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The relevance of chaos to evolution is discussed in the context of the origin and maintenance of diversity and complexity. Evolution to the edge of chaos is demonstrated in an imitation game. As an origin of diversity, dynamic clustering of identical chaotic elements, globally coupled each to other, is briefly reviewed. The clustering is extended to nonlinear dynamics on hypercubic lattices, which enables us to construct a self-organizing genetic algorithm. A mechanism of maintenance of diversity, ``homeochaos", is given in an ecological system with interaction among many species. Homeochaos provides a dynamic stability sustained by high-dimensional weak chaos. A novel mechanism of cell differentiation is presented, based on dynamic clustering. Here, a new concept -- ``open chaos" -- is proposed for the instability in a dynamical system with growing degrees of freedom. It is suggested that studies based on interacting chaotic elements can replace both top-down and bottom-up approaches.

The relevance of chaos to evolution is discussed in the context of the origin and maintenance of diversity and complexity. Evolution to the edge of chaos is demonstrated in an imitation game. As an origin of diversity, dynamic clustering of identical chaotic elements, globally coupled each to other, is briefly reviewed. The clustering is extended to nonlinear dynamics on hypercubic lattices, which enables us to construct a self-organizing genetic algorithm. A mechanism of maintenance of diversity, ``homeochaos", is given in an ecological system with interaction among many species. Homeochaos provides a dynamic stability sustained by high-dimensional weak chaos. A novel mechanism of cell differentiation is presented, based on dynamic clustering. Here, a new concept -- ``open chaos" -- is proposed for the instability in a dynamical system with growing degrees of freedom. It is suggested that studies based on interacting chaotic elements can replace both top-down and bottom-up approaches.

Includes bibliographical references (p. 287-291) and index

The true dynamical randomness is obtained as a natural fundamental property of deterministic quantum systems. It provides quantum chaos passing to the classical dynamical chaos under the ordinary semiclassical transition, which extends the correspondence principle to chaotic systems. In return one should accept the modified form of quantum formalism (presented by the Schroedinger equation) which, however, does not contradict the ordinary form and the main postulates of quantum mechanics. It introduces the principle of the fundamental dynamic multivaluedness (redundance) extending the quantum paradigm to complex dynamical behaviour. Moreover, a causal solution to the well-known problems of the foundation of quantum mechanics, those of quantum indeterminacy and wave reduction, is also found using the same method. The concept of the fundamental dynamic uncertainty thus established is universal in character and provides a unified scheme of the complete description of arbitrary complex system of any origin (physics/9806002). This scheme incorporates, in particular, universal definitions of complexity, (non)integrability, and general solution, as well as the physically complete notion of probability. One obtains thus a self-consistent hierarchic picture of the world characterised by a (high) non-zero complexity and containing the intrinsic causal randomness, where the causally extended quantum mechanics can be consistently interpreted as several lowest levels of complexity (quant-ph/990215,16).

The true dynamical randomness is obtained as a natural fundamental property of deterministic quantum systems. It provides quantum chaos passing to the classical dynamical chaos under the ordinary semiclassical transition, which extends the correspondence principle to chaotic systems. In return one should accept the modified form of quantum formalism (presented by the Schroedinger equation) which, however, does not contradict the ordinary form and the main postulates of quantum mechanics. It introduces the principle of the fundamental dynamic multivaluedness (redundance) extending the quantum paradigm to complex dynamical behaviour. Moreover, a causal solution to the well-known problems of the foundation of quantum mechanics, those of quantum indeterminacy and wave reduction, is also found using the same method. The concept of the fundamental dynamic uncertainty thus established is universal in character and provides a unified scheme of the complete description of arbitrary complex system of any origin (physics/9806002). This scheme incorporates, in particular, universal definitions of complexity, (non)integrability, and general solution, as well as the physically complete notion of probability. One obtains thus a self-consistent hierarchic picture of the world characterised by a (high) non-zero complexity and containing the intrinsic causal randomness, where the causally extended quantum mechanics can be consistently interpreted as several lowest levels of complexity (quant-ph/990215,16).

Methods and techniques of the theory of nonlinear dynamical systems and patterns can be useful in astrophysical applications. Some works on the subjects of dynamical astronomy, stellar pulsation and variability, as well as spatial complexity in extended systems, in which such approaches have already been utilized, are reviewed. Prospects for future directions in applications of this kind are outlined.

Methods and techniques of the theory of nonlinear dynamical systems and patterns can be useful in astrophysical applications. Some works on the subjects of dynamical astronomy, stellar pulsation and variability, as well as spatial complexity in extended systems, in which such approaches have already been utilized, are reviewed. Prospects for future directions in applications of this kind are outlined.

Methods and techniques of the theory of nonlinear dynamical systems and patterns can be useful in astrophysical applications. Some works on the subjects of dynamical astronomy, stellar pulsation and variability, as well as spatial complexity in extended systems, in which such approaches have already been utilized, are reviewed. Prospects for future directions in applications of this kind are outlined.

Methods and techniques of the theory of nonlinear dynamical systems and patterns can be useful in astrophysical applications. Some works on the subjects of dynamical astronomy, stellar pulsation and variability, as well as spatial complexity in extended systems, in which such approaches have already been utilized, are reviewed. Prospects for future directions in applications of this kind are outlined.

Different formulations and measures that may be used for evaluating the complexity of systems are gathered in this Technical Note. They might be useful for describing aspects of military complex systems. They were extracted from documents issued from the scientific literature related to Complexity Theory, chaos and complex systems.

