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Data association and track association algorithms have been developed over the course of thirty years. Almost all technical papers that describe these association algorithms have begun the derivations by adopting log-likelihood ratios as the measure of association. At best, this starting point has obscured the assumptions necessary to use log-likelihood ratios. At worst, the log-likelihood ratios have been improperly defmed. This report provides the first known derivation of a track association algorithm from the first principles of Bayesian probability theory. By starting with first principles, all the assumptions that are necessary to derive an association algorithm are explicitly stated as the derivation proceeds. The correct form for the log-likelihood ratios is obtained later in the derivation and can be traced back to first principles. The pitfalls and deficiencies of poorly performing association algorithms are identified easily by comparing the algorithms with the full derivation. These deficiencies arise from such mistakes as the incorrect definition of the log-likelihood ratio, poor selection of the probability density functions, incorrect construction of the cost matrices, and the application of an algorithm to a system that violates the assumptions that were adopted during the algorithm construction. In addition, the firm grounding in Bayesian probability theory provides the means to easily extend the derivation to produce more complex association algorithms, such as feature-aided track association algorithms. The basic derivation provided in this report makes it clear that the ensemble of track association algorithms is much more extensive that most data fusion researchers would believe. These algorithms can be created by simply changing any of the derivation assumptions or the probability density functions.

Data association and track association algorithms have been developed over the course of thirty years. Almost all technical papers that describe these association algorithms have begun the derivations by adopting log-likelihood ratios as the measure of association. At best, this starting point has obscured the assumptions necessary to use log-likelihood ratios. At worst, the log-likelihood ratios have been improperly defmed. This report provides the first known derivation of a track association algorithm from the first principles of Bayesian probability theory. By starting with first principles, all the assumptions that are necessary to derive an association algorithm are explicitly stated as the derivation proceeds. The correct form for the log-likelihood ratios is obtained later in the derivation and can be traced back to first principles. The pitfalls and deficiencies of poorly performing association algorithms are identified easily by comparing the algorithms with the full derivation. These deficiencies arise from such mistakes as the incorrect definition of the log-likelihood ratio, poor selection of the probability density functions, incorrect construction of the cost matrices, and the application of an algorithm to a system that violates the assumptions that were adopted during the algorithm construction. In addition, the firm grounding in Bayesian probability theory provides the means to easily extend the derivation to produce more complex association algorithms, such as feature-aided track association algorithms. The basic derivation provided in this report makes it clear that the ensemble of track association algorithms is much more extensive that most data fusion researchers would believe. These algorithms can be created by simply changing any of the derivation assumptions or the probability density functions.

"The Association Theory of Solutions" is an article from Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Volume 46 . View more articles from Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society . View this article on JSTOR . View this article's JSTOR metadata . You may also retrieve all of this items metadata in JSON at the following URL: https://archive.org/metadata/jstor-983447

This systematic review serves the purpose of getting a picture of the literature in existence for investigating the relationship between bilingualism and theory of mind for adults. The significant emphasis is on adults as there has not been a comprehensive look into summarizing this subcategory of bilingualism and theory of mind research. Getting a picture of this subcategory will help illuminate what directions to take this limited area of investigation. It is expected that there will not be many studies found, but that they will be very diverse in types of measures used and there will still be a small effect found across these studies, although interpretation will be cautioned given the small number of studies.

This systematic review serves the purpose of getting a picture of the literature in existence for investigating the relationship between bilingualism and theory of mind for adults. The significant emphasis is on adults as there has not been a comprehensive look into summarizing this subcategory of bilingualism and theory of mind research. Getting a picture of this subcategory will help illuminate what directions to take this limited area of investigation. It is expected that there will not be many studies found, but that they will be very diverse in types of measures used and there will still be a small effect found across these studies, although interpretation will be cautioned given the small number of studies.

This systematic review serves the purpose of getting a picture of the literature in existence for investigating the relationship between bilingualism and theory of mind for adults. The significant emphasis is on adults as there has not been a comprehensive look into summarizing this subcategory of bilingualism and theory of mind research. Getting a picture of this subcategory will help illuminate what directions to take this limited area of investigation. It is expected that there will not be many studies found, but that they will be very diverse in types of measures used and there will still be a small effect found across these studies, although interpretation will be cautioned given the small number of studies.

