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Learning Machines 101 - A Gentle Introduction to Artificial Intelligence and Machine LearningEpisode Summary: In real life, there is no certainty. There are always exceptions. In this episode, two methods are discussed for making inferences in uncertain environments. In fuzzy set theory, a smart machine has certain beliefs about imprecisely defined concepts. In fuzzy measure theory, a smart machine has beliefs about precisely defined concepts but some beliefs are stronger. Read More »The post LM101-007: How to Reason About Uncertain Events using Fuzzy Set Theory and Fuzzy Measure Theory appeared first on Learning Machines 101.

Non-linear performance measures are widely used for the evaluation of learning algorithms. For example, $F$-measure is a commonly used performance measure for classification problems in machine learning and information retrieval community. We study the theoretical properties of a subset of non-linear performance measures called pseudo-linear performance measures which includes $F$-measure, \emph{Jaccard Index}, among many others. We establish that many notions of $F$-measures and \emph{Jaccard Index} are pseudo-linear functions of the per-class false negatives and false positives for binary, multiclass and multilabel classification. Based on this observation, we present a general reduction of such performance measure optimization problem to cost-sensitive classification problem with unknown costs. We then propose an algorithm with provable guarantees to obtain an approximately optimal classifier for the $F$-measure by solving a series of cost-sensitive classification problems. The strength of our analysis is to be valid on any dataset and any class of classifiers, extending the existing theoretical results on pseudo-linear measures, which are asymptotic in nature. We also establish the multi-objective nature of the $F$-score maximization problem by linking the algorithm with the weighted-sum approach used in multi-objective optimization. We present numerical experiments to illustrate the relative importance of cost asymmetry and thresholding when learning linear classifiers on various $F$-measure optimization tasks.

Non-linear performance measures are widely used for the evaluation of learning algorithms. For example, $F$-measure is a commonly used performance measure for classification problems in machine learning and information retrieval community. We study the theoretical properties of a subset of non-linear performance measures called pseudo-linear performance measures which includes $F$-measure, \emph{Jaccard Index}, among many others. We establish that many notions of $F$-measures and \emph{Jaccard Index} are pseudo-linear functions of the per-class false negatives and false positives for binary, multiclass and multilabel classification. Based on this observation, we present a general reduction of such performance measure optimization problem to cost-sensitive classification problem with unknown costs. We then propose an algorithm with provable guarantees to obtain an approximately optimal classifier for the $F$-measure by solving a series of cost-sensitive classification problems. The strength of our analysis is to be valid on any dataset and any class of classifiers, extending the existing theoretical results on pseudo-linear measures, which are asymptotic in nature. We also establish the multi-objective nature of the $F$-score maximization problem by linking the algorithm with the weighted-sum approach used in multi-objective optimization. We present numerical experiments to illustrate the relative importance of cost asymmetry and thresholding when learning linear classifiers on various $F$-measure optimization tasks.

Magnetic monopoles are studied in the context of a Two Measure Field Theory.

Source: Digital Library of India Scanning Centre: C-DAC, Noida Source Library: Ratan Tata Library, University Delhi Date Accessioned: 7/10/2015 20:55 The Digital Library of India was a project under the auspices of the Government of India.

Source: Digital Library of India Scanning Centre: C-DAC, Noida Source Library: Ratan Tata Library, University Delhi Date Accessioned: 7/10/2015 20:55 The Digital Library of India was a project under the auspices of the Government of India.

The Kochen-Specker Theorem is widely interpreted to imply that non-contextual hidden variable theories that agree with the predictions of Copenhagen quantum mechanics are impossible. The import of the theorem for a novel observer independent interpretation of quantum mechanics, due to Sorkin, is investigated.

