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Objective: This scoping review aims to identify current practices in operationalising the positive valence system constructs in reward processing research utilising data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Overview: Understanding factors that affect the neural and behavioural development of reward processing systems has implications for the emergence of psychopathology in adolescence, particularly in the context of anhedonia. Contemporary approaches to reward processing research use the NIH RDoC Positive Valence Systems (PVS) framework, which encompasses three core constructs: reward responsiveness, reward valuation, and reward learning. Studying reward processing through the lens of PVS allows for the mapping of neural processes to specific domains of behaviour, and maintaining this specificity is crucial for neurodevelopmental research. The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study offers an unprecedented opportunity to track normative and maladaptive adolescent reward processing trajectories on a large scale, using longitudinal multimodal brain imaging, cognitive tasks, and rich survey-based data. However, to which extent PVS constructs – and their neural correlates – are represented in analyses of ABCD data remains unclear.

Objective: This scoping review aims to identify current practices in operationalising the positive valence system constructs in reward processing research utilising data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Overview: Understanding factors that affect the neural and behavioural development of reward processing systems has implications for the emergence of psychopathology in adolescence, particularly in the context of anhedonia. Contemporary approaches to reward processing research use the NIH RDoC Positive Valence Systems (PVS) framework, which encompasses three core constructs: reward responsiveness, reward valuation, and reward learning. Studying reward processing through the lens of PVS allows for the mapping of neural processes to specific domains of behaviour, and maintaining this specificity is crucial for neurodevelopmental research. The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study offers an unprecedented opportunity to track normative and maladaptive adolescent reward processing trajectories on a large scale, using longitudinal multimodal brain imaging, cognitive tasks, and rich survey-based data. However, to which extent PVS constructs – and their neural correlates – are represented in analyses of ABCD data remains unclear.

This article is from PLoS ONE , volume 9 . Abstract Objective: Using an animal model, we have previously shown that preeclampsia results in long-term adverse neuromotor outcomes in the offspring, and this phenotype was prevented by antenatal treatment with pravastatin. This study aims to localize the altered neuromotor programming in this animal model and to evaluate the role of pravastatin in its prevention. Materials and Methods: For the preeclampsia model, pregnant CD-1 mice were randomly allocated to injection of adenovirus carrying sFlt-1 or its control virus carrying mFc into the tail vein. Thereafter they received pravastatin (sFlt-1-pra “experimental group”) or water (sFlt-1 “positive control”) until weaning. The mFc group (“negative control”) received water. Offspring at 6 months of age were sacrificed, and whole brains underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRIs were performed using an 11.7 Tesla vertical bore MRI scanner. T2 weighted images were acquired to evaluate the volumes of 28 regions of interest, including areas involved in adaptation and motor, spatial and sensory function. Cytochemistry and cell quantification was performed using neuron-specific Nissl stain. One-way ANOVA with multiple comparison testing was used for statistical analysis. Results: Compared with control offspring, male sFlt-1 offspring have decreased volumes in the fimbria, periaquaductal gray, stria medullaris, and ventricles and increased volumes in the lateral globus pallidus and neocortex; however, female sFlt-1 offspring showed increased volumes in the ventricles, stria medullaris, and fasciculus retroflexus and decreased volumes in the inferior colliculus, thalamus, and lateral globus pallidus. Neuronal quantification via Nissl staining exhibited decreased cell counts in sFlt-1 offspring neocortex, more pronounced in males. Prenatal pravastatin treatment prevented these changes. Conclusion: Preeclampsia alters brain development in sex-specific patterns, and prenatal pravastatin therapy prevents altered neuroanatomic programming in this animal model.

Ben Carson's Senate hearing for the Department of Housing & Urban development was just a long conversation about brain surgery https://t.co/i33jPBmKho

A review of previous mammalian visual systems neurological and psychological research is presented. Results of previous research motivated the development of a device that would record fine grained electroencephalic data from the surface of a living mammalian cortex. A multiplexing multielectrode array has been developed and tested for this purpose. The device consists of a four by four array of electrodes and sixteen junction field effect transistors fabricated on a silicon substrate using integrated circuit manufacturing techniques. In vitro tests indicated the device is capable of detecting and multiplexing fine grained cortical signals. Technical problems with the passivation material precluded in vivo evaluation. A solution to this problem is presented and an in vivo test procedure recommended. (Author)

