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The primary goal of this scoping review is to identify emotion regulation strategies utilized by female athletes and exercisers of reproductive age (e.g., between the ages of 18-50; premenopausal, perimenopausal). A secondary goal is to examine differences in emotion regulation strategies between female athletes and exercisers who use hormonal contraception and those who do not. This review serves as an initial step toward identifying important gaps in knowledge, best practices for assessment of emotion regulation among women of reproductive age, and times at which mental skills training programs to support sustained exercise adherence across the menstrual cycle may be most useful. This review will be conducted by following the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR; Tricco et al., 2018) guidelines. The research team will search the following databases for cross-sectional, observational, or experimental studies: Academic Search Complete, CINHAL, Embase, Google Scholar, PubMed, MEDLINE, PsycArticles, PsycInfo, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science. Search terms will include combinations of “emotion regulation OR affect regulation OR mood regulation OR self-regulation OR emotion management OR affect management OR mood management OR emotional control OR affect control OR mood control OR coping strategies OR psychological flexibility OR cognitive reappraisal OR expressive suppression”, “women OR woman OR female,” and “exercise OR physical activity OR sport OR athlete OR exerciser OR training.” Each resulting title and abstract will be reviewed to determine relevance to the research questions. Additional inclusion criteria include: (1) published in a peer-reviewed journal, (2) available in English, (3) the primary outcome objectively assessed PA, (4) target population is women of reproductive age (e.g., between the ages of 18-50; premenopause and/or perimenopause status), or if the sample includes women under the age of 18 or women over age 50 the average age of a sample is ≤ 35, and (5) target population is not a group that has a medical contraindication to sport or exercise participation (e.g., cancer treatment), or a mental and/or physical impairment leading to inability to participate in sport or exercise (e.g., severe psychopathology). The research team will extract the following data from each of the included studies: name of journal, authors, year of publication, sample size, participant characteristics (e.g., participant age range, average age, medical conditions, menopause status, hormonal contraceptive use), type of sport or exercise (e.g., endurance sport, resistance training, team sport, individual sport), study type (e.g., cross-sectional, observational, experimental), emotion regulation measurement tool, timing of assessment, type of emotion regulation strategy, main findings, differences between contraceptive users versus non-users (as applicable), and variability across menstrual cycle phases (as applicable).

This article is from Frontiers in Immunology , volume 3 . Abstract The activity of natural killer (NK) cells is regulated by various processes including education/licensing, priming, integration of positive and negative signals through an array of activating and inhibitory receptors, and the development of memory-like functionality. These processes are often very complex due to the large number of different receptors and signaling pathways involved. Understanding these complex mechanisms is therefore a challenge, but is critical for understanding NK cell regulation. Mathematical approaches can facilitate the analysis and understanding of complex systems. Therefore, they may be instrumental for studies in NK cell biology. Here we provide a review of the different mathematical approaches to the analysis of NK cell signal integration, activation, proliferation, and the acquisition of inhibitory receptors. These studies show how mathematical methods can aid the analysis of NK cell regulation.

Ecological momentary assessment of emotion regulation, blood pressure, and heart rate.

Ecological momentary assessment of emotion regulation, blood pressure, and heart rate.

In higher education, about 60-70% of students use learning strategies (such as highlighting and summarizing) that are not effective for long term learning (Bjork, Dunlosky, & Kornell, 2013). Students tend to avoid effective learning strategies because these strategies cost high initial mental effort and provide no immediate learning gains (Kirk Johnson, Galla, & Fraundorf, 2009). With this study, we dissect students’ learning strategy decisions by investigating the role of their subjective learning experiences: mental effort and judgments of learning (JOL) and perceived effectiveness of learning strategies.

In higher education, about 60-70% of students use learning strategies (such as highlighting and summarizing) that are not effective for long term learning (Bjork, Dunlosky, & Kornell, 2013). Students tend to avoid effective learning strategies because these strategies cost high initial mental effort and provide no immediate learning gains (Kirk Johnson, Galla, & Fraundorf, 2009). With this study, we dissect students’ learning strategy decisions by investigating the role of their subjective learning experiences: mental effort and judgments of learning (JOL) and perceived effectiveness of learning strategies.