This article is from Theoretical Biology & Medical Modelling , volume 10 . Abstract Background: One of the most challenging problems in biological image analysis is the quantification of the dynamical mechanism and complexity of the intracellular space. This paper investigates potential spatial chaos and complex behavior of the intracellular space of typical cancer and normal cell images whose structural details are revealed by the combination of scanning electron microscopy and focused ion beam systems. Such numerical quantifications have important implications for computer modeling and simulation of diseases. Methods: Cancer cell lines derived from a human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (SCC-61) and normal mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells produced by focused ion beam scanning electron microscopes were used in this study. Spatial distributions of the organelles of cancer and normal cells can be analyzed at both short range and long range of the bounded dynamical system of the image space, depending on the orientations of the spatial cell. A procedure was designed for calculating the largest Lyapunov exponent, which is an indicator of the potential chaotic behavior in intracellular images. Furthermore, the sample entropy and regularity dimension were applied to measure the complexity of the intracellular images. Results: Positive values of the largest Lyapunov exponents (LLEs) of the intracellular space of the SCC-61 were obtained in different spatial orientations for both long-range and short-range models, suggesting the chaotic behavior of the cell. The MEF has smaller positive values of LLEs in the long range than those of the SCC-61, and zero vales of the LLEs in the short range analysis, suggesting a non-chaotic behavior. The intracellular space of the SCC-61 is found to be more complex than that of the MEF. The degree of complexity measured in the spatial distribution of the intracellular space in the diagonal direction was found to be approximately twice larger than the complexity measured in the horizontal and vertical directions. Conclusion: Initial findings are promising for characterizing different types of cells and therefore useful for studying cancer cells in the spatial domain using state-of-the-art imaging technology. The measures of the chaotic behavior and complexity of the spatial cell will help computational biologists gain insights into identifying associations between the oscillation patterns and spatial parameters of cells, and appropriate model for simulating cancer cell signaling networks for cancer treatment and new drug discovery.

This article is from Theoretical Biology & Medical Modelling , volume 10 . Abstract Background: One of the most challenging problems in biological image analysis is the quantification of the dynamical mechanism and complexity of the intracellular space. This paper investigates potential spatial chaos and complex behavior of the intracellular space of typical cancer and normal cell images whose structural details are revealed by the combination of scanning electron microscopy and focused ion beam systems. Such numerical quantifications have important implications for computer modeling and simulation of diseases. Methods: Cancer cell lines derived from a human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (SCC-61) and normal mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells produced by focused ion beam scanning electron microscopes were used in this study. Spatial distributions of the organelles of cancer and normal cells can be analyzed at both short range and long range of the bounded dynamical system of the image space, depending on the orientations of the spatial cell. A procedure was designed for calculating the largest Lyapunov exponent, which is an indicator of the potential chaotic behavior in intracellular images. Furthermore, the sample entropy and regularity dimension were applied to measure the complexity of the intracellular images. Results: Positive values of the largest Lyapunov exponents (LLEs) of the intracellular space of the SCC-61 were obtained in different spatial orientations for both long-range and short-range models, suggesting the chaotic behavior of the cell. The MEF has smaller positive values of LLEs in the long range than those of the SCC-61, and zero vales of the LLEs in the short range analysis, suggesting a non-chaotic behavior. The intracellular space of the SCC-61 is found to be more complex than that of the MEF. The degree of complexity measured in the spatial distribution of the intracellular space in the diagonal direction was found to be approximately twice larger than the complexity measured in the horizontal and vertical directions. Conclusion: Initial findings are promising for characterizing different types of cells and therefore useful for studying cancer cells in the spatial domain using state-of-the-art imaging technology. The measures of the chaotic behavior and complexity of the spatial cell will help computational biologists gain insights into identifying associations between the oscillation patterns and spatial parameters of cells, and appropriate model for simulating cancer cell signaling networks for cancer treatment and new drug discovery.

This article is from Theoretical Biology & Medical Modelling , volume 10 . Abstract Background: One of the most challenging problems in biological image analysis is the quantification of the dynamical mechanism and complexity of the intracellular space. This paper investigates potential spatial chaos and complex behavior of the intracellular space of typical cancer and normal cell images whose structural details are revealed by the combination of scanning electron microscopy and focused ion beam systems. Such numerical quantifications have important implications for computer modeling and simulation of diseases. Methods: Cancer cell lines derived from a human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (SCC-61) and normal mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells produced by focused ion beam scanning electron microscopes were used in this study. Spatial distributions of the organelles of cancer and normal cells can be analyzed at both short range and long range of the bounded dynamical system of the image space, depending on the orientations of the spatial cell. A procedure was designed for calculating the largest Lyapunov exponent, which is an indicator of the potential chaotic behavior in intracellular images. Furthermore, the sample entropy and regularity dimension were applied to measure the complexity of the intracellular images. Results: Positive values of the largest Lyapunov exponents (LLEs) of the intracellular space of the SCC-61 were obtained in different spatial orientations for both long-range and short-range models, suggesting the chaotic behavior of the cell. The MEF has smaller positive values of LLEs in the long range than those of the SCC-61, and zero vales of the LLEs in the short range analysis, suggesting a non-chaotic behavior. The intracellular space of the SCC-61 is found to be more complex than that of the MEF. The degree of complexity measured in the spatial distribution of the intracellular space in the diagonal direction was found to be approximately twice larger than the complexity measured in the horizontal and vertical directions. Conclusion: Initial findings are promising for characterizing different types of cells and therefore useful for studying cancer cells in the spatial domain using state-of-the-art imaging technology. The measures of the chaotic behavior and complexity of the spatial cell will help computational biologists gain insights into identifying associations between the oscillation patterns and spatial parameters of cells, and appropriate model for simulating cancer cell signaling networks for cancer treatment and new drug discovery.

Achieving full control of the time-evolution of a many-body quantum system is currently a major goal in physics. In this work we investigate the different ways in which the controllability of a quantum system can be influenced by its complexity, or even its chaotic properties. By using optimal control theory, we are able to derive the control fields necessary to drive various physical processes in a spin chain. Then, we study the spectral properties of such fields and how they relate to different aspects of the system complexity. We find that the spectral bandwidth of the fields is, quite generally, independent of the system dimension. Conversely, the spectral complexity of such fields does increase with the number of particles. Nevertheless, we find that the regular o chaotic nature of the system does not affect signficantly its controllability.