Brain problem has led to the death of many people in our society. The causes of brain problem are hard drugs, taking Indian hem, accidents and not having a good identifying machine that could scan and identify this problem fast before it could be worst. This can be overcome by development of diagnostic system for brain MRI scanning based on robust information clustering. This is done by designing a membership function that would analyze the symptoms in the brain, designing a rule that enhances the diagnosization of the brain symptoms, training these rules in ANN to enhance the efficiency of the diagnosization, designing an intelligent sensor for brain MRI scanning based on robust information clustering, designing a visual basic for development of diagnostic system for brain MRI Scanning based on robust information clustering and designing a Simulink model for development of diagnostic system for brain MRI scanning based on robust information clustering. The result obtained shows that using robust information gives faster identification of problem in the brain than any other conventional one.  by Chineke Amaechi Hyacenth | Aneke Israel Chinagolum | Udeh Chukwuma Callistus "Development of Diagnostic System for Brain MRI Scanning Based on Robust Information Clustering"  Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019,  URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23184.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/23184/development-of-diagnostic-system-for-brain-mri-scanning-based-on-robust-information-clustering/chineke-amaechi-hyacenth

Brain problem has led to the death of many people in our society. The causes of brain problem are hard drugs, taking Indian hem, accidents and not having a good identifying machine that could scan and identify this problem fast before it could be worst. This can be overcome by development of diagnostic system for brain MRI scanning based on robust information clustering. This is done by designing a membership function that would analyze the symptoms in the brain, designing a rule that enhances the diagnosization of the brain symptoms, training these rules in ANN to enhance the efficiency of the diagnosization, designing an intelligent sensor for brain MRI scanning based on robust information clustering, designing a visual basic for development of diagnostic system for brain MRI Scanning based on robust information clustering and designing a Simulink model for development of diagnostic system for brain MRI scanning based on robust information clustering. The result obtained shows that using robust information gives faster identification of problem in the brain than any other conventional one.  by Chineke Amaechi Hyacenth | Aneke Israel Chinagolum | Udeh Chukwuma Callistus "Development of Diagnostic System for Brain MRI Scanning Based on Robust Information Clustering"  Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019,  URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23184.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/23184/development-of-diagnostic-system-for-brain-mri-scanning-based-on-robust-information-clustering/chineke-amaechi-hyacenth

Brain problem has led to the death of many people in our society. The causes of brain problem are hard drugs, taking Indian hem, accidents and not having a good identifying machine that could scan and identify this problem fast before it could be worst. This can be overcome by development of diagnostic system for brain MRI scanning based on robust information clustering. This is done by designing a membership function that would analyze the symptoms in the brain, designing a rule that enhances the diagnosization of the brain symptoms, training these rules in ANN to enhance the efficiency of the diagnosization, designing an intelligent sensor for brain MRI scanning based on robust information clustering, designing a visual basic for development of diagnostic system for brain MRI Scanning based on robust information clustering and designing a Simulink model for development of diagnostic system for brain MRI scanning based on robust information clustering. The result obtained shows that using robust information gives faster identification of problem in the brain than any other conventional one.  by Chineke Amaechi Hyacenth | Aneke Israel Chinagolum | Udeh Chukwuma Callistus "Development of Diagnostic System for Brain MRI Scanning Based on Robust Information Clustering"  Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019,  URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23184.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/23184/development-of-diagnostic-system-for-brain-mri-scanning-based-on-robust-information-clustering/chineke-amaechi-hyacenth

Brain problem has led to the death of many people in our society. The causes of brain problem are hard drugs, taking Indian hem, accidents and not having a good identifying machine that could scan and identify this problem fast before it could be worst. This can be overcome by development of diagnostic system for brain MRI scanning based on robust information clustering. This is done by designing a membership function that would analyze the symptoms in the brain, designing a rule that enhances the diagnosization of the brain symptoms, training these rules in ANN to enhance the efficiency of the diagnosization, designing an intelligent sensor for brain MRI scanning based on robust information clustering, designing a visual basic for development of diagnostic system for brain MRI Scanning based on robust information clustering and designing a Simulink model for development of diagnostic system for brain MRI scanning based on robust information clustering. The result obtained shows that using robust information gives faster identification of problem in the brain than any other conventional one.  by Chineke Amaechi Hyacenth | Aneke Israel Chinagolum | Udeh Chukwuma Callistus "Development of Diagnostic System for Brain MRI Scanning Based on Robust Information Clustering"  Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019,  URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23184.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/23184/development-of-diagnostic-system-for-brain-mri-scanning-based-on-robust-information-clustering/chineke-amaechi-hyacenth