In this article we obtain a fundamental measure functional for the model of aligned hard hexagons in the plane. Our aim is not just to provide a functional for a new, admittedly academic, model, but to investigate the structure of fundamental measure theory. A model of aligned hard hexagons has similarities with the hard disk model. Both share "lost cases", i.e. admit configurations of three particles in which there is pairwise overlap but not triple overlap. These configurations are known to be problematic for fundamental measure functionals, which are not able to capture their contribution correctly. This failure lies in the inability of these functionals to yield a correct low density limit of the third order direct correlation function. Here we derive the functional by projecting aligned hard cubes on the plane x+y+z=0. The correct dimensional crossover behavior of these functionals permits us to follow this strategy. The functional of aligned hard cubes, however, does not have lost cases, so neither had the resulting functional for aligned hard hexagons. The latter exhibits, in fact, a peculiar structure as compared to the one for hard disks. It depends on a uniparametric family of weighted densities through a new term not appearing in the functional for hard disks. Apart from studying the freezing of this system, we discuss the implications of the functional structure for new developments of fundamental measure theory.

An attempt is made to find a comprehensive mathematical framework in which to investigate the problems of well-posedness and asymptotic analysis for fully nonlinear evolutionary game theoretic models. The model should be rich enough to include all classical nonlinearities, e.g., Beverton-Holt or Ricker type. For several such models formulated on the space of integrable functions, it is known that as the variance of the payoff kernel becomes small the solution converges in the long term to a Dirac measure centered at the fittest strategy; thus the limit of the solution is not in the state space of integrable functions. Starting with the replicator-mutator equation and a generalized logistic equation as bases, a general model is formulated as a dynamical system on the state space of finite signed measures. Well-posedness is established, and then it is shown that by choosing appropriate payoff kernels this model includes all classical density models, both selection and mutation, and discrete and continuous strategy (trait) spaces.

Fundamental measure theory (FMT) for hard particles has great potential for predicting the phase behavior of colloidal and nanometric shapes. The modern versions of FMT are usually derived from the zero-dimensional limit, a system of at most one particle confined in a collection of cavities in the limit that all cavities shrink to the size of the particle. In [Phys. Rev. E 85, 041150 (2012)], a derivation from an approximated and resummed virial expansion was presented, whose result was not fully consistent with the FMT from the zero-dimensional limit. Here we improve upon this derivation and obtaining exactly the same FMT functional as was obtained earlier from the zero-dimensional limit. As a result, further improvements of FMT based on the virial expansion can now be formulated, some of which we suggest in the outlook.

This article begins with a review of quantum measure spaces. Quantum forms and indefinite inner-product spaces are then discussed. The main part of the paper introduces a quantum integral and derives some of its properties. The quantum integral's form for simple functions is characterized and it is shown that the quantum integral generalizes the Lebesgue integral. A bounded, monotone convergence theorem for quantum integrals is obtained and it is shown that a Radon-Nikodym type theorem does not hold for quantum measures. As an example, a quantum-Lebesgue integral on the real line is considered.

One obtains Bell's inequalities if one posits a hypothetical joint probability distribution, or {\it measure}, whose marginals yield the probabilities produced by the spin measurements in question. The existence of a joint measure is in turn equivalent to a certain causality condition known as ``screening off''. We show that if one assumes, more generally, a joint {\it quantal measure}, or ``decoherence functional'', one obtains instead an analogous inequality weaker by a factor of $\sqrt{2}$. The proof of this ``Tsirel'son inequality'' is geometrical and rests on the possibility of associating a Hilbert space to any strongly positive quantal measure. These results lead both to a {\it question}: ``Does a joint measure follow from some quantal analog of `screening off'?'', and to the {\it observation} that non-contextual hidden variables are viable in histories-based quantum mechanics, even if they are excluded classically.

