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After reviewing previous literature, it is evident that there is a vast amount of behavioural research spanning across a wide range of topics. For example, behavioural research has focused on increasing attendance uptake for NHS health checks, making food choices healthier, and preventing unnecessary prescribing of antibiotics (Chardborn, Gold and Amlôt, 2018). However, it remains unclear how health organisations are embedding behavioural research within their organisation. Additionally, many health organisations are producing valuable findings, however these are not being published in peer-reviewed scientific journal articles and therefore are limiting their contribution to the scientific literature on this topic. This scoping review aims to understand the embedded behavioural research conducted by health organisations and explore the methodological approaches employed within this research. Specifically, this review will focus on randomised control trials (RCTs), which are considered the most rigorous design to determine cause-effect relationships and assess the effectiveness of new interventions and their outcomes. RCTs minimise bias by using randomisation to balance participant characteristics between groups, ensuring there are no systematic differences that could influence the outcome. While other study designs can detect associations, they cannot rule out the possibility that these associations are driven by a third factor linked to both intervention and outcome (Hariton & Locascio, 2018; Sibbald & Roland, 1998). Another advantage of using RCTs is that they provide high-quality, well-defined assessment of outcomes. This is because data is collected prospectively and evaluated against pre-specified statistically significant criteria (Gale, Zhang & Lazarus, 2023). Firstly, we will search for peer-reviewed journal articles. Peer-reviewed journals are a way of sharing research findings and adding evidence to the literature. Peer-reviewed journal articles are widely considered the gold standard that are driving scholarly publications (Mayden, 2012). This is because they undergo a rigorous evaluation process before they are published to ensure the quality of manuscripts are of the highest standard. The process intends to be constructive, aiming to increase the likelihood of producing publishable material whilst also learning from reviewers (Ladomery, 2024). The process involves reviewers carefully reading and evaluating several factors within the research, such as the validity of the science, the quality of the experimental design and the appropriateness of methods used (Kelly, Sadeghieh & Adeli, 2014). Given that this review aims to explore methodologies used within RCTs, it deemed appropriate to first focus on peer-reviewed journal articles in order to include the highest quality of research in this area. As briefly mentioned not all health organisations are publishing their research in peer-reviewed journal articles, to ensure this scoping review does not exclude relevant research, we will also review grey literature. Grey literature can include a variety of sources such as reports, fact sheets, websites and policy documents (Godin, Stapleton, Kirkpatrick, Hanning & Leatherdale, 2015), and although not published in commercial publications, grey literature can have important contributions to a review (Paez, 2017). Including grey literature will help ensure this scoping review captures a broader range of evidence. This review focuses on embedded behavioural research. In this context, the term ‘embedded’ refers to studies that have conducted a RCT within a health organisation. To define this, studies must have at least one author from the affiliated health organisation where the RCT is being delivered/tested, or where the results of the RCT are being implemented. This is to ensure the review captures behavioural research that is specifically conducted and embedded in a health organisation.

Embedded systems are often subject to real-time constraints. Such systems require determinism to ensure that task deadlines are met. Schedulability analysis provides a firm basis to ensure that tasks meet their deadlines. Knowledge of bounds on worst-case execution times (WCET) of tasks is a critical piece of information required by schedulability analysis. Static timing analysis derives these bounds on WCETs, but requires that bounds on loop iterations be known statically, i.e., at compile time. This often limits the class of applications that may be analyzed by static timing analysis and, hence, used in a real-time system. Another limiting factor for real-time system design is the class of processors that may be used. Typically, modern, complex, processors may not be used in real-time systems design. Contemporary processors with their advanced architectural features, such as out-of-order execution, branch prediction, speculation, and prefetching, cannot be statically analyzed to obtain WCETs for tasks. The main reason is that these features introduce non-determinism to task execution, which can only be resolved at run-time. The contributions of this work are two-fold. First, we show how the constraint concerning statically bound loops may be relaxed and applied to make dynamic decisions at run-time to obtain power savings. Second, we introduce a new paradigm, which proposes minor enhancements to modern processor architectures, which, on interaction with software modules, is able to obtain tight, accurate timing analysis results for modern processors. To the best of our knowledge, these methods of (a) using run-time information to obtain accurate upper bounds for loops and using that information to achieve energy savings, and (b) hardware/software interactions to calculate WCET results for out-of-order processors, are the first of their kind. ©2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Andrew McDonnell https://linux.conf.au/schedule/30345/view_talk http://openradio.net.au/index.php/Main_Page#LCA_2016_Geelong

IEEE TSB Embedded Software Summer 2021 [session 9 to session 11].

Embedded Sass Host for Ruby This item contains old versions of the Arch Linux package for ruby-sass-embedded . Website of the upstream project: https://github.com/sass-contrib/sass-embedded-host-ruby License: MIT See the Arch Linux Archive documentation for details.