Brain problem has led to the death of many people in our society. The causes of brain problem are hard drugs, taking Indian hem, accidents and not having a good identifying machine that could scan and identify this problem fast before it could be worst. This can be overcome by development of diagnostic system for brain MRI scanning based on robust information clustering. This is done by designing a membership function that would analyze the symptoms in the brain, designing a rule that enhances the diagnosization of the brain symptoms, training these rules in ANN to enhance the efficiency of the diagnosization, designing an intelligent sensor for brain MRI scanning based on robust information clustering, designing a visual basic for development of diagnostic system for brain MRI Scanning based on robust information clustering and designing a Simulink model for development of diagnostic system for brain MRI scanning based on robust information clustering. The result obtained shows that using robust information gives faster identification of problem in the brain than any other conventional one.  by Chineke Amaechi Hyacenth | Aneke Israel Chinagolum | Udeh Chukwuma Callistus "Development of Diagnostic System for Brain MRI Scanning Based on Robust Information Clustering"  Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019,  URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23184.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/23184/development-of-diagnostic-system-for-brain-mri-scanning-based-on-robust-information-clustering/chineke-amaechi-hyacenth

The objective of brain based learning is to move from memorizing information to meaningful learning. The brain based education is getting an important role in present education scenario, the teachers must be aware of the system. The present study analyzed the different strategies adopted for the brain based teaching.  Six components of the teaching strategies were included for the study. The study was conducted among 60 school teachers from government and unaided schools. Questionnaire consisting of brain based teaching strategies was used for the data collection. Percentage analysis and t test were the statistical techniques used. Major findings were: Majority of the teachers are not so equipped with the strategies for brain based teaching,  No significant difference in means were obtained in between the male and female, government and unaided school teachers.

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Some Stages in the Development of the Brain of Clupea harengus. Holt, E Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1854-1905). 1889-01-01. 47:199–202

Some Stages in the Development of the Brain of Clupea harengus. Holt, E Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1854-1905). 1889-01-01. 47:199–202

My L.A. County: Brain Imaging & Child Development // July 19, 2010 // Watch this video and others like it in hi-res at SCVTV.com

My L.A. County: Brain Imaging & Child Development // July 19, 2010 // Watch this video and others like it in hi-res at SCVTV.com

My L.A. County: Brain Imaging & Child Development // July 19, 2010 // Watch this video and others like it in hi-res at SCVTV.com

'I.Report and Accounts (2004-2005) of National Research Development Corpn., New Delhi and related papers.,II. Report and Accounts (2004-2005) of Central Electronics Ltd., New Delhi and related papers.,III. Report and Accounts (2004-2005) of Indian Vaccines Corporation Ltd., Gurgaon and related papers.,IV. Report and Accounts (2004-2005) of Bharat Immunologicals and Biologicals Coprn. Ltd., Bulandshahar and related papers.,V. Report and Accounts (2004-2005) of National Brain Research Centre, Manesar and related papers.,VI. Report and Accounts (2004-2005) of National Institute of Immunology and related papers.,VII. Report and accounts (2004-05) of Centre for DNA finger printing and diagnostics, Hyderabad and related papers. (15-Dec-2005)' from the RS Debates Digital Library

'I.Report and Accounts (2004-2005) of National Research Development Corpn., New Delhi and related papers.,II. Report and Accounts (2004-2005) of Central Electronics Ltd., New Delhi and related papers.,III. Report and Accounts (2004-2005) of Indian Vaccines Corporation Ltd., Gurgaon and related papers.,IV. Report and Accounts (2004-2005) of Bharat Immunologicals and Biologicals Coprn. Ltd., Bulandshahar and related papers.,V. Report and Accounts (2004-2005) of National Brain Research Centre, Manesar and related papers.,VI. Report and Accounts (2004-2005) of National Institute of Immunology and related papers.,VII. Report and accounts (2004-05) of Centre for DNA finger printing and diagnostics, Hyderabad and related papers. (15-Dec-2005)' from the RS Debates Digital Library

This study considers the learning development in the human brain through different ages in order to understand the specific cognition process at some age’s stages. From the first stage when trillions of connections between the neurons of the new child born to the later age, the human being acquires various experiences related to the type of function development of the brain structures, such as the posterior cortical regions and finally anterior regions, the sensory-motor cortex and brain stem, grey matter, and prefrontal and posterior. That beneficial for improving the skills and abilities when human being learns upon males and females. That important to produce an experience of, for instance, thinking, emotion, language processes, able to speak, anxiety, mathematics, logic, and other behavior.

This study considers the learning development in the human brain through different ages in order to understand the specific cognition process at some age’s stages. From the first stage when trillions of connections between the neurons of the new child born to the later age, the human being acquires various experiences related to the type of function development of the brain structures, such as the posterior cortical regions and finally anterior regions, the sensory-motor cortex and brain stem, grey matter, and prefrontal and posterior. That beneficial for improving the skills and abilities when human being learns upon males and females. That important to produce an experience of, for instance, thinking, emotion, language processes, able to speak, anxiety, mathematics, logic, and other behavior.