Born four decades ago in the field of meteorology, raised in the field of physics and developed by modern mathematics, the theory of complexity and chaos is the study of behavior and its patterns, complex, non-linear and dynamic systems. Analyzing the rumor from the point of view of this theory offers us a new perspective of seeing this social phenomenon so little studied until today. This book makes it clear that when studying the rumor as a non-linear and dynamic system, the analysis of the process of its diffusion, of its discourse and of the psychosocial characteristics of the actors involved cannot be separated. Transmission and content of the rumor; environmental circumstances as well as profile of the subjects influence each other in this highly complex system in which everything has to do with everything. Two very attractive approaches are those that are made from the models of cellular robots and the theory of percolation, two areas that are the object of scientific research in the field of artificial intelligence, and which are widely used in the study of the spread of epidemics, a phenomenon clearly similar to the rumor. Regarding the discourse of gossiprs, the concept of attractor is addressed, one of the most interesting aspects of chaos theory. In this regard, the analysis of belief systems, that is, the rigid thought structures that take place in our minds, is fundamental because they constitute the basis of the process of making our decisions and they mean the difference between two individuals of similar characteristics. The analysis in this work of two belief systems -prejudices and conspiracy theories- suggests that they can constitute powerful attractors of rumors, which establish with a high degree of probability certain patterns in their discourse. There is no doubt that the new paradigm of complexity and chaos represents an alternative vision with respect to the dominant scientific discourse of rumor; because instead of focusing on linear relationships of its causes (psychology) or its effects (sociology), it allows analyzing this phenomenon and emerging social, in a holistic way, using the methodology of the theory of non-linear dynamic systems.

The purpose of this paper is to present a theory of career development drawn from current work in the physical and biological sciences, specifically work that is associated with chaos and complexity theories. The paper includes specific suggestions for practice based upon the theory and reflections of career professionals on its use. The theory and its applications can be used to help clients utilize principles of chaos and complexity, understand the unity underlying change, create new, satisfying forms and recognize the "strange attractors" that are the unique organizing linchpins of their lives. (Contains 10 references.) (GCP)

This paper reports on a case study that explored the process K-4 educators encounter as they attempted to implement recommendations from the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) Standards. The primary research questions of the study asked: what triggers major school change? what complexities surround school change? and what sustains the reform process and allows/encourages it to evolve? Data sources for the study included transcripts of audio-tapes from long interviews and followup interviews of key informants, field notes of university researchers, and related documents. Results show that initial changes in implementing the standards were mechanical--the lessons and materials did little to change teachers' existing beliefs and practices about mathematics. However, the reform took a different direction when some K-4 teachers "reinvented" mathematics instruction around key ideas and processes within a relevant context for children. Tensions emerged as some teachers' instructional practices began to look different from those of other classrooms, and teachers began to write lessons to supplement the district curriculum. Chaotic situations challenged conventional leadership strategies, interrupted stability of the school climate, and suggested an uncertain future. The reform seemed to depend on educators who believed in the need to restructure and reculture schools. (Contains 36 references.) (RJM)

This paper reports on a case study that explored the process K-4 educators encounter as they attempted to implement recommendations from the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) Standards. The primary research questions of the study asked: what triggers major school change? what complexities surround school change? and what sustains the reform process and allows/encourages it to evolve? Data sources for the study included transcripts of audio-tapes from long interviews and followup interviews of key informants, field notes of university researchers, and related documents. Results show that initial changes in implementing the standards were mechanical--the lessons and materials did little to change teachers' existing beliefs and practices about mathematics. However, the reform took a different direction when some K-4 teachers "reinvented" mathematics instruction around key ideas and processes within a relevant context for children. Tensions emerged as some teachers' instructional practices began to look different from those of other classrooms, and teachers began to write lessons to supplement the district curriculum. Chaotic situations challenged conventional leadership strategies, interrupted stability of the school climate, and suggested an uncertain future. The reform seemed to depend on educators who believed in the need to restructure and reculture schools. (Contains 36 references.) (RJM)

The Alaska Rural Systemic Initiative (AKRSI) was established in 1994 under the auspices of the Alaska Native/Rural Education Consortium, representing over 50 organizations concerned with education in rural Alaska. Its purpose is to implement initiatives that systematically document the indigenous knowledge systems of Alaska Native peoples and develop pedagogical practices that integrate indigenous knowledge into all aspects of education. In practical terms, the intended outcome is increased recognition of the complementary nature of Native and Western knowledge, so both can be more effectively utilized in the school curriculum and educational philosophy. The AKRSI is organized around five initiatives: Native ways of knowing/teaching, culturally aligned curriculum, indigenous science knowledge base, elders and cultural camps, and village science applications. Each initiative is implemented in one of the five Alaska Native cultural regions each year on a 5-year rotational schedule. The following themes cut across all initiatives and regions each year: documenting cultural scientific knowledge, indigenous teaching practices, standards for culturally-based curriculum, teacher support systems, and appropriate assessment practices. Twelve activities used to implement the initiatives are briefly described. Entering its third year, the AKRSI has contributed to a decrease in the dropout rate and increases in student achievement scores; the number of rural students attending college; and the number of Native students pursuing studies in fields of science, math, and engineering. Contains 14 references. (TD)

The Alaska Rural Systemic Initiative (AKRSI) was established in 1994 under the auspices of the Alaska Native/Rural Education Consortium, representing over 50 organizations concerned with education in rural Alaska. Its purpose is to implement initiatives that systematically document the indigenous knowledge systems of Alaska Native peoples and develop pedagogical practices that integrate indigenous knowledge into all aspects of education. In practical terms, the intended outcome is increased recognition of the complementary nature of Native and Western knowledge, so both can be more effectively utilized in the school curriculum and educational philosophy. The AKRSI is organized around five initiatives: Native ways of knowing/teaching, culturally aligned curriculum, indigenous science knowledge base, elders and cultural camps, and village science applications. Each initiative is implemented in one of the five Alaska Native cultural regions each year on a 5-year rotational schedule. The following themes cut across all initiatives and regions each year: documenting cultural scientific knowledge, indigenous teaching practices, standards for culturally-based curriculum, teacher support systems, and appropriate assessment practices. Twelve activities used to implement the initiatives are briefly described. Entering its third year, the AKRSI has contributed to a decrease in the dropout rate and increases in student achievement scores; the number of rural students attending college; and the number of Native students pursuing studies in fields of science, math, and engineering. Contains 14 references. (TD)