Physiological self-regulation training is a behavioral medicine intervention that has demonstrated capability to improve psychophysiological coping responses to stressful experiences and to foster optimal behavioral and cognitive performance. Once developed, these psychophysiological skills require regular practice for maintenance. A concomitant benefit of these physiologically monitored practice sessions is the opportunity to track crew psychophysiological responses to the challenges of the practice task in order to detect shifts in adaptability that may foretell performance degradation. Long-duration missions will include crew recreation periods that will afford physiological self-regulation training opportunities. However, to promote adherence to the regimen, the practice experience that occupies their recreation time must be perceived by the crew as engaging and entertaining throughout repeated reinforcement sessions on long-duration missions. NASA biocybernetic technologies and publications have developed a closed-loop concept that involves adjusting or modulating (cybernetic, for governing) a person's task environment based upon a comparison of that person's physiological responses (bio-) with a training or performance criterion. This approach affords the opportunity to deliver physiological self-regulation training in an entertaining and motivating fashion and can also be employed to create a conditioned association between effective performance state and task execution behaviors, while enabling tracking of individuals psychophysiological status over time in the context of an interactive task challenge. This paper describes the aerospace spin-off technologies in this training application area as well as the current spin-back application of the technologies to long-duration missions - the Recreation Embedded State Tuning for Optimal Readiness and Effectiveness (RESTORE) concept. The RESTORE technology is designed to provide a physiological self-regulation training countermeasure for maintaining and reinforcing cognitive readiness, resilience under psychological stress, and effective mood states in long-duration crews. The technology consists of a system for delivering physiological self-regulation training and for tracking crew central and autonomic nervous system function; the system interface is designed to be experienced as engaging and entertaining throughout repeated training sessions on long-duration missions. Consequently, this self-management technology has threefold capability for recreation, behavioral health problem prophylaxis and remediation, and psychophysiological assay. The RESTORE concept aims to reduce the risk of future manned exploration missions by enhancing the capability of individual crewmembers to self-regulate cognitive states through recreation-embedded training protocols to effectively deal with the psychological toll of long-duration space flight.

Project untuk UTS Embedded 2017 3 D4 EB

Slideset discussing the design and testing of spacecraft embedded computers.

From discrete mathematics, K7 is the complete graph with 7 nodes. Each node is connected to all other nodes. K7 is not planar, which means you cannot draw it without having the connections (the edges) cross. However, if you use the 2-dimensional representation of a torus, then you can embed K7 in that representation, and it is planar. This 3D print demonstrates this fact, with the deep ridges being the edges, and their intersection points are the nodes. For more information about this mathematical topic: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heawood_number There are two STL's -- one with K_7 engraved on the back, and one without.

Give a man a fish and feed him for a day. Teach a man to fish and feed him for a lifetime -Chinese Proverb For the past seven years, US and Coalition forces have trained the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) and fought and died with them in thousands of combat operations. With the number of violent attacks escalating by 40% in the first half of 2008, the US has committed to sending in more troops and equipment to combat the growing insurgent threat. Decisions like this made at the tactical, operational, and strategic levels contradict established counterinsurgent doctrine, have created a scenario that does not facilitate success by any measure, and impede the development of the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF). In order to achieve success in Afghanistan, Embedded Training Teams (ETTs) must be staffed, trained, and structured (in order) to foster the development and autonomy of the ANSF.

Isolating amplifiable RNA from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues is more difficult than isolating DNA because the potential for RNA degradation by RNases, chemical modification of the RNA by addition of methylol groups (-CH2OH), and cross-linking of nucleic acids and proteins during the fixation process. In our laboratories, these difficulties are increased when extended fixation times of 3 to 4 weeks are required for tissues infected with BSL-3 or -4 agents. Four commercially available kits with different nucleic acid isolation chemistries were evaluated for their ability to isolate RNA from FFPE West Nile virus-infected tissues. The quality of the extracted RNA was determined by using a fluorogenic 5' nuclease TaqManTM) PCR assay. A modification of the Paraffin Block RNA Isolation Kit that included an overnight proteinase K digestion was necessary to obtain amplifiable RNA from tissues formalin-fixed for 21 days. Extracting TaqManTM amplifiable RNA from Marburg- and Ebola virus-infected tissues, formalin-fixed for at least 30 days, further tested the modified extraction method. This improved extraction procedure for obtaining amplifiable RNA combined with the more sensitive and specific fluorogenic probe-based PCR assays will now permit retrospective and prospective studies on FFPE tissues infected with BSL-3 and -4 pathogens.

