telecommunications and advancement of information technology facing third world countries are examined, and the situations of two very different countries (Nigeria and Russia) are considered, focusing on the development of commercial media in each. The media environment in both countries is described, and although media became entrenched in Russian society earlier than in Nigerian, both countries subjected the media to government control and manipulation. Use of the media for public interest issues and ways in which communication policy conditioned planning efforts are explored, and problems specific to Nigeria are examined. Emphasis is on areas in which Russia's experience can benefit Nigeria. These include choice of telecommunications facilities, providing access in remote communities, provision of incentives to develop mass media, and generation of resources for media development. (Contains 177 references.) (MSE)

Part I, Underpinnings and Planning Applications, provides observations theories about how people perceive risk. It establishes guidelines that will assist water resource planners and managers in their efforts to communicate with the public and with decision makers about situations in which risk is important. Public perception, Risk communication and display, Uncertainty, Planning process.

Gives concrete examples of how human perceptions affect the communication process and the individual's concept of reality, introduces two major theories of perception - - the cognitive and the transactional. Pictures Dorothea Lange as she prepares for a one-woman exhibition of her work covering the past fifty years. Discusses her involvement in her work, her philosophy as a photographer, and the reasons and emotions which moved her to photograph particular scenes.

Gives concrete examples of how human perceptions affect the communication process and the individual's concept of reality, introduces two major theories of perception - - the cognitive and the transactional. Pictures Dorothea Lange as she prepares for a one-woman exhibition of her work covering the past fifty years. Discusses her involvement in her work, her philosophy as a photographer, and the reasons and emotions which moved her to photograph particular scenes.

The purpose of this booklet is to provide a summary of perception research and to suggest practical applications which will improve students' and teachers' communication ability. The "theory" section of this work is devoted to the definition of perception as a selective process, dependent on such factors as acuity of sensory equipment, physical point of view, psychophysical condition, past experience, and present needs and purposes. The manner in which perception is used in communication and basic principles such as continuity, proximity, perceptual constancy, and figure-ground relationship which influence perception are also examined. The "practice" section includes exercises suitable for classroom implementation in sensitivity, nonverbal perception, listening, and awareness. (KS)

The purpose of this booklet is to provide a summary of perception research and to suggest practical applications which will improve students' and teachers' communication ability. The "theory" section of this work is devoted to the definition of perception as a selective process, dependent on such factors as acuity of sensory equipment, physical point of view, psychophysical condition, past experience, and present needs and purposes. The manner in which perception is used in communication and basic principles such as continuity, proximity, perceptual constancy, and figure-ground relationship which influence perception are also examined. The "practice" section includes exercises suitable for classroom implementation in sensitivity, nonverbal perception, listening, and awareness. (KS)

The aim of this book is to characterize a notion of type which will cover both linguistic and non-linguistic action and to lay the foundations for a theory of action based on a theory of types called TTR (a Theory of Types with Records). The book argues that a theory of language based on action allows us to take a perspective on linguistic content which is centred on interaction in dialogue and that this is importantly different to the traditional view of natural languages as being essentially similar to formal languages such as logics developed by philosophers or mathematicians. At the same time it will argue that the tremendous technical advances made by the formal language view of semantics can be incorporated into the action-based view and that this can lead to important improvements both of intuitive understanding and empirical coverage. In this enterprise we use types rather than possible worlds as commonly employed in studies of the semantics of natural language. Types are more tractable than possible worlds and give us more hope of understanding the implementation of semantics both on machines and in biological brains.

This study aimed to identify the effectiveness of using information technology and communications' means in the academic education from the perspective of Al-Balqa Applied University's students. And to achieve this goal, the researchers prepared and developed a questionnaire as a tool of the study including 26 items. The population of the study, which consisted of all the students of Al-Balqa Applied University, was (10434) male and female students according to university's statistics for the academic year 2013-2014 and the sample of the study which consisted of 500 male and female students was selected by the simple random method. The results of the study showed that the degree of the students' perceptions of the effectiveness of using information technology and communications' means in the academic education was high where the total average of the items was (4.02) and it is considered a positive average that indicates a high degree of perception. The results also showed that there were no statistically significant differences attributed to the faculty and the academic level variables on Al-Balqa Applied University's students' perception of using means of information technology and communications in the academic education, and there were statistically significant differences attributed to the gender in favor of females. And in light of these results, the researcher presented some recommendations.