The Alaska Rural Systemic Initiative (AKRSI) was established in 1994 under the auspices of the Alaska Native/Rural Education Consortium, representing over 50 organizations concerned with education in rural Alaska. Its purpose is to implement initiatives that systematically document the indigenous knowledge systems of Alaska Native peoples and develop pedagogical practices that integrate indigenous knowledge into all aspects of education. In practical terms, the intended outcome is increased recognition of the complementary nature of Native and Western knowledge, so both can be more effectively utilized in the school curriculum and educational philosophy. The AKRSI is organized around five initiatives: Native ways of knowing/teaching, culturally aligned curriculum, indigenous science knowledge base, elders and cultural camps, and village science applications. Each initiative is implemented in one of the five Alaska Native cultural regions each year on a 5-year rotational schedule. The following themes cut across all initiatives and regions each year: documenting cultural scientific knowledge, indigenous teaching practices, standards for culturally-based curriculum, teacher support systems, and appropriate assessment practices. Twelve activities used to implement the initiatives are briefly described. Entering its third year, the AKRSI has contributed to a decrease in the dropout rate and increases in student achievement scores; the number of rural students attending college; and the number of Native students pursuing studies in fields of science, math, and engineering. Contains 14 references. (TD)

Arthur Clarke, a science fiction writer, stated that any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic. Although his point may be quaint it bears directly on the debate over the revolution in military affairs (RMA), which is long on description and short on explanation of future military technology. This is most evident in the promised wizardry of information warfare. The magical quality of information warfare stems from a vague understanding of the nature of information itself. Since rational discussion is predicated on the explanatory power of carefully chosen conceptual terminology, the RMA debate can be furthered only to the extent that the issues are viewed from a common framework. Such a critical perspective allows one to see the true limits and powers of information warfare. At the same time a closer look at information helps clarify two questions central to this debate: How do information technologies create a revolution in the means and methods of waging war? What objective criteria can help measure such revolutionary change?

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Chaos theory in the West (considerable work on chaos was also conducted in the Soviet Union) developed from the 1960s work of meteorologist Edward Lorenz. Lorenz developed a simple meteorological model based on differential equations. When he ran his model on a computer, Lorenz discovered that a very small difference (less than one part in one thousand) in the initial conditions led to large changes in the weather predicted by his model over time. This discovery, sensitivity to initial conditions, is one of the fundamental characteristics of chaos theory. Lorenz went on to explore some of the implications of his discovery and published a seminal paper, Deterministic Nonperiodic Flow, in 1963. Over the past few decades, chaos theory has been used widely in the natural sciences. More recently, it has also begun to be applied to the social sciences as well. However, as sometimes happens with trendy concepts from the natural sciences (James Gleick's excellent 1987 popular work, Chaos, did much to popularize the concept), chaos theory, often poorly understood, has been stretched and mangled in order to force fit it to social phenomena where its use is inappropriate. Nevertheless, despite the excesses, chaos theory has legitimate applications in the social sciences. Mathematical concepts and formulas, for example, have sometimes been found to be relevant in totally different fields. As physiologist and author Jared Diamond wrote of population geneticist Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza's talent for extracting interesting conclusions from unusual data, Cavalli-Sforza recognizes that there are only a few basic types of useful mathematical models, that one can thus reuse the same model in different fields with just small changes, and hence that the key step is to recognize good analogies.

Chaos theory in the West (considerable work on chaos was also conducted in the Soviet Union) developed from the 1960s work of meteorologist Edward Lorenz. Lorenz developed a simple meteorological model based on differential equations. When he ran his model on a computer, Lorenz discovered that a very small difference (less than one part in one thousand) in the initial conditions led to large changes in the weather predicted by his model over time. This discovery, sensitivity to initial conditions, is one of the fundamental characteristics of chaos theory. Lorenz went on to explore some of the implications of his discovery and published a seminal paper, Deterministic Nonperiodic Flow, in 1963. Over the past few decades, chaos theory has been used widely in the natural sciences. More recently, it has also begun to be applied to the social sciences as well. However, as sometimes happens with trendy concepts from the natural sciences (James Gleick's excellent 1987 popular work, Chaos, did much to popularize the concept), chaos theory, often poorly understood, has been stretched and mangled in order to force fit it to social phenomena where its use is inappropriate. Nevertheless, despite the excesses, chaos theory has legitimate applications in the social sciences. Mathematical concepts and formulas, for example, have sometimes been found to be relevant in totally different fields. As physiologist and author Jared Diamond wrote of population geneticist Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza's talent for extracting interesting conclusions from unusual data, Cavalli-Sforza recognizes that there are only a few basic types of useful mathematical models, that one can thus reuse the same model in different fields with just small changes, and hence that the key step is to recognize good analogies.

We experience some rapid and unexpected changes especially within the incoherent and asunder school policies and implementations that are unsuitable for the demands and expectations of school stakeholders. Furthermore, the internal and other external obstacles and non-ideal situations such as lack of resources, negative school climate, less motivation, organizational conflicts, cultural matters, depersonalization, or resist to change surround the schools today. All these tend to produce serious organizational stress and turn into organizational viruses at the school level. Exploring the non-ideal situations affecting today schools, the present study conceptualizes a resilient leadership model with reference to the school system in the face of chaos and complexity. Although describing the resilient leaders seems difficult we can say that resilient leaders do not seek pretext for struggling against difficulties, and when non-ideal situations occur they can shake but stand up. Such leaders that we expect like a tree which can withstand a storm run in downpour, like a dam which can hinder strong waves, or like a flower which can blossom in the snow. They may not be superman or supergirl but at least they are mentally, emotionally, socially, ethically, and physically strong humans who beat the odds. In turn, resilient leadership can be defined as displaying high level of endeavor to overcome the both internal and external obstacles that the organization faces, and generating different solutions despite the fact that many non-ideal situations affect the organization. At the end of the study, in the face of such situations, some potential characteristics of the resilient school leaders are suggested.