The focus of this research was to examine the perceived effectiveness of the Practical Assessment Exploration System (PAES) (J. Swisher, 1987) for making educational decisions at the instructional program level for students with disabilities across groups of teachers who have various levels of familiarity with the PAES. The PAES is a functional vocational skills curriculum with an embedded assessment of vocational potential. Tasks included in the curriculum are representative of business, home economics, and industrial education, and they provide students with opportunities to complete projects that are simulations of entry-level job tasks. Educators familiar with the PAES completed a survey about its use. Of the responses, 104 were included in the sample, with only 102 included in some analyses. Respondents generally perceived the PAES as more useful for making decisions related to transition planning; aptitude/achievement tests were considered more useful for making decisions associated with general education placements. Responses did not indicate significant differences between the two approaches for making statements about the present level of performance on the student's individualized education plan. Ultimately, the results suggest that students with disabilities are not served well by tests developed for their nondisabled peers. (Contains 7 tables and 33 references.) (SLD)

##** Join the Support Discussion Forum now to get latest news and more insights on the HevORT.** ##** Join the Discussion Group on Facebook now and exchange about the HevORT.** [](https://miragec79.github.io/HevORT/) _Click the banner to access [HevORT.com](www.hevort.com)_ # Why the HextrudORT: The HextrudORT is the simple combination of a proven concept and the desire to obtain a compact and lightweight print head for fast 3D printing. Re-using the internal components from the popular and efficient Bondtech BMG, this extruder was specifically designed to be merged to the [HevORT's](www.hevort.com) print head carriage. ## Bill of Material, Assembly Notes and more available at: [HextrudORT](https://miragec79.github.io/HextrudORT/) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5HKC9tRqtTw

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine if differences exists across measures of bone serum biomarkers, computed tomography, biomechanical testing and histomorphometry in bone of skeletally mature rats embedded with tungsten/nickel/cobal (WNiCo), tungsten/nickel/iron (WNiFe) and depleted uranium (DU) compared to Tantalum (Ta) control.

🚨Found Inside the @UNRWA HQ in Gaza City: UAVs, a Hamas Combat Compound and a War Room🚨 Following intelligence indicating that Hamas and Islamic Jihad terrorists were embedded inside the UNRWA Headquarters in Gaza City, the @IDF found a UAV, war rooms used for surveillance https://t.co/cQLrDBbFe6

This report summarizes the work done in AOARD project 094160, Formal System Verification for Trustworthy Embedded Systems. It begins by revisiting the original motivation and work plan, continues with a brief high-level summary of the project outcomes, and ends with four publications that describe the background and outcomes in depth.

Recent advances in spintronics resulted in the development of a new class of radiation-resistant nano-sized microwave devices - spin-torque nano-oscillators (STNO). To use these novel nano-scale devices in wireless communications system as either microwave sources or detectors it is necessary to develop antennas coupled to STNO and providing efficient radiation and reception of microwave radiation. We demonstrate that it is possible to design antennas of a sub-wavelength size that have sufficiently high efficiency to be successfully used in spintronic communication devices. A coplanar antenna has the best performance characteristics, because its impedance could be easily matched with the impedance of nano-scale spintronic devices. We developed prototype spintronic devices with matched coplanar antennas (oscillators and radar detectors) which could be embedded into armor, thereby improving the survivability of the antennas as well as reducing the visual signature of antennas on military vehicles.

Our overall goal in this research effort has been to reduce the time and cost of constructing embedded knowledge based systems that must handle uncertainty in information in a rigorous manner. Our fundamental approach actively assists subject-matter experts in organizing their knowledge inclusive of uncertainty to build such embedded systems in a consistent and correct as well as effective fashion. We pursued this by carefully examining the nature of uncertainty and information semantics and developing intelligent tools for verification and validation that provides assistance to the subject-matter expert in constructing their knowledge based systems. We have developed a prototype environment for constructing Bayesian Knowledge Bases called PESKI.

CONTRIBUTION of Moore's Law to Improvements of Embedded Systems: * Price/Performance: Gigaflops/$M affordability * Memory Capacity: programming simplifications * Steep memory hierarchy: programming inefficiencies and complexities * New flexibilities: e.g., reconfigurable hardware * New complexities: software and parallelism * Dramatic new system capabilities.

The immunogold silver technique was modified so that 1-2 micron thick glycol methacrylate sections could routinely be used for high resolution immunocytochemistry. A rabbit anti-human hemoglobin antibody was used to demonstrate the distribution of exogenous hemoglobin in mouse tissues. Inclusion of 0.1% glutaraldehyde in the primary formalin fixation improved tissue appearance. Glutaraldehyde treatment after colloidal gold antibody application increased the staining intensity, and gold chloride intensification of the silver-enhanced colloidal gold further improved immunosensitivity. Thus a more accurate analysis of hemoglobin distribution in tissue was obtained. The benefit of these enhancements was also demonstrated for localizing myelin basic protein in brain and for determining the proliferative status of tissue by localization of bromodeoxyuridine incorporation into nuclei. The efficiency of manual capillary-action staining performed during all steps in the immunogold-silver staining protocol was also demonstrated. This greatly simplified the procedure, reduced technician time, and produced better staining consistency. The immunogold-silver staining technique is simple, sensitive, economical, and relatively nontoxic.