A new measure of intrinsic time is introduced which broadens the endochronic theory and lends it a wider predictive scope. Idealized plastic models are shown to be constitutive subsets of the general theory and the phenomenon of yield is proved to be a consequence of a particular definition of the intrinsic time measure in terms of the plastic strain tensor. Various versions of the classical plasticity theory are shown to be asymptotic cases of the endochronic theory. In particular the kinematic hardening model, the isotropic hardening model as well as their combinations, are derivable directly from the general theory. In addition, the translation vector of the yield surface in stress space is found to be a constitutive property given by a linear functional of the history of the plastic strain. The Prager and Ziegler rules are immediately obtainable as special cases. It is also shown that the essential features of plastic response under conditions of 'stress reversals', are contained in the constitutive equation whose form remains invariant of the deformation history. It is believed that this is the first time that one single constitutive equation has been shown to predict correctly the essential features of plastic response under conditions of loading, unloading and reloading. However, when the intrinsic time measure is precisely equal to the norm of the increment of the plastic strain tensor, the constitutive unity, spoken of above, no longer exists.

"On a Theory of the Syzygetic Relations of Two Rational Integral Functions, Comprising an Application to the Theory of Sturm's Functions, and That of the Greatest Algebraical Common Measure" is an article from Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Volume 143 . View more articles from Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . View this article on JSTOR . View this article's JSTOR metadata . You may also retrieve all of this items metadata in JSON at the following URL: https://archive.org/metadata/jstor-108572

Conspiracy theories are everywhere, yet measuring them is tricky. Individuals endorsing these beliefs are not always willing to disclose their views in self-report questionnaires. In this study we design an instrument to distinguish CT-believers from non-believers, by measuring how quickly they react to conspiracy-related stimuli after the activation of a relevant topic.

The NoMAD questionnaire is a measurement instrument to assess normalisation as an implementation outcome. The original English version of the questionnaire was developed by Finch and colleagues (2018).The NoMAD has been translated into several languages. This project brings NoMAD data from German health care innovation implementation projects together to derive a common German Normalization Process Theory Measure (G-NoMAD).

Regularization functionals that lower level set boundary length when used with L^1 fidelity functionals on signal de-noising on images create artifacts. These are (i) rounding of corners, (ii) shrinking of radii, (iii) shrinking of cusps, and (iv) non-smoothing of staircasing. Regularity functionals based upon total curvature of level set boundaries do not create artifacts (i) and (ii). An adjusted fidelity term based on the flat norm on the current (a distributional graph) representing the density of curvature of level sets boundaries can minimize (iii) by weighting the position of a cusp. A regularity term to eliminate staircasing can be based upon the mass of the current representing the graph of an image function or its second derivatives. Densities on the Grassmann bundle of the Grassmann bundle of the ambient space of the graph can be used to identify patterns, textures, occlusion and lines.

This is a Notebook of Geometric Measure Theory, Number Theory (Ramanujan's Mathematics), Theoretical Cosmology and String Theory  (This research paper represents a collaborative effort between myself and an AI assistant ( Grok 3 beta ). It is the result of an engaging dialogue where ideas were exchanged, refined, and enhanced through an AI-supported process. The aim is to showcase how human creativity and artificial intelligence can work together to explore mathematical concepts)

This paper considered the fairness of mutual exclusion elements, the most important building block for any arbiter, A probabilistic choice set model was introduced to capture the choice behavior of such elements. Using this model on infinite sequences we defined a probabilistic notion of fairness, and shown that mutual exclusion elements are fair in general, provided that a simple assumption about their probabilistic behavior is satisfied. (Any well-designed mutual exclusion element does satisfy the assumption.) We extended this result to establish the fairness of a wide class of arbiters including virtually all known non-prioritized multi-input designs. This essentially settles the weak fairness question for non-prioritized arbiters; in general such arbiters are fair in a sense that is very close to the standard notion of weak fairness.

In this paper we develop a notion of measure theory over boolean toposes which is analogous to noncommutative measure theory, i.e. to the theory of von Neumann algebras. This is part of a larger project to study relations between topos theory and noncommutative geometry. The main result is a topos theoretic version of the modular time evolution of von Neumann algebra which take the form of a canonical R+*-principal bundle over any integrable locally separated boolean topos.