This report describes the development of M4, a mobile robot project in joint development with the MIT Leg Lab. Because M4 is a quadruped automaton it must incorporate a vision system that allows for real-time interpretation of its surroundings and response to its own initiatives in those surroundings. This mutual feedback and correlation between the active vision and sensory-motor systems is imperative for such biologically inspired designs.

Brain metastasis represents a poor prognosis and is frequently the cause of death in breast cancer patients. Tumor microcirculation and oxygenation play important roles in malignant progression and metastasis, as well as response to various therapies. Understanding of hypoxia development and its relationship with blood brain barrier (BBB) during intracranial tumor growth will be crucial for clinical management of breast cancer brain metastasis. We have developed a MRI approach based on an interleaved T2*- and T1-weighted MRI sequence, which will provide information of both tumor vascular and tissue oxygenation. Moreover, by introducing hypoxia reporter gene (HRE-luciferase) into breast tumor lines, we will be able to use bioluminescence imaging to monitor hypoxia initiation and development of intracranial tumors. We will also correlate BBB function based on dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) MRI with tumor hypoxia. We believe that integration of MRI and BLI will provide temporal and spatial information of tumor hypoxia evolution. Tumor hypoxia leads to resistance to anticancer therapies, in particular radiation, which is perhaps the most important treatment modality in our current armamentarium for brain metastasis. A combination of radiation with hypoxia modifier, 2-methoxyestradiol, on brain metastases will be evaluated by in vivo imaging.

A review of previous mammalian visual systems neurological and psychological research is presented. Results of previous research motivated the development of a device that would record fine grained electroencephalic data from the surface of a living mammalian cortex. A multiplexing multielectrode array has been developed and tested for this purpose. The device consists of a four by four array of electrodes and sixteen junction field effect transistors fabricated on a silicon substrate using integrated circuit manufacturing techniques. In vitro tests indicated the device is capable of detecting and multiplexing fine grained cortical signals. Technical problems with the passivation material precluded in vivo evaluation. A solution to this problem is presented and an in vivo test procedure recommended. (Author)

The physical, chemical, and physiological development of the brain and consequent behavior in all species of higher animals evolves from the continuous interaction of genetic and numerous environmental factors. Among the latter are nutritional, disease, psychological, learning, and cultural variables. Of these, nutrition is concerned directly with providing energy and nutrients needed for cellular structures and various metabolic systems. Indirectly, food may serve as a stimulus for behavior as well as providing a basis for social interaction. In most instances, the specific effects of sub-optimal nutrition on brain development in man are inseparable from those of other environmental factors. In some instances--such as when nutrients are imperfectly utilized owing to inborn errors of metabolism, or when nutrients are lacking--malnutrition, per se, clearly alters the central nervous system by acutely or chronically limiting its metabolic, structural and functional capabilities and performance. In other circumstances, malnutrition, reflected in chronic limitation of amounts of food consumed, may result in general stunting of growth accompanied by reduced brain size, decreased brain cell number, and immature or incomplete biochemical organization of the brain. (Author/JM)

The physical, chemical, and physiological development of the brain and consequent behavior in all species of higher animals evolves from the continuous interaction of genetic and numerous environmental factors. Among the latter are nutritional, disease, psychological, learning, and cultural variables. Of these, nutrition is concerned directly with providing energy and nutrients needed for cellular structures and various metabolic systems. Indirectly, food may serve as a stimulus for behavior as well as providing a basis for social interaction. In most instances, the specific effects of sub-optimal nutrition on brain development in man are inseparable from those of other environmental factors. In some instances--such as when nutrients are imperfectly utilized owing to inborn errors of metabolism, or when nutrients are lacking--malnutrition, per se, clearly alters the central nervous system by acutely or chronically limiting its metabolic, structural and functional capabilities and performance. In other circumstances, malnutrition, reflected in chronic limitation of amounts of food consumed, may result in general stunting of growth accompanied by reduced brain size, decreased brain cell number, and immature or incomplete biochemical organization of the brain. (Author/JM)