We proposed a novel regime of operation of a spin-torque diode, based on excitation of large-angle out-of-plane magnetization precession. CPW antenna was used as a feed line to the detector. The transmitting antenna was a commercial horn antenna. Ten spintronic detectors of microwave radiation were built and tested at TARDEC. We are in the process of integrating of these radar detectors into armor. Arrays of spintronic radiation-hard detectors have two important applications: analysis of frequencies of incoming signals and RF energy harvesting.

The Vehicular Integration for C4ISR/EW Interoperability (VICTORY) Standard adopts many protocols that are traditionally used for developing enterprise application software deployed on general-purpose or server/workstation based computing platforms. This has led to discussions regarding the suitability of the VICTORY Standard for deployment to embedded and resource-constrained platforms. An independent software implementation of VICTORY core services was developed within the U.S Army Tank and Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC) VICTORY System Integration Lab (SIL). These services were ported from a general-purpose computing platform to an embedded environment. Test procedures were developed and extensive performance tests were conducted to determine the feasibility of operating in this resource-constrained environment. This paper discusses the development procedures, implementation, test procedures, and performance results.

In industrial production of high-wage countries, advanced automation technologies can partially compensate the lack of skilled workers, but human effectiveness and flexibility is still essential in many scenarios. Implementing the idea of mutual completion, direct human-robot cooperation appears suitable where strong forces are needed but human flexibility is indispensable. For this, the explicit spatial separation between robot and worker has to be given up. Prior to installation of sophisticated monitoring systems on the shop floor, advanced simulation methodologies have to be embedded directly into the production cell to design such cooperation scenarios safe and effective likewise. An immersive simulation system is presented which allows an optical see-through augmented reality (AR) configuration where the user is able to perceive the real tool in his hand. Alternatively, the system also supports a pure virtual reality (VR) mode where all objects' visualization is artificial. Both variants accord in direct confrontation with a virtual robot and real-time physics simulation capabilities. A usability study with 40 subjects has been conducted, featuring robotically supported cast part blasting as experimental task. Results of user performance focussing on executing times and shooting accuracy indicate a tie between AR and VR and a surpassing overall usability in both configurations, but the users' personal preference trends towards AR.

One of the embedded training goals is to propose a more demanding task generated by a simulation system during a real life routine activity. The systems using virtual reality (VR) can manipulate structural, semantic and localization information and recreate a new environment replicating and/or enhancing the real world context. Then simulation awareness might interfere with perception of reality, especially when body attitude and/or external environment position lead to conflictual inputs. Multisensory space perception studies strongly support the hypothesis of different reference frames for perception and for action as well.

In traditional distributed embedded system designs control information is often replicated across several processes and kept coherent by application-specific mechanisms Consequently processes cannot be reused in a new system without tailoring the code to deal with the new system control information. The modal process framework provides a high-level way to specify the coherence of replicated control information independently of the behavior of the processes Thus multiple processes can be composed without internal tailoring and without suffering from errors common in lower-level specification styles This paper first describes a kernel-language representation for the high-level composition operators; it also presents a synthesis algorithm for the mode manager, the runtime code that maintains control information coherence within and between distributed processors.

As transistor sizes shrink and we approach the end of Moore's law interconnects-both on-chip and off-chip-will represent the biggest bottleneck for embedded systems designers. Several groups are researching optical interconnects to cope with this tread. Optical interconnects enable new system architectures. These new architectures in turn require new methods for high-level application mapping and hardware/software co-design. In this presentation, we discuss high-level scheduling and interconnect topology synthesis techniques for embedded multiprocessors. We focus on designs that are streamlined for one or more digital signal processing (DSP) applications. That is, we seek to synthesize an application-specific interconnect topology for a multiprocessor DSP design. We show that flexible interconnect topologies that allow single- hop communication between processors offer advantages for reduced power and latency. We have previously shown that multiprocessor scheduling algorithms can deadlock in the general case of a topology graph that is not strongly connected or if communication is limited to be single hop. We have also demonstrated an efficient algorithm that can be used in conjunction with existing scheduling algorithms for avoiding this deadlock 1. In this presentation we discuss the advantages of performing application scheduling and interconnect synthesis jointly and present a probabilistic scheduling/ interconnect algorithm utilizing graph isomorphism to pare the design space. We demonstrate the performance advantages that an application-specific interconnect topology can produce for several DSP beachmarks.