This proceedings of the 1993 convention of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) contains 70 papers and 1 symposium. Topics addressed by the papers include computer-based mapping for curriculum development; educational technology equipped classrooms; individual characteristics influencing learning; network resources for teachers; educational partnerships; instructional motivation needs of adults; students' computer attitudes; qualitative research in instructional technology; instructional video; multimedia; problem solving; computer graphics; program control and learner control; distance education; computer simulations; cooperative learning; Channel One; groupware; restructuring library media centers; media and technology competencies; research methodologies; design of computer-based instruction; learner-computer interaction; constructivism; and library instruction. The symposium topic was critical theory, cultural analysis, and ethical aspects of the field. This volume also includes a list of Research and Theory Division officers; a list of the reviewers of the conference papers; a list of proceedings from 1979-92 together with their ERIC document numbers; a description of AECT and a membership enrollment form; and author and descriptor indexes. (MES)

[Observations on man Selections]. Hartley's theory of the human mind, on the principle of the association of ideas; with essays relating to the subject of it. By Joseph Priestley, ... The second edition. 1790.. Digitized from IA40313602-65 . Previous issue: bim_eighteenth-century_remarks-on-the-nature-an_1780 . Next issue: bim_eighteenth-century_introduction-to-the-stud_rymer-james_1775 .

Book Source: Digital Library of India Item 2015.500646 dc.contributor.author: Rakshit, Jitendra Nath dc.date.accessioned: 2015-09-26T01:47:02Z dc.date.available: 2015-09-26T01:47:02Z dc.date.digitalpublicationdate: 2007/03/18 dc.date.citation: 1930 dc.identifier.barcode: 04990010250739 dc.identifier.origpath: /data4/upload/0103/543 dc.identifier.copyno: 1 dc.identifier.uri: http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/500646 dc.description.scannerno: ASIATIC_02 dc.description.scanningcentre: C-DAK, Kolkata dc.description.main: 1 dc.description.tagged: 0 dc.description.totalpages: 310 dc.format.mimetype: application/pdf dc.language.iso: Unknown dc.publisher.digitalrepublisher: Digital Library Of India dc.publisher: J. Banerji, Kolkata dc.rights: In Public Domain dc.source.library: The Asiatic Society, Kolkata dc.subject.classification: Natural Sciences dc.subject.classification: Physics dc.subject.classification: General Mechanics dc.subject.keywords: Specific Gravities Of Solutions dc.subject.keywords: Viscocities Of Solutions dc.subject.keywords: Osmotic Pressures Of Solutions dc.subject.keywords: Thermal Effects Of Solutions dc.title: Association Theory Of Solution dc.title: Association Theory Of Solution And Inadequacy Of Dissociation Theory dc.type: Print - Paper dc.type: Book