xiv, 456 p. 22 cm

I was so honored to spend time with Rahaf from Gaza. Rahaf is a 3-year-old double amputee who lost her legs in an airstrike. She’s absolutely adorable and the most loving, smart, playful little girl.🥹💕 I am so thankful to @The PCRF for facilitating her medical evacuation. They are my heroes! I will link to them in my bio. When I saw pictures of Rahaf in Gaza on the hospital floor, I saw the devastating consequences of endless bombing and continuous violations of children’s human rights. Rahaf is now thriving because she has access to medical care, food, water and a safe place to live. It’s so clear what we need to give children so they can grow up into healthy, happy adults. I was also honored to spend time with Rahaf’s wonderful mom, Israa. She is a teacher as well. We FaceTimed with Rahaf’s two adorable, young brothers who are still Gaza with their dad. I watched her look at them proudly, like I look at my son. I imagined myself holding up the phone in the US with my daughter, now a double amputee from an airstrike, away from my son and husband in Gaza, unable to help them - unable to feed them and keep them safe. Israa and Rahaf don’t eat in front of the boys anymore on FaceTime because there’s so little food there. Israa and I both love our children with all of our hearts. We’re both teachers who know what kids need to thrive. We want the same things for our sweet babies. But my son will have dinner tonight, a story and snuggle with me, school in the morning and hers won’t. It’s so clear what needs to be done for kids in Gaza by the global community. We know treating children like they are being treated in Gaza isn’t right morally and ethically. We know it in our souls and hearts. It doesn’t align with the teachings of our religions. We also have so much research on brain development that shows how trauma and malnutrition during the first three years of life can have life long consequences. Leaders who are silent and not helping these children, you should be ashamed. Your silence will be remembered. Help my friends, like sweet Rahaf, now. Proud to be married to Mr Aron, who brought her so much joy and so many giggles! #gaza #msrachel

  Try the Super Hydrated Oxygated Water and see the amazing results for yourself at https://inhalehydration.com/discount/SARAHWESTALLShow more Fix the addictive issue with M Blue with Mitocure RX and increase your body's energy permanently https://wi2fproducts/mitocure-rxt/SarahMitoCure?redirect=%2Fproducts%2Fmitocure-rx Purchase NMN+G RX at https://wizardsciences.com/discount/SarahNMN?redirect=%2Fproducts%2Fnmn-rx Learn more about Ion Mitchell's lab and products at https://wizardsciences.com/?rfsn=7902827.b22640&utm_source=refersion&utm_medium=affiliate&utm_campaign=7902827.b22640 Scientist and futurist, Ion Mitchell, rejoins the program to discuss the amazing abilities our body and brain has when functioning properly and put under healthy stress and exercise. Mitchell has worked for leading labs across the country including for NASA. He now runs his own lab and generates products for his own company and for many other companies in the industry. You can learn more about Ion and his products at https://wizardsciences.com/?rfsn=7902827.b22640&utm_source=refersion&utm_medium=affiliate&utm_campaign=7902827.b22640 MUSIC CREDITS: “In Epic World” by Valentina Gribanova, licensed for broad internet media use, including video and audio Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use. Disclaimer: "As a journalist, I report what significant newsmakers are claiming. I do not have the resources or time to fully investigate all claims. Stories and people interviewed are selected based on relevance, listener requests, and by suggestions of those I highly respect. It is the responsibility of each viewer to evaluate the facts presented and then research each story further. Show less CSID: 035adbea301fe272 Content Managed by ContentSafe.co

This article is from BMC Bioinformatics , volume 12 . Abstract Background: Comparing biological time series data across different conditions, or different specimens, is a common but still challenging task. Algorithms aligning two time series represent a valuable tool for such comparisons. While many powerful computation tools for time series alignment have been developed, they do not provide significance estimates for time shift measurements. Results: Here, we present an extended version of the original DTW algorithm that allows us to determine the significance of time shift estimates in time series alignments, the DTW-Significance (DTW-S) algorithm. The DTW-S combines important properties of the original algorithm and other published time series alignment tools: DTW-S calculates the optimal alignment for each time point of each gene, it uses interpolated time points for time shift estimation, and it does not require alignment of the time-series end points. As a new feature, we implement a simulation procedure based on parameters estimated from real time series data, on a series-by-series basis, allowing us to determine the false positive rate (FPR) and the significance of the estimated time shift values. We assess the performance of our method using simulation data and real expression time series from two published primate brain expression datasets. Our results show that this method can provide accurate and robust time shift estimates for each time point on a gene-by-gene basis. Using these estimates, we are able to uncover novel features of the biological processes underlying human brain development and maturation. Conclusions: The DTW-S provides a convenient tool for calculating accurate and robust time shift estimates at each time point for each gene, based on time series data. The estimates can be used to uncover novel biological features of the system being studied. The DTW-S is freely available as an R package TimeShift at http://www.picb.ac.cn/Comparative/data.html.