'I. National Highways Authority of India (Budget, Accounts, Audit, Investment, Funds and Powers to Enter premises) Amendment rules, 1999., II. Dock Workers (Regulation of Employment) (Amendment) Rules, 1999 along with delay Statement., III. Annual Administration reports and Accounts (1998-99) of the Erstwhile Mumbai Dock Labour Boards, Kandla Dock labour board and Calcutta Dock Labour Board and related papers., IV. Report and Accounts (1998-99) of the Seamen's Provident Fund Organisation, Mumbai and related papers., V. Memoranda of understanding (2000-2001) between Government of India (Ministry of Surface Transport) and Dredging Corporation of India Limited, and Hindustan Shipyard Limited. (25-Apr-2000)' from the RS Debates Digital Library

'I. National Highways Authority of India (Budget, Accounts, Audit, Investment, Funds and Powers to Enter premises) Amendment rules, 1999., II. Dock Workers (Regulation of Employment) (Amendment) Rules, 1999 along with delay Statement., III. Annual Administration reports and Accounts (1998-99) of the Erstwhile Mumbai Dock Labour Boards, Kandla Dock labour board and Calcutta Dock Labour Board and related papers., IV. Report and Accounts (1998-99) of the Seamen's Provident Fund Organisation, Mumbai and related papers., V. Memoranda of understanding (2000-2001) between Government of India (Ministry of Surface Transport) and Dredging Corporation of India Limited, and Hindustan Shipyard Limited. (25-Apr-2000)' from the RS Debates Digital Library

Children learn how to regulate and understand their emotions through co-regulation with caregivers throughout childhood (Cole & Hollenstein, 2018; Gross, 2013). Parents play an important part in this regulation and understanding (Cole & Hollenstein, 2018), but in many societies, children spend large amounts of their day with preschool staff as their caregivers (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, n.d). The aim of this master’s project is to investigate preschool staff’s child-rearing values and emotion regulation, in relation to children’s emotion understanding.