Drapers’ Company Research Memoirs. Biometric Series

Drapers’ Company Research Memoirs. Biometric Series

Drapers’ Company Research Memoirs. Biometric Series

Drapers’ Company Research Memoirs. Biometric Series

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Prior research suggests that multiple systems may be involved in the generation of word associations and that these systems are activated at different times in a word association task (1–3). An fMRI study found that “activations early in conceptual processing overlapped with activations for word association [while] activations late in conceptual processing overlapped with activations for situation generation” (2). While such studies do not scale and have been criticised in terms of low test-retest reliability for a range of cognitive tasks (4), measuring the exact time keystrokes are logged may represent an promising record of the generation of a given word, that combined with techniques to measure a word’s proximity to the cue word in vector space (word embeddings), may represent a scalable method to test the extent to which activation time and word generation may indicate the presence of dual (or several) conceptual coding systems (5–7). The present research seeks to extend tentative evidence gathered from a prior study (5) at a much finer level of detail, through the analysis of keystrokes, when specific words are generated, and differences in the semantic similarity of those words to the cue words chosen for the word association (property generation) task. The task will be conducted using the panel service Prolific, to recruit 500 participants to provide timed, free word associations for several concepts including objects (e.g. oranges) and concepts (e.g. integrity). Each question will have a timer that automatically proceeds to the next question upon expiration after 20 seconds. Demographics will be derived for the prolific service by matching the anonymous ID provided by Prolific to the demographic information each participant has provided to the service. The survey will contain six word-associations, and should take no longer than 3 minutes to complete, with reading time included. A specialised survey question has been developed by the researchers to measure a unique universal timestamp for each keystroke and character in a secure survey.js implementation. No personal information will be stored on the survey.js server, as the survey itself is 100% anonymous, and data only gains context in terms of demographics, once joined with the Prolific data via the unique anonymous ID used by prolific. At no stage will the research team have access to any personally identifiable data, nor will it have the means of identifying any respondent beyond the demographics provided. 1. Santos A, Chaigneau SE, Simmons WK, Barsalou LW. Property generation reflects word association and situated simulation. Lang Cogn. 2011;3(1):83–119. 2. Simmons WK, Hamann SB, Harenski CL, Hu XP, Barsalou LW. fMRI evidence for word association and situated simulation in conceptual processing. J Physiol-Paris. 2008;102(1–3):106–19. 3. Zhang Q, Yin Y, Lin H. Are Situation Models Implemented in Modality-Specific Simulation? Int J Soc Sci Educ Res. 2021;4(4):36–41. 4. Kragel P, Kraynak T, Gianaros P, Wager T. fMRI can be highly reliable, but it depends on what you measure [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://psyarxiv.com/9eaxk/download?format=pdf 5. MacNiven S, Lennon JJ, Roberts J, MacNiven M. In other words: Glasgow (Perception through Word Associations). OSF Prepr [Internet]. 2023; Available from: https://osf.io/yfaw2/download 6. Thawani A, Srivastava B, Singh A. Swow-8500: Word association task for intrinsic evaluation of word embeddings. Proc 3rd Workshop Eval Vector Space Represent NLP. 2019;43–51. 7. Krishnaswamy N, Pustejovsky J. Affordance embeddings for situated language understanding. Front Artif Intell. 2022 Jan 1;5:774752.

Kashmir Research Institute, Srinagar, 'Reference Service and Bibliography Vol 1 Parts 1-4 Theory Madras Library Association 1940 - Ranganathan and Sundaram '

Kashmir Research Institute, Srinagar, 'Reference Service and Bibliography Vol 1 Parts 1-4 Theory Madras Library Association 1940 - Ranganathan and Sundaram '

Kashmir Research Institute, Srinagar, 'Reference Service and Bibliography Vol 1 Parts 1-4 Theory Madras Library Association 1940 - Ranganathan and Sundaram '

Kashmir Research Institute, Srinagar, 'Reference Service and Bibliography Vol 1 Parts 1-4 Theory Madras Library Association 1940 - Ranganathan and Sundaram '

Hartley's theory of the human mind, on the principle of the association of ideas; with essays relating to the subject of it. By Joseph Priestley, ... 1775.. Digitized from IA40310316-56 . Previous issue: bim_eighteenth-century_an-universal-etymologica_bailey-n-nathan_1775 . Next issue: bim_eighteenth-century_a-glorious-espousal-a-b_mather-cotton_1719 .

Drapers’ Company Research Memoirs. Biometric Series

218, [5] p. 23 1/2 cm

We present the results of the computation of the next-to-leading order QCD corrections to the production cross section of a Higgs boson in association with a top-antitop pair at the LHC, including the three relevant dimension-six operators ($O_{t \varphi }, O_{\varphi G}, O_{tG}$) of the standard model effective field theory. These operators also contribute to the production of Higgs bosons in loop-induced processes at the LHC, such as inclusive Higgs, $Hj$ and $HH$ production, and modify the Higgs decay branching ratios for which we also provide predictions. We perform a detailed study of the cross sections and their uncertainties at the total as well as differential level and of the structure of the effective field theory at NLO including renormalisation group effects. Finally, we show how the combination of information coming from measurements of these production processes will allow to constrain the three operators at the current and future LHC runs. Our results lead to a significant improvement of the accuracy and precision of the deviations expected from higher-dimensional operators in the SM in both the top-quark and the Higgs-boson sectors and provide a necessary ingredient for performing a global EFT fit to the LHC data at NLO accuracy.