Summary of abstract Field theory models including gauge theories with SSB are presented where the energy density of the true vacuum state (TVS) is zero without fine tuning. The above models are constructed in the gravitational theory where a measure of integration \Phi in the action is not necessarily \sqrt{-g} but it is determined dynamically through additional degrees of freedom. The ratio \Phi/\sqrt{-g} is a scalar field which can be solved in terms of the matter degrees of freedom due to the existence of a constraint. We study a few explicit field theory models where it is possible to combine the solution of the cosmological constant problem with: 1) possibility for inflationary scenario for the early universe; 2) spontaneously broken gauge unified theories (including fermions). The models are free from the well known problem of the usual scalar-tensor theories in what is concerned with the classical GR tests. The only difference of the field equations in the Einstein frame from the canonical equations of the selfconsistent system of Einstein's gravity and matter fields, is the appearance of the effective scalar field potential which vanishes in TVS without fine tuning.

Summary of abstract Field theory models including gauge theories with SSB are presented where the energy density of the true vacuum state (TVS) is zero without fine tuning. The above models are constructed in the gravitational theory where a measure of integration \Phi in the action is not necessarily \sqrt{-g} but it is determined dynamically through additional degrees of freedom. The ratio \Phi/\sqrt{-g} is a scalar field which can be solved in terms of the matter degrees of freedom due to the existence of a constraint. We study a few explicit field theory models where it is possible to combine the solution of the cosmological constant problem with: 1) possibility for inflationary scenario for the early universe; 2) spontaneously broken gauge unified theories (including fermions). The models are free from the well known problem of the usual scalar-tensor theories in what is concerned with the classical GR tests. The only difference of the field equations in the Einstein frame from the canonical equations of the selfconsistent system of Einstein's gravity and matter fields, is the appearance of the effective scalar field potential which vanishes in TVS without fine tuning.

Summary of abstract Field theory models including gauge theories with SSB are presented where the energy density of the true vacuum state (TVS) is zero without fine tuning. The above models are constructed in the gravitational theory where a measure of integration \Phi in the action is not necessarily \sqrt{-g} but it is determined dynamically through additional degrees of freedom. The ratio \Phi/\sqrt{-g} is a scalar field which can be solved in terms of the matter degrees of freedom due to the existence of a constraint. We study a few explicit field theory models where it is possible to combine the solution of the cosmological constant problem with: 1) possibility for inflationary scenario for the early universe; 2) spontaneously broken gauge unified theories (including fermions). The models are free from the well known problem of the usual scalar-tensor theories in what is concerned with the classical GR tests. The only difference of the field equations in the Einstein frame from the canonical equations of the selfconsistent system of Einstein's gravity and matter fields, is the appearance of the effective scalar field potential which vanishes in TVS without fine tuning.

It is known that hyperbolic dynamical systems admit a unique invariant probability measure with maximal entropy. We prove an effective version of this statement and use it to estimate an upper bound for Hausdorff dimension of exceptional sets arising from dynamics.

In the literature concerning the monopole matter, three gauges: Dirac, Schwinger, and Wu-Yang's, have been contrasted to each other, and the Wu-Yang's often appears as the most preferable one. The article aims to analyse this view by interpreting the monopole situation in terms of the conventioal Fourier series theory; in particular, having relied on the Dirichlet theorem. It is shown that the monopole case can be labelled as a very spesific and even rather simple class of problems in the frame of that theory: all the three monopole gauges amount to practicaly the same one-dimentional problem for functions given on the interval [0,pi] having a single point of discontinuity; these three vary only in its location.In addition, some general aspects of the Aharonov-Bohm effect are discussed; the way of how any singular potentials such as monopole's, being allowed in physics, touche the essence of the physical gauge principle itself is considered.