We experience some rapid and unexpected changes especially within the incoherent and asunder school policies and implementations that are unsuitable for the demands and expectations of school stakeholders. Furthermore, the internal and other external obstacles and non-ideal situations such as lack of resources, negative school climate, less motivation, organizational conflicts, cultural matters, depersonalization, or resist to change surround the schools today. All these tend to produce serious organizational stress and turn into organizational viruses at the school level. Exploring the non-ideal situations affecting today schools, the present study conceptualizes a resilient leadership model with reference to the school system in the face of chaos and complexity. Although describing the resilient leaders seems difficult we can say that resilient leaders do not seek pretext for struggling against difficulties, and when non-ideal situations occur they can shake but stand up. Such leaders that we expect like a tree which can withstand a storm run in downpour, like a dam which can hinder strong waves, or like a flower which can blossom in the snow. They may not be superman or supergirl but at least they are mentally, emotionally, socially, ethically, and physically strong humans who beat the odds. In turn, resilient leadership can be defined as displaying high level of endeavor to overcome the both internal and external obstacles that the organization faces, and generating different solutions despite the fact that many non-ideal situations affect the organization. At the end of the study, in the face of such situations, some potential characteristics of the resilient school leaders are suggested.

We experience some rapid and unexpected changes especially within the incoherent and asunder school policies and implementations that are unsuitable for the demands and expectations of school stakeholders. Furthermore, the internal and other external obstacles and non-ideal situations such as lack of resources, negative school climate, less motivation, organizational conflicts, cultural matters, depersonalization, or resist to change surround the schools today. All these tend to produce serious organizational stress and turn into organizational viruses at the school level. Exploring the non-ideal situations affecting today schools, the present study conceptualizes a resilient leadership model with reference to the school system in the face of chaos and complexity. Although describing the resilient leaders seems difficult we can say that resilient leaders do not seek pretext for struggling against difficulties, and when non-ideal situations occur they can shake but stand up. Such leaders that we expect like a tree which can withstand a storm run in downpour, like a dam which can hinder strong waves, or like a flower which can blossom in the snow. They may not be superman or supergirl but at least they are mentally, emotionally, socially, ethically, and physically strong humans who beat the odds. In turn, resilient leadership can be defined as displaying high level of endeavor to overcome the both internal and external obstacles that the organization faces, and generating different solutions despite the fact that many non-ideal situations affect the organization. At the end of the study, in the face of such situations, some potential characteristics of the resilient school leaders are suggested.

This paper addresses some methodological issues concerning traditional linear approaches and shows the need for a paradigm shift in education research towards the Complexity and Nonlinear Dynamical Systems (NDS) framework. It presents a quantitative piece of research aiming to test the nonlinear dynamical hypothesis in education. It applies catastrophe theory and demonstrates that students' achievements in science education could be described by a cusp model, where two cognitive variables are implemented as controls - the logical thinking as the asymmetry and the field dependence/independence as the bifurcation respectively. The results support the nonlinear hypothesis by providing the empirical evidence for bifurcation and hysteresis effects in students' performance. Interpretation of the model is provided and implications and fundamental epistemological issues are discussed.

This paper addresses some methodological issues concerning traditional linear approaches and shows the need for a paradigm shift in education research towards the Complexity and Nonlinear Dynamical Systems (NDS) framework. It presents a quantitative piece of research aiming to test the nonlinear dynamical hypothesis in education. It applies catastrophe theory and demonstrates that students' achievements in science education could be described by a cusp model, where two cognitive variables are implemented as controls - the logical thinking as the asymmetry and the field dependence/independence as the bifurcation respectively. The results support the nonlinear hypothesis by providing the empirical evidence for bifurcation and hysteresis effects in students' performance. Interpretation of the model is provided and implications and fundamental epistemological issues are discussed.

This paper addresses some methodological issues concerning traditional linear approaches and shows the need for a paradigm shift in education research towards the Complexity and Nonlinear Dynamical Systems (NDS) framework. It presents a quantitative piece of research aiming to test the nonlinear dynamical hypothesis in education. It applies catastrophe theory and demonstrates that students' achievements in science education could be described by a cusp model, where two cognitive variables are implemented as controls - the logical thinking as the asymmetry and the field dependence/independence as the bifurcation respectively. The results support the nonlinear hypothesis by providing the empirical evidence for bifurcation and hysteresis effects in students' performance. Interpretation of the model is provided and implications and fundamental epistemological issues are discussed.