We present the results of the computation of the next-to-leading order QCD corrections to the production cross section of a Higgs boson in association with a top-antitop pair at the LHC, including the three relevant dimension-six operators ($O_{t \varphi }, O_{\varphi G}, O_{tG}$) of the standard model effective field theory. These operators also contribute to the production of Higgs bosons in loop-induced processes at the LHC, such as inclusive Higgs, $Hj$ and $HH$ production, and modify the Higgs decay branching ratios for which we also provide predictions. We perform a detailed study of the cross sections and their uncertainties at the total as well as differential level and of the structure of the effective field theory at NLO including renormalisation group effects. Finally, we show how the combination of information coming from measurements of these production processes will allow to constrain the three operators at the current and future LHC runs. Our results lead to a significant improvement of the accuracy and precision of the deviations expected from higher-dimensional operators in the SM in both the top-quark and the Higgs-boson sectors and provide a necessary ingredient for performing a global EFT fit to the LHC data at NLO accuracy.

We present the results of the computation of the next-to-leading order QCD corrections to the production cross section of a Higgs boson in association with a top-antitop pair at the LHC, including the three relevant dimension-six operators ($O_{t \varphi }, O_{\varphi G}, O_{tG}$) of the standard model effective field theory. These operators also contribute to the production of Higgs bosons in loop-induced processes at the LHC, such as inclusive Higgs, $Hj$ and $HH$ production, and modify the Higgs decay branching ratios for which we also provide predictions. We perform a detailed study of the cross sections and their uncertainties at the total as well as differential level and of the structure of the effective field theory at NLO including renormalisation group effects. Finally, we show how the combination of information coming from measurements of these production processes will allow to constrain the three operators at the current and future LHC runs. Our results lead to a significant improvement of the accuracy and precision of the deviations expected from higher-dimensional operators in the SM in both the top-quark and the Higgs-boson sectors and provide a necessary ingredient for performing a global EFT fit to the LHC data at NLO accuracy.

The 46 papers is this volume represent some of the most current thinking in educational communications and technology. Individual papers address the following topics: gender differences in the selection of elective computer science courses and in the selection of non-traditional careers; instruction for individuals with different cognitive styles; the teacher's role in integrating instructional technology; affective-cognitive learning; factors influencing mental effort; educational technology and integration; computer screen layout design; graphic format, cognitive style, and recall of quantitative data; semiotic theory and educational technology; international students and the use of educational media in their home countries; teachers and technology; elementary teachers, psychological types, and uses of educational computing; computer-based instruction, problem-solving skills, and middle-level students; secondary computer-based instruction in macroeconomics; distance education; learner control and interactive video; rules and higher order rules; satellite communications and high school education; best colors for audiovisual materials instruction; structure and organization in instructional text; instructional plans and situated learning; microcomputer-based instruction program strategies and verbal and visual testing; intelligent computer-assisted instruction; Fishbein Model and normative influences on behavior; and skipping of subordinate skills. Also included are a symposium on interactive video and Richard Clark's media research. Cumulative author and descriptor indexes for the 1989 conference proceedings are provided. (CGD)

The 46 papers is this volume represent some of the most current thinking in educational communications and technology. Individual papers address the following topics: gender differences in the selection of elective computer science courses and in the selection of non-traditional careers; instruction for individuals with different cognitive styles; the teacher's role in integrating instructional technology; affective-cognitive learning; factors influencing mental effort; educational technology and integration; computer screen layout design; graphic format, cognitive style, and recall of quantitative data; semiotic theory and educational technology; international students and the use of educational media in their home countries; teachers and technology; elementary teachers, psychological types, and uses of educational computing; computer-based instruction, problem-solving skills, and middle-level students; secondary computer-based instruction in macroeconomics; distance education; learner control and interactive video; rules and higher order rules; satellite communications and high school education; best colors for audiovisual materials instruction; structure and organization in instructional text; instructional plans and situated learning; microcomputer-based instruction program strategies and verbal and visual testing; intelligent computer-assisted instruction; Fishbein Model and normative influences on behavior; and skipping of subordinate skills. Also included are a symposium on interactive video and Richard Clark's media research. Cumulative author and descriptor indexes for the 1989 conference proceedings are provided. (CGD)