The acoustic response of a simple thick plate with embedded actuators is investigated in this work, and its performance optimized. The actuators themselves are not modeled. The plate is subjected to an incident wave and the actuators (pistons) do not necessarily cover the entire plate. A standard minimization method as well as a genetic algorithm are used to minimize the acoustic intensity of the far field at both selected field points and the entire far field. A closed form solution is derived for the case of the actuators being driven at the same velocity amplitude, while a genetic algorithm is employed to fwd optimum solutions for the actuators being driven at different velocity amplitudes. The results indicate that the closed form solution, which can include actuators functioning below 100% capacity, produces excellent solutions when the plate is mostly covered with actuators. However, for plates that are only partially covered with actuators or if some of the actuators are not firing or well below 100%, the closed form approach can produce very poor results. The genetic algorithm generate viable solutions in all cases, but shows less spectacular improvements in the reduction of the far field intensities.

The validation of the waveguide-excited microstrip patch antenna code has been completed. The code is presently being applied to achieve impedance- matched antenna configurations. Also, various avenues are being explored to further increase the efficiency of the code. An effort has been initiated to incorporate curved isoparametric finite elements into the mixed potential integral equation formulation for arbitrarily shaped microstrip structures. This approach should allow up to more accurately model irregular microstrip geometries and to reduce the computational effort.

An Analytical and experimental study was conducted to develop a computational model adequate for stress analyses of AS4/3501-6 composite plates containing preformed 1/4 diameter holes, which were found in previous and parallel experimental studies to possess superior open-hole tension and compression strengths relative to composites with drilled holes of equal diameter. The preformed-hole composites contain embedded material discontinuities resulting from the interpenetration of adjacent composite layers in the actual, laminated systems. The effort reported addresses the initial development of the model for single layers containing the material discontinuities present in laminates. The analytical method is suitable for adaptation to problems involving smart materials, electronic packaging, micro- electromechanical systems and joining/fastening. The proposed computational model is based on spline approximations of the displacement components. Solutions were obtained relative to curvilinear coordinates that mapped the preformed hole region onto a rectangular region and the embedded material boundaries into coordinate lines.

This report documents an evaluation of the TestMaster Version 1.6 software commercial product within a pilot program and environment employing the Automated Validation (AutoVal) Version 3.00u toolset of Wright Laboratory, Avionics Directorate, System Concepts and Simulation Division, Software/Hardware Technology Branch (WL/AASH). The TestMaster Pilot Program conducted by SMC assessed the performance and capabilities of the Teradyne TestMaster commercial product for use in testing embedded Operational Flight Program (OFP) software in conjunction with WL/AASH's AutoVal toolset. This document describes the procedures followed and the results achieved during the TestMaster Pilot Program. A brief background survey and examination of the Program goals and approach in Section 3.0 provides a framework for the discussion of test strategies and results analyzed in Section 4.0. In addition, the report addresses applicable metrics and offers recommendations for future action.

Layered Sensing is an emerging paradigm for critical defense technologies in which heterogeneous methods for sensing, communication, signal processing, and information exploitation must be integrated with high flexibility, reliability and efficiency. New design methodologies and software tools will be required to handle the complexity of layered sensing applications, and allow designers to explore trade-offs among alternative sensing and exploitation strategies while satisfying their stringent performance and power consumption constraints, and exploiting the capabilities of state-of-the art embedded processing platforms. In this project, we have developed new dataflow-based technology and associated design tools for high-productivity, high-confidence design and optimization of layered sensing software. These tools are geared towards systematically exploring and optimizing interactions across application behavior, operational context, high performance embedded processing architectures, and implementation constraints.

This paper reports the results of X-ray absorption study (EXAFS anci XANES) of the dependence of the structure of clusters on the concentration of the metal and on annealing.

It have been found that the presence of InA self-arranged quantum dots strongly modify the structure of Landau levels in a host GaAs quantum well.

This paper presents the framework of documentation-driven agile development (DDAD) methodology for high confidence systems of embedded systems. DDAD mainly includes two parts: a documentation management system (DMS) and a process measurement system (PMS). DMS will create, organize, monitor, analyze and transform all documentation associated with the software development process. The information will be stored in an abstract and active form that will support a variety of formal and informal documents for different stakeholders and can interact with software tools. PMS will monitor the frequent changes in system requirements and assess the effort and success possibility of the project with a measurement model based on a set of quantitative metrics that can be automatically collected in requirements phase and stored and organized in DMS. PMS will also measure the properties of the software system that must be realized with high confidence (safety in this paper) based on quantitative metrics. DDAD will provide a mechanism to monitor and quickly respond to changes in requirements and provide a friendly communication and collaboration environment to enable different stakeholders to be easily involved in development processes and therefore significantly improve the agility of software development of SoES. DDAD will also support auto mated software generation based on a computational model and some relevant techniques. Several potential application domains are proposed in the paper.