This article is from PLoS ONE , volume 9 . Abstract Oligophrenin-1 (OPHN1) encodes for a Rho-GTPase-activating protein, important for dendritic morphogenesis and synaptic function. Mutations in this gene have been identified in patients with X-linked intellectual disability associated with cerebellar hypoplasia. ADAR enzymes are responsible for A-to-I RNA editing, an essential post-transcriptional RNA modification contributing to transcriptome and proteome diversification. Specifically, ADAR2 activity is essential for brain development and function. Herein, we show that the OPHN1 transcript undergoes post-transcriptional modifications such as A-to-I RNA editing and alternative splicing in human brain and other tissues. We found that OPHN1 editing is detectable already at the 18th week of gestation in human brain with a boost of editing at weeks 20 to 33, concomitantly with OPHN1 expression increase and the appearance of a novel OPHN1 splicing isoform. Our results demonstrate that multiple post-transcriptional events occur on OPHN1, a gene playing an important role in brain function and development.

Self-regulation–a multidimensional construct that encompasses aspects of executive function (EF), self-control, effortful control, delay of gratification, and emotion regulation–is a developmental process associated with both cognitive development and psychosocial wellbeing in childhood (Ursache et al., 2011; McClelland et al., 2018). Previous work has highlighted the role of sleep and stress on the development of self-regulation in childhood, indicating that adequate duration and quality of sleep supports self regulation, while experiences of stress negatively impact self regulation development (Bernier et al., 2013; Blair & Raver, 2012; Williams et al., 2017). The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is a key brain region underlying self-regulation processes (Blair & Ursache, 2011; Heatherton & Wagner, 2011) and is shaped by the environmental factors of (1) stress—via cortical thickness (CT) (Feola et al., 2020), volume (V) (Hanson et al., 2012), and surface area (SA) (Stomby et al., 2016)—and (2) sleep—via CT (Goldstone et al., 2018) and V (Kocevska et al., 2016; Urilla et al., 2017). The amygdala and hippocampus are also key regions associated with sleep and stress, and may have implications for self regulation development (Gunnar & Quevedo, 2007; Hansen & Simon et al., 2022; McEwen, 2007; Oshri et al., 2019). However, it is unclear whether the structure of these brain regions mechanistically links experiential measures (stress, sleep) and self regulation development during childhood. The present, pre-registered study (https://osf.io/dn9pg) fills this gap by investigating whether and how sleep and stress influence self-regulation in early childhood, and whether the structure (CT, SA, and V) of neuroanatomical regions of interest (PFC, amygdala, hippocampus) mediate these relationships. Specifically, we examine three hypotheses: H1: Greater cumulative childhood stress will be associated with lower self-regulation. H2: Less sleep/lower quality sleep will be associated with lower self-regulation. H3: The relationships described in H1 and H2 will be mediated by (a) CT, SA, and V of the PFC bilaterally, and (b) volume of the amygdala and hippocampus bilaterally. Participants were 76 children (59% male) aged 4-7 years old (M=5.7 years, SD=0.7) enrolled in either pre-K or Kindergarten, and were socioeconomically, racially, and ethnically diverse. Caregivers reported family income-to-needs ratio, and completed standardized questionnaires about child stress (LES-C; Coddington, 1972), child sleep quality and duration (TCSQ; McGreavey et al., 2005), and self-regulation (BASC-2; Kamphaus & Reynolds, 2011; BRIEF-2; Gioia et al., 2015). Children also completed whole-head, high resolution T1 MPRAGE MRI scans, and automated and manual quality checks were applied. Freesurfer will be used to extract CT, SA, and V of the bilateral PFC (superior, middle, and inferior frontal gyri), and the V of bilateral hippocampi and amygdalae. Hypotheses will be evaluated using multiple regression models and bootstrapped mediation analyses, controlling for child age, sex, and income-to-needs ratio. Additionally, supplementary, exploratory analyses will examine hypotheses in whole-brain analyses using general linear models in Freesurfer. Results will help elucidate the neuroanatomical mechanisms by which sleep and stress influence the development of self-regulation in early childhood, which has implications for reducing disparities in this key developmental capacity that is crucial for school readiness and child wellbeing. Additionally, because both sleep and stress are affected by structural inequities (e.g., noise exposure, violence exposure, income inequality), this work also has important implications for focusing interventions on structural factors that may ultimately lead to broader social and educational equity.

This project aims to examine the neural responses of elite athletes using electroencephalography (EEG) during cognitive-perceptual training of anticipation in tennis. Skilled anticipation will be assessed using a previously validated and published tennis anticipation EEG paradigm (Denis et al., 2017). The cognitive perceptual training protocol is based on previous literature that used cognitive-perceptual anticipatory training to improve behavioural performance in tennis players on a measure of anticipation (Smeeton et al., 2005).