The association of ions in electrolyte solutions at very low concentration and low temperature is studied using computer simulations and quasi-chemical ion-pairing theory. The specific case of the restricted primitive model (charged hard spheres) is considered. Specialised simulation techniques are employed that lead to efficient sampling of the arrangements and distributions of clusters and free ions, even at conditions corresponding to nanomolar solutions of simple salts in solvents with dielectric constants in the range 5-10, as used in recent experimental work on charged-colloid sus- pensions. A direct comparison is effected between theory and simulation using a variety of clustering criteria and theoretical approximations. It is shown that conventional distance-based cluster criteria can give erroneous results. A reliable set of theoretical and simulation estimators for the degree of association is proposed. The ion-pairing theory is then compared to experimental results for salt solutions in low-polarity solvents. The agreement is excellent, and on this basis some calculations are made for the screening lengths which will figure in the treatment of colloid-colloid interactions in such solutions. The accord with available experimental results is complete.

Set I Fuzzy Clothes > Allies and Foes > Fuzzy Clothes LeRoi > Razor > Pictures The Tone* Set II Young Lust > Liberty Get the Funk Out Have A Cigar > Offered the Mountain Geeked Out

Set I Fuzzy Clothes > Allies and Foes > Fuzzy Clothes LeRoi > Razor > Pictures The Tone* Set II Young Lust > Liberty Get the Funk Out Have A Cigar > Offered the Mountain Geeked Out

Set I Fuzzy Clothes > Allies and Foes > Fuzzy Clothes LeRoi > Razor > Pictures The Tone* Set II Young Lust > Liberty Get the Funk Out Have A Cigar > Offered the Mountain Geeked Out

The deployment of small cells, overlaid on existing cellular infrastructure, is seen as a key feature in next-generation cellular systems. In this paper, the problem of user association in the downlink of small cell networks (SCNs) is considered. The problem is formulated as a many-to-one matching game in which the users and SCBSs rank one another based on utility functions that account for both the achievable performance, in terms of rate and fairness to cell edge users, as captured by newly proposed priorities. To solve this game, a novel distributed algorithm that can reach a stable matching is proposed. Simulation results show that the proposed approach yields an average utility gain of up to 65% compared to a common association algorithm that is based on received signal strength. Compared to the classical deferred acceptance algorithm, the results also show a 40% utility gain and a more fair utility distribution among the users.

Hartley's theory of the human mind, on the principle of the association of ideas; with essays relating to the subject of it. By Joseph Priestley, ... 1775.. Digitized from IA40310401-38 . Previous issue: bim_eighteenth-century_cornelii-nepotis-vit-ex_nepos-cornelius_1754 . Next issue: bim_eighteenth-century_the-brothers-a-comedy-_cumberland-richard_1770 .

Hartley's theory of the human mind, on the principle of the association of ideas; with essays relating to the subject of it. By Joseph Priestley, ... 1775.. Digitized from IA40310401-38 . Previous issue: bim_eighteenth-century_cornelii-nepotis-vit-ex_nepos-cornelius_1754 . Next issue: bim_eighteenth-century_the-brothers-a-comedy-_cumberland-richard_1770 .

Hartley's theory of the human mind, on the principle of the association of ideas; with essays relating to the subject of it. By Joseph Priestley, ... 1775.. Digitized from IA40310401-38 . Previous issue: bim_eighteenth-century_cornelii-nepotis-vit-ex_nepos-cornelius_1754 . Next issue: bim_eighteenth-century_the-brothers-a-comedy-_cumberland-richard_1770 .