Donate to Support this work:https://www.paypal.com/donate/?cmd=_s-xclick&hosted_button_id=BLJ283JMTMT7S A documentary/lecture I have compiled using previous videos in which I discuss the nature of quantum phenomena, the principles which govern their behavior and how we can use mathematical physics models to understand how these effects can work across the scales of reality, creating the emergent nature of chaos and chimera states in both quantum and classical systems, in a sense unifying them. The introduction is taken from an old interview with American Physicist John Archibald Wheeler in which he discusses the mysterianism inherent in the quantum mechanical nature of our reality in particular with regard to the observer effect and how the quantum phenomena are only made manifest in our reality by the act of observation which transform the infinite probabilities, a "smoky dragon" as it were, into a real and definite manifestation. The very fact that systems of quantum interactions can be modeled using classical analogies and these models themselves give rise to descriptions of collective quantum behavior also creates an added layer of mysterianism to the quantum nature of the universe. This is the emergent nature of the quantum mechanical equivalent of chaos and how ensembles of quantum particles modeled as oscillators will create unique behaviour in the meta-stable medium between ordered interactions and randomization. These descriptions model not only how quantum systems behave in isolation but how they interact with the external forces that transform them from "smokey dragons" into definite phenomena. In effect we can view quantum mechanics itself as an inherent, scale dependent factor of the entire universe that operates in a balance between utilization of certain transition rules with the intrinsic flow of randomization that permeates the entire universe. Even more astonishing is just how many so-called "classical" phenomena also behave this way, especially when considering collective and complex adaptive systems. This more than any other reason is why it makes sense to begin to solve many of these multifaceted problems through the lens of quantum mechanics, a lens in which the emergent field of quantum computation will be the key to the entire enterprise of simulation and optimization of scenarios throughout the scale of reality. Code used to create some of the quantum network simulations used in this video is located in the following repository: https://github.com/MuonRay/QuantumNetworkSimulations

Donate to Support this work:https://www.paypal.com/donate/?cmd=_s-xclick&hosted_button_id=BLJ283JMTMT7S A documentary/lecture I have compiled using previous videos in which I discuss the nature of quantum phenomena, the principles which govern their behavior and how we can use mathematical physics models to understand how these effects can work across the scales of reality, creating the emergent nature of chaos and chimera states in both quantum and classical systems, in a sense unifying them. The introduction is taken from an old interview with American Physicist John Archibald Wheeler in which he discusses the mysterianism inherent in the quantum mechanical nature of our reality in particular with regard to the observer effect and how the quantum phenomena are only made manifest in our reality by the act of observation which transform the infinite probabilities, a "smoky dragon" as it were, into a real and definite manifestation. The very fact that systems of quantum interactions can be modeled using classical analogies and these models themselves give rise to descriptions of collective quantum behavior also creates an added layer of mysterianism to the quantum nature of the universe. This is the emergent nature of the quantum mechanical equivalent of chaos and how ensembles of quantum particles modeled as oscillators will create unique behaviour in the meta-stable medium between ordered interactions and randomization. These descriptions model not only how quantum systems behave in isolation but how they interact with the external forces that transform them from "smokey dragons" into definite phenomena. In effect we can view quantum mechanics itself as an inherent, scale dependent factor of the entire universe that operates in a balance between utilization of certain transition rules with the intrinsic flow of randomization that permeates the entire universe. Even more astonishing is just how many so-called "classical" phenomena also behave this way, especially when considering collective and complex adaptive systems. This more than any other reason is why it makes sense to begin to solve many of these multifaceted problems through the lens of quantum mechanics, a lens in which the emergent field of quantum computation will be the key to the entire enterprise of simulation and optimization of scenarios throughout the scale of reality. Code used to create some of the quantum network simulations used in this video is located in the following repository: https://github.com/MuonRay/QuantumNetworkSimulations

Donate to Support this work:https://www.paypal.com/donate/?cmd=_s-xclick&hosted_button_id=BLJ283JMTMT7S A documentary/lecture I have compiled using previous videos in which I discuss the nature of quantum phenomena, the principles which govern their behavior and how we can use mathematical physics models to understand how these effects can work across the scales of reality, creating the emergent nature of chaos and chimera states in both quantum and classical systems, in a sense unifying them. The introduction is taken from an old interview with American Physicist John Archibald Wheeler in which he discusses the mysterianism inherent in the quantum mechanical nature of our reality in particular with regard to the observer effect and how the quantum phenomena are only made manifest in our reality by the act of observation which transform the infinite probabilities, a "smoky dragon" as it were, into a real and definite manifestation. The very fact that systems of quantum interactions can be modeled using classical analogies and these models themselves give rise to descriptions of collective quantum behavior also creates an added layer of mysterianism to the quantum nature of the universe. This is the emergent nature of the quantum mechanical equivalent of chaos and how ensembles of quantum particles modeled as oscillators will create unique behaviour in the meta-stable medium between ordered interactions and randomization. These descriptions model not only how quantum systems behave in isolation but how they interact with the external forces that transform them from "smokey dragons" into definite phenomena. In effect we can view quantum mechanics itself as an inherent, scale dependent factor of the entire universe that operates in a balance between utilization of certain transition rules with the intrinsic flow of randomization that permeates the entire universe. Even more astonishing is just how many so-called "classical" phenomena also behave this way, especially when considering collective and complex adaptive systems. This more than any other reason is why it makes sense to begin to solve many of these multifaceted problems through the lens of quantum mechanics, a lens in which the emergent field of quantum computation will be the key to the entire enterprise of simulation and optimization of scenarios throughout the scale of reality. Code used to create some of the quantum network simulations used in this video is located in the following repository: https://github.com/MuonRay/QuantumNetworkSimulations

Donate to Support this work:https://www.paypal.com/donate/?cmd=_s-xclick&hosted_button_id=BLJ283JMTMT7S A documentary/lecture I have compiled using previous videos in which I discuss the nature of quantum phenomena, the principles which govern their behavior and how we can use mathematical physics models to understand how these effects can work across the scales of reality, creating the emergent nature of chaos and chimera states in both quantum and classical systems, in a sense unifying them. The introduction is taken from an old interview with American Physicist John Archibald Wheeler in which he discusses the mysterianism inherent in the quantum mechanical nature of our reality in particular with regard to the observer effect and how the quantum phenomena are only made manifest in our reality by the act of observation which transform the infinite probabilities, a "smoky dragon" as it were, into a real and definite manifestation. The very fact that systems of quantum interactions can be modeled using classical analogies and these models themselves give rise to descriptions of collective quantum behavior also creates an added layer of mysterianism to the quantum nature of the universe. This is the emergent nature of the quantum mechanical equivalent of chaos and how ensembles of quantum particles modeled as oscillators will create unique behaviour in the meta-stable medium between ordered interactions and randomization. These descriptions model not only how quantum systems behave in isolation but how they interact with the external forces that transform them from "smokey dragons" into definite phenomena. In effect we can view quantum mechanics itself as an inherent, scale dependent factor of the entire universe that operates in a balance between utilization of certain transition rules with the intrinsic flow of randomization that permeates the entire universe. Even more astonishing is just how many so-called "classical" phenomena also behave this way, especially when considering collective and complex adaptive systems. This more than any other reason is why it makes sense to begin to solve many of these multifaceted problems through the lens of quantum mechanics, a lens in which the emergent field of quantum computation will be the key to the entire enterprise of simulation and optimization of scenarios throughout the scale of reality. Code used to create some of the quantum network simulations used in this video is located in the following repository: https://github.com/MuonRay/QuantumNetworkSimulations