To increase the burning rates of minimum-smoke propellant formulations that are less sensitive than current standards, the Army is investigating gains that are achievable by embedding propellant with thermally conductive wires. The mechanisms that lead to increased burning rates in wired propellant are not fully understood; therefore, grain design optimization is a significant technical challenge. As part of an effort to gain insight into the mechanisms underlying the phenomenon, and thereby accelerate development of the technology, an experimental technique was developed that enables the burning surface of a wire-embedded strand to be visualized throughout the course of a burn rate measurement. Revealing details of the process that are hidden to standard burn rate measurement techniques, the U.S. Army Research Laboratory is developing a state-of-the-art computational fluid dynamics model for simulating the performance of rocket motors with wire-embedded propellant grains.

We develop a second-order rotated grid method for the approximation of time dependent solutions of conservation laws in complex geometry using a underlying Cartesian grid. Stability for time steps adequate for the regular part of the grid is obtained by increasing the domain of dependence of the numerical method near the embedded boundary by constructing h-boxes at grid cell interfaces. We describe a construction of h-boxes that not only guarantees stability but also leads to an accurate and conservative approximation of boundary cells that may be orders of magnitude smaller than regular grid cells. Of independent interest is the rotated difference scheme itself, on which the embedded boundary method is based.

Over the past twenty years, processor designers have concentrated on superscalar and VLIW architectures that exploit the instruction-level parallelism (ILP) available in engineering applications for workstation systems. Recently, however, the focus in computing has shifted from engineering to multimedia applications and from workstations to embedded systems. In this new computing environment, the performance, energy consumption, and development cost of ILP processors renders them ineffective despite their theoretical generality. This thesis focuses on the development of efficient architectures for embedded multimedia systems. We argue that it is possible to design processors that deliver high performance, have low energy consumption, and are simple to implement. The basis for the argument is the ability of vector architectures to exploit efficiently the data-level parallelism in multimedia applications. Furthermore, the increasing density of CMOS chips enables the design of cost-effective, on-chip memory systems that can support the high bandwidth necessary for a vector processor. To test our hypothesis, we present VIRAM, a vector architecture for multimedia processing. We demonstrate that the vector instructions in VIRAM can capture the data-level parallelism in multimedia tasks and lead to smaller code size than RISC, CISC, and VLIW architectures. We also describe two scalable microarchitectures for vector media-processors: VIRAM-1 and CODE. VIRAM-1 integrates a simple, yet highly parallel, vector processor with an embedded DRAM mem- ory system in a prototype chip with 120 million transistors. CODE uses a composite and decoupled organization for the vector processor in order to simplify the vector register le design, tolerate high memory latency, and allow for precise exceptions support. Both microarchitectures provide up to 10 times higher performance than alternative approaches without using out-of-order or wide instruction issue techniques.

The future battlespace is likely to be increasingly contested and, in many cases, completely denied to joint military forces. Traditional operational approaches, including methods for intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR), will be challenged by the shift from permissive to non-permissive domains. The utility of embedded processing architectures will be driven by energy efficiency as much as it will be by high performance. Fortunately, there has been tremendous growth in the development of high performance, low power multi- and many-core architectures. This project sought to develop a power and performance modeling approach to apply towards such emerging architectures. Through this modeling approach, the intent is to (1) accurately predict peak application performance, as opposed to relying only on theoretical analysis and (2) identify optimal processor requirements, so as to minimize power consumption and/or more efficiently task processing resources. The capability offered by this modeling technique is expected to allow system designers to make more informed selection of high performance embedded computing (HPEC) technologies.

The program's objective was to investigate means of tagging ordnance items before they are fired or launched and thereby allow a more efficient means for locating unexploded ordnance (UXO) while maintaining very low false alarm rates. Five candidate munitions were selected as being representative of meeting the criteria. Physical mounting options for these five candidate munitions are documented in this report. After investigating radio frequency identification (RFID) tags, Battelle concluded that the Texas Instruments' Tiris 125-kHz magnetic field-sensitive tags offer the highest probability of success for detecting munitions buried three feet or less below the surface. Battelle concludes that using Tiris RFID tags on munitions before they are fired would pay dividends to the U.S. Government. Battelle believes that our testing at the Aberdeen Test Center in 2005 and 2006 demonstrated that properly embedded tags on UXO items can be detected to the needed depth of three feet. Fully developed above-ground interrogators could scan munition ranges at reasonable rates, with a one meter-wide swath and an estimated speed of 2 to 3 mph.