This tutorial is an informal introduction to measure theory for people who are interested in reading papers that use measure theory. The tutorial assumes one has had at least a year of college-level calculus, some graduate level exposure to random processes, and familiarity with terms like �closed� and �open.� The focus is on the terms and ideas relevant to applied probability and information theory. There are no proofs and no exercises. Lecture Notes Collection FreeScience.info ID2240 Obtained from https://www.ee.washington.edu/techsite/papers/documents/UWEETR-2006-0008.pdf http://www.freescience.info/go.php?pagename=books&id=2240

Speaker : Tatiana Toro

An instrument was developed and used with grade 11 students and university teacher education students (intending English teachers) in British Columbia to explore their beliefs about appropriate ways to interpret segments of Shakespeare's "Macbeth." This is the second is a series of instruments designed to explore students' and teachers' reactions to concepts underlying critical theory. Research grants from Lakehead University and the University of British Columbia were used to develop and validate such instruments. This second instrument was developed and validated using similar methods to those used in developing the first: questions were developed by the team, validated by a panel of experts, piloted with a group of subjects, and revised by the team in light of comments. It differs from the first in that subjects are asked to choose between two paragraphs each illustrating critical response for the bulk of the questions (8 to 21) and to choose from among four 1-sentence descriptions of five others (22-26). Administration of the instrument required approximately 25 minutes including the video clip of Lady Macbeth's "Raven" speech. Subjects were not told the critical stances each response illustrated. Contains an informed consent form, instructions for the test, and the test itself. Appended is the list of critical stances illustrated by each response. (NKA)

Capacitive mixing (CAPMIX) and capacitive deionization (CDI) are promising candidates for harvesting clean, renewable energy and for the energy efficient production of potable water, respectively. Both CAPMIX and CDI involve water-immersed porous carbon (supercapacitors) electrodes at voltages of the order of hundreds of millivolts, such that counter-ionic packing is important for the electric double layer (EDL) which forms near the surface of these porous materials. Thus, we propose a density functional theory (DFT) to model the EDL, where the White-Bear mark II fundamental measure theory functional is combined with a mean-field Coulombic and a mean spherical approximation-type correction to describe the interplay between dense packing and electrostatics, in good agreement with molecular dynamics simulations. We discuss the concentration-dependent potential rise due to changes in the chemical potential in capacitors in the context of an over-ideal theoretical description and its impact on energy harvesting and water desalination. Compared to less elaborate mean-field models our DFT calculations reveal a higher work output for blue-energy cycles and a higher energy demand for desalination cycles.

Improving human systems integration through technologically advanced training and performance aids has become increasingly important to military transformation. Measures of improved cognitive and coordination processes arising from the employment of transformational tools are necessary to guide the refinement and future development of such technologies. In this paper we describe a Cognitive Load Theory approach to developing a combinatory measure of individual workload and team performance following an experimental intervention involving training and a Decision Support System. We discuss how indicators of what we term team decision efficiency can improve assessing the effectiveness of transformational processes and technologies.

This monograph is focused on some of the key modern mathematical tools that are used for the derivation of concentration inequalities, on their links to information theory, and on their various applications to communications and coding. Although it is a survey, it also includes various new recent results derived by the authors. The first part of this article introduces some classical concentration inequalities for martingales, and it also derives some recent refinements of these inequalities. The power and versatility of the martingale approach is exemplified in the context of codes defined on graphs and iterative decoding algorithms, and some other aspects that are related to wireless communications and coding. The second part of this article introduces the entropy method for deriving concentration inequalities for functions of many independent random variables, and it also exhibits its multiple connections to information theory. The basic ingredients of the entropy method are discussed first in conjunction with the closely related topic of logarithmic Sobolev inequalities. This discussion is complemented by a related viewpoint based on probability in metric spaces. This viewpoint centers around the so-called transportation-cost inequalities, whose roots are in information theory. Some representative results on concentration for dependent random variables are briefly summarized, with emphasis on their connections to the entropy method. Finally, the tutorial addresses several applications of the entropy method and related information-theoretic tools to problems in communications and coding. These include strong converses for several source and channel coding problems, empirical distributions of good channel codes with non-vanishing error probability, and an information-theoretic converse for concentration of measure.