This longitudinal study explores relations between language input and brain myelination over the first years of life using LENA and MRI technology.

The present study wants to evaluate the brain development of extremely preterm infants by analyzing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans at 30 and 40 weeks of corrected age. Additionally, the study aims to investigate how interpersonal variability, clinical history, and brain injuries are correlated with subsequent outcomes and MRI images obtained at 8-12 years of age. The data of preterm infants will then be compared to MRI scans obtained from healthy children, who are participants in the YOUth study. Our focus is on examining both longitudinal and cross-sectional data in order to explore potential differences in growth trajectories between these two groups.

Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) encompasses physical, behavioral, and cognitive impairments stemming from maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy, contributing to an elevated risk of internalizing disorders and disruptions in structural brain connectivity during childhood. The present study extends previous work linking PAE to connectivity alterations in the uncinate fasciculus and cingulum bundle tracts. Differences in fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity in these tracts correlate with heightened internalizing symptoms in adolescence, likely due to their connections with emotional processing and self-regulation brain regions. Thus, given the shared outcomes and temporal sequence of PAE and structural connectivity changes, our research will investigate if PAE alters the structure of key brain tracts during development, heightening the risk of internalizing symptoms in adolescence. By utilizing data from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development study, we focus on a cohort of mothers and their offspring (ages 9-10 at baseline) with maternal self-report on in-utero alcohol exposure. We will conduct a mediation analysis with PAE as the predictor, diffusion tensor imaging in the offspring at ages 9-10 as the mediator, and parent-reported internalizing symptoms in the offspring at ages 11-14 as our outcome. By integrating neuroscience, psychology, and public health insights, this study aims to inform interventions and public health strategies for this population.

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Examining associations between greenspace exposure, brain structure, and mental health and academic performance during early adolescence

Pre-registration for study focusing on screen usage patterns and major depressive within the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study dataset.

Using data from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study, we plan to examine the following questions: 1) Is school ethnic density associated with psychopathology symptoms in Black, Latine, and White children? 2) Are there differences according to immigration generation?

This study will examine longitudinal associations between age, SES, and brain network development in children ages 9-13 in the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) study.

Neural oscillations evolve during development in parallel to changes in cognition and brain structure, making their study central to understanding brain development (Cellier et al., 2021; Smit et al., 2011; Uhlhaas et al., 2010). To date, developmental research on oscillations has primarily used scalp-EEG (cf. Johnson et al., 2022; Yin et al., 2020). However, scalp-EEG does not access medial brain regions, such as those known to be critical to memory, and offers low spatial resolution (e.g., Ofen et al., 2019). To overcome these limitations, the current preregistration capitalizes on a unique opportunity to analyse EEG data recorded directly from the brains of neurosurgical patients being invasively monitored for seizure management. Intracranial EEG (iEEG) provides unparalleled access to the human brain with millisecond temporal and millimetre spatial resolution, and signal-to-noise ratio traditionally limited to animal neurophysiology (Johnson et al., 2020; Johnson & Knight, 2015; Ofen et al., 2019; Parvizi & Kastner, 2018). With seizure activity removed, iEEG represents healthy neural activity (Liu & Parvizi, 2019; Rossini et al., 2017). This preregistration aims to map human brain development by leveraging rare paediatric and adult iEEG recordings. Using task-based (i.e., attention to to-be-remembered visual stimuli) and task-free (i.e., resting-state) data from approximately 90 iEEG patients aged 5-55 years, we will map functional brain development in high definition by quantifying oscillatory (periodic) and aperiodic signatures of brain activity across the human cortex. By recording directly from medial temporal and prefrontal cortices, a recent landmark study revealed that there is a speeding up and slowing down of two distinct theta oscillations from age 5 to 21 years (Johnson et al., 2022). However, while this dissociation in theta oscillations mirrors both the structural maturation of the cortex and developmental improvements in cognition (e.g., memory, attention), it was not found to be directly associated with developmental differences in memory performance. As argued by the authors, differentiation of theta oscillations in key memory structures may reflect a core aspect of brain development. To comprehensively test this proposal, this preregistration examines lifespan variability in oscillatory peaks across the 1-30 Hz spectrum, across the cortex, across task-based and task-free contexts, and in a large sample size. Aperiodic signals will also be examined to model “background” neural activity, which indexes excitation/inhibition (E/I) balance, and is often ignored in developmental work and has only recently gained traction in adult work (e.g., Bornkessel-Schlesewsky et al., 2022; Cross et al., 2022; Ouyang et al., 2020; Waschke et al., 2021). For example, the aperiodic slope is associated with healthy aging compared to age-related cognitive decline (Merkin et al., 2023), and thus may be a critical marker of brain development (Schaworonkow & Voytek, 2021). The aperiodic component is also characterised by its spectral offset, with a higher offset correlated with increased neuronal population spiking (Manning et al., 2009; Miller et al., 2012), as well as the BOLD signal (Jacob et al., 2021; Winawer et al., 2013). Additionally, structural MRI data – specifically regional grey matter volume – will be correlated with age-related changes in regional peak oscillatory and aperiodic activity, as well as memory performance. Taken together, this study will develop a comprehensive, neurobiologically informed model of human cortical development by combining task-based and task-free neural activity from iEEG, quantifying their relationship with memory outcomes and brain structure, and tracking developmental differences from childhood to late middle adulthood.