Donate to Support this work:https://www.paypal.com/donate/?cmd=_s-xclick&hosted_button_id=BLJ283JMTMT7S A documentary/lecture I have compiled using previous videos in which I discuss the nature of quantum phenomena, the principles which govern their behavior and how we can use mathematical physics models to understand how these effects can work across the scales of reality, creating the emergent nature of chaos and chimera states in both quantum and classical systems, in a sense unifying them. The introduction is taken from an old interview with American Physicist John Archibald Wheeler in which he discusses the mysterianism inherent in the quantum mechanical nature of our reality in particular with regard to the observer effect and how the quantum phenomena are only made manifest in our reality by the act of observation which transform the infinite probabilities, a "smoky dragon" as it were, into a real and definite manifestation. The very fact that systems of quantum interactions can be modeled using classical analogies and these models themselves give rise to descriptions of collective quantum behavior also creates an added layer of mysterianism to the quantum nature of the universe. This is the emergent nature of the quantum mechanical equivalent of chaos and how ensembles of quantum particles modeled as oscillators will create unique behaviour in the meta-stable medium between ordered interactions and randomization. These descriptions model not only how quantum systems behave in isolation but how they interact with the external forces that transform them from "smokey dragons" into definite phenomena. In effect we can view quantum mechanics itself as an inherent, scale dependent factor of the entire universe that operates in a balance between utilization of certain transition rules with the intrinsic flow of randomization that permeates the entire universe. Even more astonishing is just how many so-called "classical" phenomena also behave this way, especially when considering collective and complex adaptive systems. This more than any other reason is why it makes sense to begin to solve many of these multifaceted problems through the lens of quantum mechanics, a lens in which the emergent field of quantum computation will be the key to the entire enterprise of simulation and optimization of scenarios throughout the scale of reality. Code used to create some of the quantum network simulations used in this video is located in the following repository: https://github.com/MuonRay/QuantumNetworkSimulations

Donate to Support this work:https://www.paypal.com/donate/?cmd=_s-xclick&hosted_button_id=BLJ283JMTMT7S A documentary/lecture I have compiled using previous videos in which I discuss the nature of quantum phenomena, the principles which govern their behavior and how we can use mathematical physics models to understand how these effects can work across the scales of reality, creating the emergent nature of chaos and chimera states in both quantum and classical systems, in a sense unifying them. The introduction is taken from an old interview with American Physicist John Archibald Wheeler in which he discusses the mysterianism inherent in the quantum mechanical nature of our reality in particular with regard to the observer effect and how the quantum phenomena are only made manifest in our reality by the act of observation which transform the infinite probabilities, a "smoky dragon" as it were, into a real and definite manifestation. The very fact that systems of quantum interactions can be modeled using classical analogies and these models themselves give rise to descriptions of collective quantum behavior also creates an added layer of mysterianism to the quantum nature of the universe. This is the emergent nature of the quantum mechanical equivalent of chaos and how ensembles of quantum particles modeled as oscillators will create unique behaviour in the meta-stable medium between ordered interactions and randomization. These descriptions model not only how quantum systems behave in isolation but how they interact with the external forces that transform them from "smokey dragons" into definite phenomena. In effect we can view quantum mechanics itself as an inherent, scale dependent factor of the entire universe that operates in a balance between utilization of certain transition rules with the intrinsic flow of randomization that permeates the entire universe. Even more astonishing is just how many so-called "classical" phenomena also behave this way, especially when considering collective and complex adaptive systems. This more than any other reason is why it makes sense to begin to solve many of these multifaceted problems through the lens of quantum mechanics, a lens in which the emergent field of quantum computation will be the key to the entire enterprise of simulation and optimization of scenarios throughout the scale of reality. Code used to create some of the quantum network simulations used in this video is located in the following repository: https://github.com/MuonRay/QuantumNetworkSimulations

Donate to Support this work:https://www.paypal.com/donate/?cmd=_s-xclick&hosted_button_id=BLJ283JMTMT7S A documentary/lecture I have compiled using previous videos in which I discuss the nature of quantum phenomena, the principles which govern their behavior and how we can use mathematical physics models to understand how these effects can work across the scales of reality, creating the emergent nature of chaos and chimera states in both quantum and classical systems, in a sense unifying them. The introduction is taken from an old interview with American Physicist John Archibald Wheeler in which he discusses the mysterianism inherent in the quantum mechanical nature of our reality in particular with regard to the observer effect and how the quantum phenomena are only made manifest in our reality by the act of observation which transform the infinite probabilities, a "smoky dragon" as it were, into a real and definite manifestation. The very fact that systems of quantum interactions can be modeled using classical analogies and these models themselves give rise to descriptions of collective quantum behavior also creates an added layer of mysterianism to the quantum nature of the universe. This is the emergent nature of the quantum mechanical equivalent of chaos and how ensembles of quantum particles modeled as oscillators will create unique behaviour in the meta-stable medium between ordered interactions and randomization. These descriptions model not only how quantum systems behave in isolation but how they interact with the external forces that transform them from "smokey dragons" into definite phenomena. In effect we can view quantum mechanics itself as an inherent, scale dependent factor of the entire universe that operates in a balance between utilization of certain transition rules with the intrinsic flow of randomization that permeates the entire universe. Even more astonishing is just how many so-called "classical" phenomena also behave this way, especially when considering collective and complex adaptive systems. This more than any other reason is why it makes sense to begin to solve many of these multifaceted problems through the lens of quantum mechanics, a lens in which the emergent field of quantum computation will be the key to the entire enterprise of simulation and optimization of scenarios throughout the scale of reality. Code used to create some of the quantum network simulations used in this video is located in the following repository: https://github.com/MuonRay/QuantumNetworkSimulations

Today's complex, interdependent global community has been thrust into a period of discontinuity, rapid change and uncertainty. No longer able to predict picture events with any degree of certainty, countries are desperately searching for new and innovative strategies to match limited means to ambiguous ends. This is especially true for the United States, which has been profoundly affected by two major events.