This monograph is focused on some of the key modern mathematical tools that are used for the derivation of concentration inequalities, on their links to information theory, and on their various applications to communications and coding. Although it is a survey, it also includes various new recent results derived by the authors. The first part of this article introduces some classical concentration inequalities for martingales, and it also derives some recent refinements of these inequalities. The power and versatility of the martingale approach is exemplified in the context of codes defined on graphs and iterative decoding algorithms, and some other aspects that are related to wireless communications and coding. The second part of this article introduces the entropy method for deriving concentration inequalities for functions of many independent random variables, and it also exhibits its multiple connections to information theory. The basic ingredients of the entropy method are discussed first in conjunction with the closely related topic of logarithmic Sobolev inequalities. This discussion is complemented by a related viewpoint based on probability in metric spaces. This viewpoint centers around the so-called transportation-cost inequalities, whose roots are in information theory. Some representative results on concentration for dependent random variables are briefly summarized, with emphasis on their connections to the entropy method. Finally, the tutorial addresses several applications of the entropy method and related information-theoretic tools to problems in communications and coding. These include strong converses for several source and channel coding problems, empirical distributions of good channel codes with non-vanishing error probability, and an information-theoretic converse for concentration of measure.

This monograph is focused on some of the key modern mathematical tools that are used for the derivation of concentration inequalities, on their links to information theory, and on their various applications to communications and coding. Although it is a survey, it also includes various new recent results derived by the authors. The first part of this article introduces some classical concentration inequalities for martingales, and it also derives some recent refinements of these inequalities. The power and versatility of the martingale approach is exemplified in the context of codes defined on graphs and iterative decoding algorithms, and some other aspects that are related to wireless communications and coding. The second part of this article introduces the entropy method for deriving concentration inequalities for functions of many independent random variables, and it also exhibits its multiple connections to information theory. The basic ingredients of the entropy method are discussed first in conjunction with the closely related topic of logarithmic Sobolev inequalities. This discussion is complemented by a related viewpoint based on probability in metric spaces. This viewpoint centers around the so-called transportation-cost inequalities, whose roots are in information theory. Some representative results on concentration for dependent random variables are briefly summarized, with emphasis on their connections to the entropy method. Finally, the tutorial addresses several applications of the entropy method and related information-theoretic tools to problems in communications and coding. These include strong converses for several source and channel coding problems, empirical distributions of good channel codes with non-vanishing error probability, and an information-theoretic converse for concentration of measure.

These notes closely correspond to a series of lectures given by the first author in Toulouse, on the recent extension of the theory of ODE well-posedness to abstract spaces, jointly obtained by the two authors. In the last part, we describe some further developments with respect to the theory of (possibly degenerate) diffusion processes, in a similar setting, contained in the second author's PhD thesis.

Including the Haar measure we show that the effective potential of the regularized SU(2) Yang-Mills theory has a minimum at vanishing Wilson-line $W=0$ for strong coupling, whereas it develops two degenerate minima close to $W=\pm 1$ for weak coupling. This suggests that the non-abelian character of $SU(2)$ as contained in the Haar measure might be responsible for confinement.

We present the extension of Rosenfeld's fundamental measure theory to lattice models by constructing a density functional for d-dimensional mixtures of parallel hard hypercubes on a simple hypercubic lattice. The one-dimensional case is exactly solvable and two cases must be distinguished: all the species with the same lebgth parity (additive mixture), and arbitrary length parity (nonadditive mixture). At the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the latter case is considered. Based on the one-dimensional exact functional form, we propose the extension to higher dimensions by generalizing the zero-dimensional cavities method to lattice models. This assures the functional to have correct dimensional crossovers to any lower dimension, including the exact zero-dimensional limit. Some applications of the functional to particular systems are also shown.