Hartley's theory of the human mind, on the principle of the association of ideas; with essays relating to the subject of it. By Joseph Priestley, ... 1775.. Digitized from IA40310401-38 . Previous issue: bim_eighteenth-century_cornelii-nepotis-vit-ex_nepos-cornelius_1754 . Next issue: bim_eighteenth-century_the-brothers-a-comedy-_cumberland-richard_1770 .

8 p. ; 24 cm

In this project we introduce the concept of test difficulty from classical test theory to attitude implicit association tests (IATs) in order to increase the predictive power of attitude IATs using experimental designs.

Current issues in educational communications and technology are addressed in this collection of 47 conference papers in which research reports predominate. Topics discussed include factors related to the learner, e.g., learning strategies, information processing, spatial ability, cognitive style, and cognitive strategies. Presentation format and media and stimulus characteristics are also addressed, including illustration types, graphics in courseware design, text layout variables, feedback, and synthesizing strategies. Several papers examine educational media such as videodiscs, videotapes, and microcomputers. Additional papers discuss the design of instructional visuals, the use of video to study cognition, learner versus program control of interactive media, trends and issues in educational technology, assessment of structural knowledge, applications of hypermedia, distance education for teacher training, facilitating the acquisition of clinical reasoning skills, Kuhnian paradigms in educational technology research, and advancements in instructional design theory. References and data tables are included with many papers. Author and descriptor indexes are provided. (GL)

Current issues in educational communications and technology are addressed in this collection of 47 conference papers in which research reports predominate. Topics discussed include factors related to the learner, e.g., learning strategies, information processing, spatial ability, cognitive style, and cognitive strategies. Presentation format and media and stimulus characteristics are also addressed, including illustration types, graphics in courseware design, text layout variables, feedback, and synthesizing strategies. Several papers examine educational media such as videodiscs, videotapes, and microcomputers. Additional papers discuss the design of instructional visuals, the use of video to study cognition, learner versus program control of interactive media, trends and issues in educational technology, assessment of structural knowledge, applications of hypermedia, distance education for teacher training, facilitating the acquisition of clinical reasoning skills, Kuhnian paradigms in educational technology research, and advancements in instructional design theory. References and data tables are included with many papers. Author and descriptor indexes are provided. (GL)

Current issues in educational communications and technology are addressed in this collection of 47 conference papers in which research reports predominate. Topics discussed include factors related to the learner, e.g., learning strategies, information processing, spatial ability, cognitive style, and cognitive strategies. Presentation format and media and stimulus characteristics are also addressed, including illustration types, graphics in courseware design, text layout variables, feedback, and synthesizing strategies. Several papers examine educational media such as videodiscs, videotapes, and microcomputers. Additional papers discuss the design of instructional visuals, the use of video to study cognition, learner versus program control of interactive media, trends and issues in educational technology, assessment of structural knowledge, applications of hypermedia, distance education for teacher training, facilitating the acquisition of clinical reasoning skills, Kuhnian paradigms in educational technology research, and advancements in instructional design theory. References and data tables are included with many papers. Author and descriptor indexes are provided. (GL)

Current issues in educational communications and technology are addressed in this collection of 47 conference papers in which research reports predominate. Topics discussed include factors related to the learner, e.g., learning strategies, information processing, spatial ability, cognitive style, and cognitive strategies. Presentation format and media and stimulus characteristics are also addressed, including illustration types, graphics in courseware design, text layout variables, feedback, and synthesizing strategies. Several papers examine educational media such as videodiscs, videotapes, and microcomputers. Additional papers discuss the design of instructional visuals, the use of video to study cognition, learner versus program control of interactive media, trends and issues in educational technology, assessment of structural knowledge, applications of hypermedia, distance education for teacher training, facilitating the acquisition of clinical reasoning skills, Kuhnian paradigms in educational technology research, and advancements in instructional design theory. References and data tables are included with many papers. Author and descriptor indexes are provided. (GL)