In this paper, we look at how the massive open online course (MOOC) format developed by connectivist researchers and enthusiasts can help analyze the complexity, emergence, and chaos at work in the field of education today. We do this through the prism of a MobiMOOC, a six-week course focusing on mLearning that ran from April to May 2011. MobiMOOC embraced the core MOOC components of self-organization, connectedness, openness, complexity, and the resulting chaos, and, as such, serves as an interesting paradigm for new educational orders that are currently emerging in the field. We discuss the nature of participation in MobiMOOC, the use of mobile technology and social media, and how these factors contributed to a chaotic learning environment with emerging phenomena. These emerging phenomena resulted in a transformative educational paradigm. (Contains 13 figures.)

Experimental and theoretical investigations address nonlinear dynamics and complexity in basic nonlinear optical interactions. Notably contributions include (a) first demonstration of chaotic dynamics of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) confirmed through the latest dynamical measurement tools (b) stochastic effects shown to dominate dynamics for cavityless operation but to be suppressed for SBS with feedback (c) first generalised treatment of stimulated scattering in which deterministic dynamics and chaos are shown to be inherent features of behaviour consistent with experimental findings (d) first evidence of patterns, singularities and turbularie in SBS through multi transverse mode interactions (e) generalised analysis of transverse patterns and instabilities of diffraction-diffusion type systems in nonlinear optics - ongoing (f) low frequency (MHz) dynamics and chaos in diode lasers with feedback and in NdYAG modulated lasers - ongoing (g) control of chaos in diode lasers and development of new all optical control algorithms - ongoing (h) lasing without inversion in V systems and (i) new approach to the theory of radiation matter interactions for arbitrary field strength.

Experimental and theoretical investigations address nonlinear dynamics and complexity in basic nonlinear optical interactions. Notably contributions include (a) first demonstration of chaotic dynamics of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) confirmed through the latest dynamical measurement tools (b) stochastic effects shown to dominate dynamics for cavityless operation but to be suppressed for SBS with feedback (c) first generalised treatment of stimulated scattering in which deterministic dynamics and chaos are shown to be inherent features of behaviour consistent with experimental findings (d) first evidence of patterns, singularities and turbularie in SBS through multi transverse mode interactions (e) generalised analysis of transverse patterns and instabilities of diffraction-diffusion type systems in nonlinear optics - ongoing (f) low frequency (MHz) dynamics and chaos in diode lasers with feedback and in NdYAG modulated lasers - ongoing (g) control of chaos in diode lasers and development of new all optical control algorithms - ongoing (h) lasing without inversion in V systems and (i) new approach to the theory of radiation matter interactions for arbitrary field strength.

This report is a starting point reference for the search of information on Complexity Theory, chaos and complex systems. This document aims at assembling a number of references to relevant books, papers, experts and organizations as well as tools that are directly or indirectly related to Complexity Theory and complex systems. Many abstracts and additional comments are added to each reference for completeness. This document is the first of a set of five DRDC Valcartier reports dedicated to the study of complexity theory, chaos and complex systems. [See p3/pdf p17 for titles and descriptions.] It is part of an overarching project being carried on at DRDC Valcartier, Project 15bp01 Defensive Software Design. It focuses mainly on the presentation of concepts from this theory. There are only a few references to the architecting and engineering aspects of complexity. These aspects will be covered in another document. This report contains 471 references to scientific works, organizations, scientific journals, conferences, experts and tools plus 713 additional Internet addresses.

This report is a starting point reference for the search of information on Complexity Theory, chaos and complex systems. This document aims at assembling a number of references to relevant books, papers, experts and organizations as well as tools that are directly or indirectly related to Complexity Theory and complex systems. Many abstracts and additional comments are added to each reference for completeness. This document is the first of a set of five DRDC Valcartier reports dedicated to the study of complexity theory, chaos and complex systems. [See p3/pdf p17 for titles and descriptions.] It is part of an overarching project being carried on at DRDC Valcartier, Project 15bp01 Defensive Software Design. It focuses mainly on the presentation of concepts from this theory. There are only a few references to the architecting and engineering aspects of complexity. These aspects will be covered in another document. This report contains 471 references to scientific works, organizations, scientific journals, conferences, experts and tools plus 713 additional Internet addresses.

This report is a starting point reference for the search of information on Complexity Theory, chaos and complex systems. This document aims at assembling a number of references to relevant books, papers, experts and organizations as well as tools that are directly or indirectly related to Complexity Theory and complex systems. Many abstracts and additional comments are added to each reference for completeness. This document is the first of a set of five DRDC Valcartier reports dedicated to the study of complexity theory, chaos and complex systems. [See p3/pdf p17 for titles and descriptions.] It is part of an overarching project being carried on at DRDC Valcartier, Project 15bp01 Defensive Software Design. It focuses mainly on the presentation of concepts from this theory. There are only a few references to the architecting and engineering aspects of complexity. These aspects will be covered in another document. This report contains 471 references to scientific works, organizations, scientific journals, conferences, experts and tools plus 713 additional Internet addresses.

Includes bibliographical references (p. [259]-261) and index