The Battlefield Augmented Reality System (BARS) is a mobile augmented reality system that displays battlefield intelligence information to a dismounted warrior. The primary BARS components include a wearable computer, a wireless network, and a tracked, see-through Head Mounted Display (HMD). The computer is responsible for generating graphics to the HMD that appear, from the user's perspective, to exist in the surrounding environment. Thus, a building could be augmented to show, for example, its name or a plan of its interior. Simulated entities with which the BARS user might interact can also be displayed. Joint Semi-Automated Forces (JSAF) is a software system capable of simulating entity level platforms and behaviors in a heterogeneous, distributed computing environment. This system implements communication between distributed components of the battle space with the High Level Architecture (HLA). A very important aspect of each is that interactions spawned by ?live, virtual, and constructive forces are seamlessly integrated. In our experiment, we bridge the gap between a user wearing the BARS hardware and constructive entities. We use the Real-Time Infrastructure (RTI) to distribute and translate entity pose and appearance data between the BARS data distribution system and JSAF. This interface allows a BARS user to interact with the SAF entities in real time, including armed engagement. We will discuss the design and implementation of these two interfaces, including special considerations unique to each, and their applications with respect to embedded training.

The present study was conducted to develop a protocol for triple labeling of MAP-2, Fluoro-Jade, and DAPI to evaluate the pathological consequences of nerve agent toxicity in the rat model. Brains of rats subcutaneously challenged with a single injection of soman were formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded, and sectioned. Following microwave antigen retrieval, sections were stained with MAP-2 monoclonal antibody to evaluate changes in dendritic processes, with Fluoro-Jade to examine the degree of neuronal cell degeneration or death, and with DAPI to assess the number of viable nuclei. Control hippocampus showed typical MAP-2 immunofluorescence localized predominantly in dendritic processes, numerous DAPI positive nuclei, and absence of Fluoro-Jade positive neurons. In the hippocampus of soman-exposed rats, Fluoro-Jade positive cells were detected in areas where MAP-2 immunofluorescence was lost and the number of DAPI positive nuclei was decreased. The results suggest that our triple labeling technique is effective for simultaneously examining MAP-2, Fluoro-Jade, and DAPI fluorescence in the same section, thus reducing the number of sections necessary to comprehensively evaluate dendritic pathology, neurodegeneration, and neuronal loss. More importantly, the technique permits precise anatomical merging of MAP-2, Fluoro-Jade, and DAPI images, which cannot be accomplished when these stains are performed separately on serial sections.

This paper explores the problem of efficiently ordering interprocessor communication operations in both statically and dynamically-scheduled multiprocessors for iterative dataflow graphs with probabilistic execution times. In most digital signal processing applications, the throughput of the system is significantly affected by communication costs. We explicitly model these costs within an effective graph-theoretic analysis framework. We show that ordered transaction schedules can significantly outperform both self-timed schedules and dynamic schedules for moderate task execution time variability. As the task execution time variability increases, we show that first selftimed and then dynamic scheduling policies are preferred. We perform an extensive experimental comparison on both real and simulated benchmarks to gauge the effect of synchronization and communication overhead costs on these crossover points.

In this paper, we address two key trends in the synthesis of implementations for embedded multiprocessors: (1) the increasing importance of managing interprocessor communication (IPC) in an efficient manner, and (2) the acceptance of significantly longer compilation time by embedded system designers. The former aspect is evident in the increasing interest among embedded system architects in innovative communication architectures, such as those involving optical interconnection technologies, and hybrid electro-optical structures [7]. The latter aspect results because embedded multiprocessor systems are typically designed as final implementations for dedicated functions. While multiprocessor mapping strategies for general-purpose systems are usually designed with low to moderate complexity as a constraint, embedded system design tools are allowed to employ more thorough and time-consuming optimization techniques.

The Persian Gulf War resulted in friendly fire casualties among U.S. personnel injured by fragments of depleted uranium (DU) munitions. The demonstrated effectiveness of such weapons makes it likely that they may be used against U.S. forces in future conflicts. Uncertainty about how aggressively to remove fragments of the radioactive, chemically toxic DU has stimulated research into the long-term health consequences of embedded DU fragments. There has been no previous research to determine whether long-term exposure to embedded DU can affect the health of offspring of personnel wounded by DU. This study investigated whether male mice carrying embedded fragments of DU or WA transmitted genetic damage to their offspring. We hypothesized that long-term chronic exposure to embedded DU or WA would result in paternal transmission of genetic damage to unexposed F1 generation offspring, characterized by increased frequency of in vivo mutations in tissues. The data demonstrated that DU and WA can induce genomic instability in unexposed offspring. The findings also show that DU and WA are mutagenic to chronically exposed rodents. DU and WA can cause direct DNA damage to sperm in these chronically exposed rodents.