This article is from Psychiatry Investigation , volume 10 . Abstract Objective: Attributional style, especially external personal attribution bias, was found to play a pivotal role in clinical and non-clinical paranoia. The study of the relationship of the tendency to infer/perceive hostility and blame with theory of mind skills has significant theoretical importance as it may provide additional information on how persons process social situations. The aim of this study was whether hostility perception bias and blame bias might be associated with theory of mind skills, neurocognition and emotional factors in healthy persons. Methods: Total 263 participants (133 male and 130 female) were recruited. The attributional style was measured by using the Ambiguous Intentions Hostility Questionnaire (AIHQ). Participants were requested to complete a Brüne's Theory of Mind Picture Stories task, neurocognitive task including Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM) and digit span, and other emotional dysregulation trait scales including Rosenberg's self-esteem, Spielberg's trait anxiety inventory, and Novaco anger scale. Results: Multiple regression analysis showed that hostility perception bias score in ambiguous situation were found to be associated with theory of mind questionnaire score and emotional dysregulation traits of Novaco anger scale. Also, composite blame bias score in ambiguous situation were found to be associated with emotional dysregulation traits of Novaco anger scale and Spielberg's trait anxiety scale. Conclusion: The main finding was that the attributional style of hostility perception bias might be primarily contributed by theory of mind skills rather than neurocognitive function such as attention and working memory, and reasoning ability. The interpretations and implications would be discussed in details.

This article is from Psychiatry Investigation , volume 10 . Abstract Objective: Attributional style, especially external personal attribution bias, was found to play a pivotal role in clinical and non-clinical paranoia. The study of the relationship of the tendency to infer/perceive hostility and blame with theory of mind skills has significant theoretical importance as it may provide additional information on how persons process social situations. The aim of this study was whether hostility perception bias and blame bias might be associated with theory of mind skills, neurocognition and emotional factors in healthy persons. Methods: Total 263 participants (133 male and 130 female) were recruited. The attributional style was measured by using the Ambiguous Intentions Hostility Questionnaire (AIHQ). Participants were requested to complete a Brüne's Theory of Mind Picture Stories task, neurocognitive task including Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM) and digit span, and other emotional dysregulation trait scales including Rosenberg's self-esteem, Spielberg's trait anxiety inventory, and Novaco anger scale. Results: Multiple regression analysis showed that hostility perception bias score in ambiguous situation were found to be associated with theory of mind questionnaire score and emotional dysregulation traits of Novaco anger scale. Also, composite blame bias score in ambiguous situation were found to be associated with emotional dysregulation traits of Novaco anger scale and Spielberg's trait anxiety scale. Conclusion: The main finding was that the attributional style of hostility perception bias might be primarily contributed by theory of mind skills rather than neurocognitive function such as attention and working memory, and reasoning ability. The interpretations and implications would be discussed in details.

Traditionally, flow state (Csikszentmihalyi, 1975) is theoretically regarded as an intrinsic motivated state and can only be induced by intrinsic motivation,such as interest. But more and more studies relate flow to some extrinsic forms of motivation, especially in work settings. In order to make it clear, we decide to do a meta-analysis to see how flow state relates to different types of motivation based on Self-determination Theory(SDT). Reference Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1975). Beyond boredom and anxiety. Jossey-Bass.