Fractal geometry of random curves appearing in the scaling limit of critical two-dimensional statistical systems is characterized by their harmonic measure and winding angle. The former is the measure of the jaggedness of the curves while the latter quantifies their tendency to form logarithmic spirals. We show how these characteristics are related to local operators of conformal field theory and how they can be computed using conformal invariance of critical systems with central charge $c \leqslant 1$.

Fractal geometry of random curves appearing in the scaling limit of critical two-dimensional statistical systems is characterized by their harmonic measure and winding angle. The former is the measure of the jaggedness of the curves while the latter quantifies their tendency to form logarithmic spirals. We show how these characteristics are related to local operators of conformal field theory and how they can be computed using conformal invariance of critical systems with central charge $c \leqslant 1$.

An overview of several recent developments in density functional theory for classical inhomogeneous liquids is given. We show how Levy's constrained search method can be used to derive the variational principle that underlies density functional theory. An advantage of the method is that the Helmholtz free energy as a functional of a trial one-body density is given as an explicit expression, without reference to an external potential as is the case in the standard Mermin-Evans proof by reductio ad absurdum. We show how to generalize the approach in order to express the internal energy as a functional of the one-body density distribution and of the local entropy distribution. Here the local chemical potential and the bulk temperature play the role of Lagrange multipliers in the Euler-Lagrange equations for minimiziation of the functional. As an explicit approximation for the free-energy functional for hard sphere mixtures, the diagrammatic structure of Rosenfeld's fundamental measure density unctional is laid out. Recent extensions, based on the Kierlik-Rosinberg scalar weight functions, to binary and ternary non-additive hard sphere mixtures are described.

Previously, it has been shown that the direct correlation function for a Lennard-Jones fluid could be modeled by a sum of that for hard-spheres, a mean-field tail and a simple linear correction in the core region constructed so as to reproduce the (known) bulk equation of state of the fluid(Lutsko, JCP 127, 054701 (2007)). Here, this model is combined with ideas from Fundamental Measure Theory to construct a density functional theory for the free energy. The theory is shown to accurately describe a range of inhomogeneous conditions including the liquid-vapor interface, the fluid in contact with a hard wall and a fluid confined in a slit pore. The theory gives quantitatively accurate predictions for the surface tension, including its dependence on the potential cutoff. It also obeys two important exact conditions: that relating the direct correlation function to the functional derivative of the free energy with respect to density, and the wall theorem.

Previously, it has been shown that the direct correlation function for a Lennard-Jones fluid could be modeled by a sum of that for hard-spheres, a mean-field tail and a simple linear correction in the core region constructed so as to reproduce the (known) bulk equation of state of the fluid(Lutsko, JCP 127, 054701 (2007)). Here, this model is combined with ideas from Fundamental Measure Theory to construct a density functional theory for the free energy. The theory is shown to accurately describe a range of inhomogeneous conditions including the liquid-vapor interface, the fluid in contact with a hard wall and a fluid confined in a slit pore. The theory gives quantitatively accurate predictions for the surface tension, including its dependence on the potential cutoff. It also obeys two important exact conditions: that relating the direct correlation function to the functional derivative of the free energy with respect to density, and the wall theorem.

Previously, it has been shown that the direct correlation function for a Lennard-Jones fluid could be modeled by a sum of that for hard-spheres, a mean-field tail and a simple linear correction in the core region constructed so as to reproduce the (known) bulk equation of state of the fluid(Lutsko, JCP 127, 054701 (2007)). Here, this model is combined with ideas from Fundamental Measure Theory to construct a density functional theory for the free energy. The theory is shown to accurately describe a range of inhomogeneous conditions including the liquid-vapor interface, the fluid in contact with a hard wall and a fluid confined in a slit pore. The theory gives quantitatively accurate predictions for the surface tension, including its dependence on the potential cutoff. It also obeys two important exact conditions: that relating the direct correlation function to the functional derivative of the free energy with respect to density, and the wall theorem.