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The human brain is organized into large-scale functional modules that have been shown to evolve in childhood and adolescence. However, it remains unknown whether structural brain networks are similarly refined during development, potentially allowing for improvements in executive function. In a sample of 882 participants (ages 8-22) who underwent diffusion imaging as part of the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort, we demonstrate that structural network modules become more segregated with age, with weaker connections between modules and stronger connections within modules. Evolving modular topology facilitated network integration, driven by age-related strengthening of hub edges that were present both within and between modules. Critically, both modular segregation and network integration were associated with enhanced executive performance, and mediated the improvement of executive functioning with age. Together, results delineate a process of structural network maturation that supports executive function in youth.

"Vaccines and Brain Development" - Dr. Russell Blaylock CDC officials claim vaccines are safe and effective. Is that true? If vaccines are safe, why did the incidence of autism increase from one case of autism in 10,000 American children to one case of autism in 150 American children after the massive childhood vaccination program began? If childhood vaccines are safe, why are 560,000 vaccinated children afflicted with autism while nonvaccinated Amish and Mennonite children rarely have the disease? Why has the incidence of asthma, allergies, autoimmune disease, Type I diabetes, and neurologic conditions dramatically increased in vaccinated children? Why do obstetricians give pregnant women influenza vaccines that contain a toxic dose of mercury? Why do newborn children receive Hepatitis B vaccine in the nursery when there is no medical justification for the immunization? Dr. Blaylock's discussion addresses those, and many other, issues. If you are concerned about your health, and the health of your family, you must watch this DVD. This presentation was given at the 2008 Radio Liberty Seminar. Get DVD here http://www.radioliberty.com/vvabd.html

This article is from Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience , volume 7 . Abstract The central nervous system (CNS) develops from the neural tube, a hollow structure filled with embryonic cerebrospinal fluid (eCSF) and surrounded by neuroepithelial cells. Several lines of evidence suggest that the eCSF contains diffusible factors regulating the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of the neuroepithelium, although these factors are only beginning to be uncovered. One possible candidate as eCSF morphogenetic molecule is SCO-spondin, a large glycoprotein whose secretion by the diencephalic roof plate starts at early developmental stages. In vitro, SCO-spondin promotes neuronal survival and differentiation, but its in vivo function still remains to be elucidated. Here we performed in vivo loss of function experiments for SCO-spondin during early brain development by injecting and electroporating a specific shRNA expression vector into the neural tube of chick embryos. We show that SCO-spondin knock down induces an increase in neuroepithelial cells proliferation concomitantly with a decrease in cellular differentiation toward neuronal lineages, leading to hyperplasia in both the diencephalon and the mesencephalon. In addition, SCO-spondin is required for the correct morphogenesis of the posterior commissure and pineal gland. Because SCO-spondin is secreted by the diencephalon, we sought to corroborate the long-range function of this protein in vitro by performing gain and loss of function experiments on mesencephalic explants. We find that culture medium enriched in SCO-spondin causes an increased neurodifferentiation of explanted mesencephalic region. Conversely, inhibitory antibodies against SCO-spondin cause a reduction in neurodifferentiation and an increase of mitosis when such explants are cultured in eCSF. Our results suggest that SCO-spondin is a crucial eCSF diffusible factor regulating the balance between proliferation and differentiation of the brain neuroepithelial cells.

A review of previous mammalian visual systems neurological and psychological research is presented. Results of previous research motivated the development of a device that would record fine grained electroencephalic data from the surface of a living mammalian cortex. A multiplexing multielectrode array has been developed and tested for this purpose. The device consists of a four by four array of electrodes and sixteen junction field effect transistors fabricated on a silicon substrate using integrated circuit manufacturing techniques. In vitro tests indicated the device is capable of detecting and multiplexing fine grained cortical signals. Technical problems with the passivation material precluded in vivo evaluation. A solution to this problem is presented and an in vivo test procedure recommended. (Author)