Children with early adverse experiences are at heightened risk for the onset of psychopathology during adolescence (McLaughlin et al., 2012). Different dimensions of childhood adversity, namely experiences of threat and deprivation, may have distinct influences on cognitive, affective, and neural development (McLaughlin et al., 2014). Heightened threat detection – an adaptation that may protect the individual from future harm – is a social information processing mechanism that has been identified as a key pathway linking experiences of threat with psychopathology (Mclaughlin et al., 2020). Past work in this area suggests that basic social cognitive/affective abilities such as Theory of Mind (ToM)—the ability to understand the thoughts, feelings, and intentions of others— may also play a role in the link between experiences of threat and the onset of psychopathology. Violence exposure during childhood, a form of threat-related adversity, is associated with poorer performance on ToM tasks (Cicchetti et al., 2003; O’Reilly & Peterson, 2015; Pears & Fisher, 2005). Furthermore, there is some evidence that severe experiences of early deprivation, such as institutionalization, are also associated with poorer performance on ToM tasks (Colvert et al., 2008). However, one previous study from our lab did not find an association between economic deprivation and ToM despite the high degree of deprivation experienced by the sample in that study (Heleniak & McLaughlin, 2020). This study showed children with experiences of threat demonstrated greater difficulty in ToM tasks. Moreover, this study also showed that alterations in both cognitive and affective ToM were mechanisms that may contribute to risk for externalizing problems among children who have experienced threat. This preregistration seeks to extend these findings by examining behavioral performance during cognitive and affective ToM in a longitudinal sample of pre-adolescents aged 11 to 12 years. First, we will investigate to what degree threat-related adversity during childhood is associated with ToM performance. Furthermore, we will explore whether ToM is a mechanism explaining the association of threat with externalizing symptoms concurrently and over time. ToM refers to the ability to infer another person’s thoughts, beliefs, intentions, and feelings (Baron-Cohen et al., 1985; Perner, 1991; Wellman, 1992). ToM includes both a cognitive component that encompasses comprehension of another's thoughts, intentions, and beliefs, and an affective component that involves comprehension of another’s feelings and emotions (Sebastian et al., 2012). Early childhood exposure to threat-related adversity, such as interpersonal and family violence has been shown to influence information processing styles in ways that increase attunement to social threat (McLaughlin & Lambert, 2017; Pollak et al., 2000; Pollak & Kistler, 2002; Pollak & Sinha, 2002; Pollak & Tolley-Schell, 2003; Shackman & Pollak, 2005; Shackman et al., 2007). Youths exposed to threat-related adversity are more likely to attribute hostile intentions to others’ behavior than their non-exposed counterparts (Dodge et al., 1995; Dodge et al., 1990; Weiss et al., 1992). Moreover, exposure to threat-related adversity in childhood is also a strong predictor of externalizing problems later in life (Bingenheimer et al., 2005; Dodge et al., 1990; McCloskey & Lichter, 2003; Widom, 1989). Therefore, it is possible that aspects of ToM are also influenced by experiences of threat in early childhood and that ToM could serve as a mechanism linking experiences of threat with externalizing problems. As children living in more violent and turbulent environments need to focus on and prioritize safety and determination of threat, this may impact the way that they evaluate the thoughts, beliefs, and intentions of others. As a result, children living in violent environments may have fewer opportunities to consider the full range of internal experiences of others, hindering the development of theory of mind. Failure to perceive and anticipate negative internal states in others could lead to the presence of externalizing problems. This is consistent with previous work showing children who have experienced threat exhibit lower performance on tasks assessing cognitive and affective theory of mind than children who have never experienced threat (Barahal et al., 1981; Burack et al., 2006; Cicchetti et al., 2003; O’Reilly & Peterson, 2015; Pears & Fisher, 2005). Furthermore, there is also evidence showing ToM is a pathway linking experiences of threat with externalizing problems (Heleniak & McLaughlin, 2020). Deprivation involving a reduction in social and cognitive stimulation that occus in the context of caregiver interactions, could also lead to disruption of social information processes such as ToM. Reductions in the frequency of interactions with caregivers would entail fewer opportunities for the cognitive stimulation and social interactions that contribute to ToM. Indeed, severe forms of deprivation, such as institutionalization, are associated with impaired ToM (Colvert et al., 2008). However, little work has been done to explore the extent to which less severe forms of deprivation during childhood are associated with ToM. Surprisingly, one study found that young adults with depression who had experienced neglect tended to have better performance on a ToM task compared to controls (Rnic, el al., 2018). Another study found that physical deprivation was not significantly associated with ToM after accounting for threat (Heleniak & McLaughlin, 2020). Observed associations between deprivation and ToM are therefore inconsistent. Despite evidence of the development of cognitive and affective ToM throughout adolescence, very few studies have addressed the associations between experiences of threat and cognitive and affective theory of mind during early adolescence (Sebastian et al., 2012). The data for the present preregistration have been collected, but not analyzed. This study examines the hypothesis that cognitive and affective ToM is a mechanism linking experiences of threat with externalizing symptoms. The study uses a community sample of pre-adolescents from diverse socioeconomic status backgrounds who vary in levels of both threat and deprivation experiences who were followed longitudinally over time.