The structure of Collapse Models is investigated in the framework of Quantum Measure Theory, a histories-based approach to quantum mechanics. The underlying structure of coupled classical and quantum systems is elucidated in this approach which puts both systems on a spacetime footing. The nature of the coupling is exposed: the classical histories have no dynamics of their own but are simply tied, more or less closely, to the quantum histories.

We investigate the no-boundary measure in the context of moduli stabilization. To this end, we first show that for exponential potentials, there are no classical histories once the slope exceeds a critical value. We also investigate the probability distributions given by the no-boundary wave function near maxima of the potential. These results are then applied to a simple model that compactifies 6D to 4D (HBSV model) with fluxes. We find that the no-boundary wave function effectively stabilizes the moduli of the model. Moreover, we find the a priori probability for the cosmological constant in this model. We find that a negative value is preferred, and a vanishing cosmological constant is not distinguished by the probability measure. We also discuss the application to the cosmic landscape. Our preliminary arguments indicate that the probability of obtaining anti de Sitter space is vastly greater than for de Sitter.

chapter 2

Jungian measures have proven extremely popular, selling more than three million copies per year for use in various types of counseling. This study investigated the construct validity of scores from an alternative measure of Jungian personality, the Personal Preferences Self-Description Questionnaire (PPSDQ) (B. Thompson, 1996). Forms of the PPSDQ and the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (I. Myers and M. McCaulley, 1985) were completed by 394 college students. A variety of first- and second-order factor structure models, as well as concurrent validity models, were evaluated using structural equation modeling (SEM). In addition, factor invariance across gender was also evaluated using SEM. The PPSDQ was found to measure four underlying constructs adequately, as hypothesized. Evidence was also found for a higher-order factor underlying these four dimensions. No gender modeling effects were found in this data set. In general, the PPSDQ yielded results comparable to those from the Myers-Briggs measure. (Contains 4 tables, 16 figures, and 45 references.) (SLD)

We present some applications of the notion of numerosity to measure theory, including the construction of a non-Archimedean model for the probability of infinite sequences of coin tosses.

An anthropic principle has made it possible to answer the difficult question of why the observable value of cosmological constant ($\Lambda\sim 10^{-47}$ GeV${}^4$) is so disconcertingly tiny compared to predicted value of vacuum energy density $\rho_{SUSY}\sim 10^{12}$ GeV${}^4$. Unfortunately, there is a darker side to this argument, as it consequently leads to another absurd prediction: that the probability to observe the value $\Lambda=0$ for randomly selected observer exactly equals to 1. We'll call this controversy an infrared divergence problem. It is shown that the IRD prediction can be avoided with the help of a Linde-Vanchurin {\em singular runaway measure} coupled with the calculation of relative Bayesian probabilities by the means of the {\em doomsday argument}. Moreover, it is shown that while the IRD problem occurs for the {\em prediction stage} of value of $\Lambda$, it disappears at the {\em explanatory stage} when $\Lambda$ has already been measured by the observer.

We collect several open questions in Banach spaces, mostly related to measure theoretic aspects of the theory. The problems are divided into five categories: miscellaneous problems in Banach spaces (non-separable $L^p$ spaces, compactness in Banach spaces, $w^*$-null sequences in dual spaces), measurability in Banach spaces (Baire and Borel $\sigma$-algebras, measurable selectors), vector integration (Riemann, Pettis and McShane integrals), vector measures (range and associated $L^1$ spaces) and Lebesgue-Bochner spaces (topological and structural properties, scalar convergence).

In this paper, we defined three kinds of measures depending on the given finite directed graphs. For the given finite directed graph, we can construct the free semigroupoid, the diagram set and the reduced diagram set, as algebraic structures determined by the admissibility on the graph. The power sets of such structures are sigma algebras of them, respectively. On them, we can define a measure. The pain purpose of this paper is to introduce those three measures and observe some properties of them. Moreover, we consider Measure Theory on them