The Persian Gulf War resulted in friendly fire casualties among U.S. personnel injured by fragments of depleted uranium (DU) munitions. The demonstrated effectiveness of such weapons makes it likely that they may be used against U.S. forces in future conflicts. Uncertainty about how aggressively to remove fragments of the radioactive, chemically toxic DU has stimulated research into the long-term health consequences of embedded DU fragments. There has been no previous research to determine whether long-term exposure to embedded DU can affect the health of offspring of personnel wounded by DU. This study investigated whether male mice carrying embedded fragments of DU or WA transmitted genetic damage to their offspring. We hypothesized that long-term chronic exposure to embedded DU or WA would result in paternal transmission of genetic damage to unexposed F1 generation offspring, characterized by increased frequency of in vivo mutations in tissues. The data demonstrated that DU and WA can induce genomic instability in unexposed offspring. The findings also show that DU and WA are mutagenic to chronically exposed rodents. DU and WA can cause direct DNA damage to sperm in these chronically exposed rodents.

The Persian Gulf War resulted in friendly fire casualties among U.S. personnel injured by fragments of depleted uranium (DU) munitions. The demonstrated effectiveness of such weapons makes it likely that they may be used against U.S. forces in future conflicts. Uncertainty about how aggressively to remove fragments of the radioactive, chemically toxic DU has stimulated research into the long-term health consequences of embedded DU fragments. There has been no previous research to determine whether long-term exposure to embedded DU can affect the health of offspring of personnel wounded by DU. This study investigated whether male mice carrying embedded fragments of DU or WA transmitted genetic damage to their offspring. We hypothesized that long-term chronic exposure to embedded DU or WA would result in paternal transmission of genetic damage to unexposed F1 generation offspring, characterized by increased frequency of in vivo mutations in tissues. The data demonstrated that DU and WA can induce genomic instability in unexposed offspring. The findings also show that DU and WA are mutagenic to chronically exposed rodents. DU and WA can cause direct DNA damage to sperm in these chronically exposed rodents.

Effects of embedded longitudinal vortices on heat transfer in a turbulent boundary layer film cooled from a single injections hole are discussed. Film coolant was injected at blowing ratios 0.50 to 1.50 at a freestream velocity of 10 m/s. A single longitudinal vortex was induced upstream of the film-cooling holes. Heat transfer measurement were made downstream of injection. Flow visualization tests were conducted after the injectant was contaminated with smoke. Surveys of mean velocity and mean temperature were also made in different spanwise normal planes. For all blowing ratios examined, the embedded vortices cause significant alterations to wall heat transfer and to film-cooling distributions. Embedded vortex, Film-cooling single jet, Heat transfer, Endwall secondary flows.

Measurements are presented of boundary layers with embedded vortices and with filmcooling for freestream velocities of 15, and 11 m/s. Measurements of a boundary layer with embedded vortex and no film cooling, and of a boundary layer with film cooling but no vortex are presented for freestream velocity of 15 m/s. Plots of total velocity, V, streamwise velocity, V sub x, secondary flow vectors, total pressure, P sub o, and streamwise vorticity are presented for many of these test conditions. The results show that the embedded vortices completely dominate the flow field in boundary layers with film cooling. This is indicated from the plots of V, V sub x, and P sub o which show the effects of film cooling to be completely decimated in the vicinity of the vortex. In order to conduct this study, a five hole pressure probe was calibrated for pitch and yaw. The probe was then used to measure five pressures associated with the flow. From these pressures, total velocity and the x, y, and z components of velocity were determined. A boundary layer profile was conducted to verify the calibration of the pressure probe, measurement procedures, and velocity computations. The results show expected boundary layer behavior with a small V sub y and V sub z component. (Theses)

This research note reviews eight Army systems and attempts to relate their system characteristics to the opportunities and requirements for development of embedded training (ET) in current and future Army systems. This is an early step in a major Army Research Institute program to develop formal and systematic procedures (to be included in the LCSMM acquisition process) to identify ET needs, to determine how and when ET should be included, and to define the procedures which will assist systems and training developers in the implementation of ET in their systems. Characteristics of the following eight Army systems were reviewed: four fielded systems (Apache AH64A, Bradley M2, Patriot ADA System, and TACFIRE an FA tactical fire direction system, and four systems in development (AFTADS the successor system to TACFIRE, ASAS I/EW ADP system, Aquila RPV, and the HIP Howitzer Improvement Program. Characteristics of the systems which were reviewed included: system-mission-equipment; personnel and operator-maintainer tasks; computational capability; simulation capability; training feedback and assessment of performance; availability of system and personnel for training; training problems; and training costs. Keywords: Embedded training; Training systems; Systems development; Army systems; Systems characteristics; Training effectiveness; Cost effectiveness.