This article is from Journal of Public Health Research , volume 1 . Abstract Abstract: Generally, the Swiss hold favourable attitudes to organ donation, but only few carry a donor card. If no card is found on a potential donor, families have to be approached about donation. The aim of this paper is to model the role that some family communication factors play in the family decision to consent or not to organ donation by a brain dead relative. Information was gathered in face-to-face interviews, using a questionnaire and recording open answers and comments. Eight heads of intensive care units (ICU) of Swiss hospitals and one representative from Swisstransplant were interviewed. Questions asked respondents to estimate the prevalence and effect of communication factors in families facing a decision to consent to donation. Answers were averaged for modelling purposes. Modelling also relies on a previous representative population survey for cross-validation. The family of the deceased person is almost always approached about donation. Physicians perceive that prior thinking and favourable predisposition to donation are correlated and that the relatives’ predisposition is the most important factor for the consent to donation, up to the point that a negative predisposition may override an acknowledged wish of the deceased to donate. Donor cards may trigger family communication and ease the physicians’ approach to family about donation. Campaigns should encourage donate-willing people to talk to their families about it, make people think about organ donation and try to change unfavourable predispositions. Acknowledgement: the authors wish to thank the interviewees whose collaboration has provided them an overview of today’s situation in Switzerland.

The Self and Perception are key components of the foundation of interpersonal communication. Students new to the communication discipline often have a difficult time understanding these concepts and the value of understanding and practicing them. The following teaching unit is designed to introduce the basics of understanding the Self and Perception in the realm of communication behavior. Included here is a detailed Training Plan and activity for these communication concepts. Additional supplemental documents can be found in the appendices and are noted where applicable. The Power Point slides are captured in Appendix 3. An annotated bibliography is also provided. Three appendices are included: (1) Pre-Assessment (Needs) and Assessment/Feedback; (2) The Johari Window (Handout); and (3) The Perception of the Self and Others.

The advancement of microcomputer technology has reached the point where color monitors and color computer software are fast becoming the norm in our information society. Color is another channel for communication, and can be used for enhancement of both aesthetic characteristics and productivity. The advantage to the use of color for communication is that there is an increased capacity to convey information in the message. The disadvantage is that the information contained in the color channel may not be perceived by approximately eight percent of the population who have impaired color vision. Misperceiving color information may result in not seeing such important messages as headings on a spreadsheet or the distinct colored sections in a pie chart. This paper explains the technological and perceptual problems associated with the use of color computer display systems, and then offers a solution for the effective use of color regardless of the viewer's ability to perceive color. (14 references) (Author/DB)

A study investigated the relationships among the social perception processes, person-centered communicative strategies, and the mediating factors of empathy and context-relevant beliefs of physicians. Subjects, 46 first-year medical students, were first interviewed on a series of structured tasks that assessed their constructs for perceiving people and the "person-centeredness" of their communication in situations frequently faced by physicians. After the interviews, the subjects completed a mail questionnaire designed to assess their attitudes about the medical interview and their levels of empathic motivation. In the final phase of the study, each subject interviewed a recently admitted patient at a university hospital to isolate the patient's present condition and to find out information about his or her medical history, the medical history of the patient's family, current treatment, and life style. These results showed that person-centered communication was consistently related to medical students' ability to construe the dispositional and motivational characteristics of their patients. It appeared that when the physician's goal was to regulate, advise, or solicit information from a patient, those with more sophisticated interpersonal construct systems were more likely to conceive the patient's perspective and to use it in formulating patient-centered communication strategies. (FL)

This article is from International Journal for Equity in Health , volume 13 . Abstract Introduction: Although the link between social factors and health-related outcomes has long been widely acknowledged, the mechanisms characterizing this link are relatively less known and remain a subject of continued investigation across disciplines. In this study, drawing on the structural influence model of health communication, the hypothesis that differences in concern about and information needs on HIV/AIDS, HIV/AIDS-related media use, and perceived salience of HIV/AIDS-related information, characterized as communication inequality, can at least partially mediate the impacts of socioecological (urban vs. rural) and socioeconomic (education) disparities on inequalities in HIV/AIDS knowledge and risk perception was tested. Methods: Data were collected from a random sample of 986 urban and rural respondents in northwest Ethiopia. Structural equation modeling, using the maximum likelihood method, was used to test the mediation models. Results: The models showed an adequate fit of the data and hence supported the hypothesis that communication inequality can at least partially explain the causal mechanism linking socioeconomic and socioecological factors with HIV/AIDS knowledge and risk perception. Both urbanity versus rurality and education were found to have significant mediated effects on HIV/AIDS knowledge (urbanity vs. rurality: β = 0.28, p = .001; education: β = 0.08, p = .001) and HIV/AIDS risk perception (urbanity vs. rurality: β = 0.30, p = .001; education: β = 0.09, p = .001). Conclusions: It was concluded that communication inequality might form part of the socioecologically and socioeconomically embedded processes that affect HIV/AIDS-related outcomes. The findings suggest that the media and message effects that are related to HIV/AIDS behavior change communication can be viewed from a structural perspective that moves beyond the more reductionist behavioral approaches upon which most present-day HIV/AIDS communication campaigns seem to be based.