This study is a secondary analysis of data to examine how key affective, motivational, and cognitive determinants of emotion regulation (ER) choice are associated with in-the-moment ER strategy use throughout the daily lives of N = 114 socially anxious adults (Daniel et al., 2020). Participants in this study were asked to submit up to six randomly timed surveys per day. Relevant to the present study, each survey asked them to report on their motivation to engage in ER, anxiety intensity, and how they were regulating their emotions from a list of 19 strategies. Participants could also report that they were not regulating their emotions at the time of the survey. In this study, we will examine how momentary anxiety intensity and motivation, and trait-level ratings of ER effort predict momentary ER choices throughout five weeks of EMA monitoring. Specifically, we will examine how these predictors and interactions between them inform individuals’ choice to engage in no ER, only avoidance-oriented ER, only approach-oriented ER, and a mix of avoidance- and approach-oriented ER. Hypotheses Prior work by Ladis and colleagues (2022) using this dataset indicated that individuals’ state affect (ranging from positive to negative) was significantly associated with the odds of individuals using any ER strategy (approach- and/or avoidance-oriented were not differentiated) relative to not regulating. Although state affect is distinct from anxiety intensity, these two are likely related, and so we had this prior knowledge when formulating hypotheses. We extend Ladis and colleagues’ (2022) work by looking at anxiety intensity, perceived effort associated with strategy use, and motivation to regulate as predictors of ER (which Ladis et al. did not examine) and examining a wider range of ER choice options. Accordingly, below we describe hypotheses about how our affective, motivational, and cognitive determinants predict the likelihood of individuals choosing avoidance-only, approach-only, or a mix of avoidance- and approach-oriented strategies, in each case relative to the likelihood of them not choosing any strategy. When hypotheses point to a different comparison (e.g., comparing approach-only to a mix of avoidance- and approach-oriented strategies), then we will add those additional analyses using a referent other than no ER. Anxiety Intensity. Based on prior evidence (Goodman et al., 2021; Matthews et al., 2021; Tng & Yang, 2024), we expect that higher anxiety intensity will predict greater likelihood of using only avoidance-oriented, only approach-oriented, and a mix of approach- and avoidance-oriented strategies, relative to not regulating at all (Hypothesis 1A). That is, we anticipate that individuals’ ER strategy use will increase across the board as they feel more intensely anxious, and they will call upon diverse strategies to regulate. Based on ER choice work among unselected samples (Matthews et al., 2021) indicating that individuals choose avoidance- versus approach-oriented strategies as intensity increases, we anticipate that these effects will be especially strong for avoidance-only and mixed avoidance- and approach ER (relative to only approach-oriented ER; Hypothesis 1B). This would be consistent with evidence that socially anxious individuals find it very difficult to tolerate negative emotions and are thus motivated to minimize contact with them (Bernstein et al., 2011; Goodman et al., 2019). Motivation to Regulate. We predict that individuals will be more likely to engage in all forms of ER (vs. none) when their motivation levels are higher (Hypothesis 2). We put forth no hypotheses regarding whether likelihood to engage in approach only vs. avoidance only vs. mixed ER will be stronger/weaker. Emotion Regulation Effort. As described below (see Measures section), we will have three metrics of perceived effort, as assessed at baseline: one for only avoidance-oriented strategies, one for only approach-oriented strategies, and one for a mix of avoidance- and approach-oriented strategies. Based on prior work (e.g., Sheppes et al., 2008), we expect that individuals will perceive only avoidance-oriented strategies to be least effortful, and approach-oriented and mixed strategies to be (relatively more) effortful (Hypothesis 3A). Additionally, in terms of the connection between ER effort and ER choice, we expect that the odds of using a given strategy type (i.e., only avoidance-oriented, only approach-oriented, or a mix) will be greater if individuals perceive those strategies to be less effortful, and lesser if individuals perceive those strategies to be more effortful. Specifically, we expect that the odds of using only avoidance-oriented strategies (versus none) will be higher among individuals who perceive these to be lower (versus individuals who perceive them to be higher) effort (Hypothesis 3B), the odds of using only approach-oriented strategies (versus none) will be higher among individuals who perceive these to be lower (versus individuals who perceive them to be higher) effort (Hypothesis 3C), and the odds of using a mix of avoidance- and approach-oriented strategies (versus none) will be higher among individuals who perceive these to be lower (versus individuals who perceive them to be higher) effort (Hypothesis 3D). Interactive Effects. We hypothesize several two-way interactive effects of our determinants on ER choice (we will not test three-way interactions due to limited power). Anxiety Intensity and Motivation. We propose competing hypotheses regarding the interaction between anxiety intensity and motivation. On the one hand, we might expect that, when individuals feel most anxious and motivated to regulate, they will be most likely to engage in only avoidant ER (versus no ER or using other strategy types), given their documented difficulties tolerating anxiety (Bernstein et al., 2011) and tendency to rigidly use avoidance-oriented strategies (Hofmann, 2007). In this scenario, we would expect that the odds of choosing only avoidance-oriented strategies would be highest, followed by odds of engaging in only approach and mixed ER, as well as no ER (Hypothesis 4A). On the other hand, it is possible that, when motivation and intensity are higher, individuals will be more likely to draw from both avoidance- and approach-oriented strategies, reflecting a willingness to try different approaches to reduce their distress or a ‘flailing’ pattern aimed at quickly reducing distress (Daniel et al., 2023; Southward et al., 2018). In this scenario, we would expect that odds of engaging in mixed ER would be highest, followed by odds of engaging in only avoidance-oriented, only approach-oriented ER, and no ER (Hypothesis 4B). Anxiety Intensity and Effort. We expect to conceptually replicate the interaction between emotional intensity and effort reported by Matthews and colleagues (2021). That is, we anticipate that individuals’ perception regarding how effortful different ER choices are will ‘shape’ their ER choice when feeling intensely anxious. More specifically, when anxiety is more intense, individuals who perceive avoidance-oriented strategies to be less effortful (versus individuals who perceive them to be more effortful) will be more likely to make avoidance-only choices (relative to no ER; Hypothesis 5A), individuals who perceive approach-oriented strategies to be less effortful (versus individuals who perceive them to be more effortful) will be more likely to make approach-only choices (relative to no ER; Hypothesis 5B), and individuals who perceive both avoidance- and approach-oriented strategies to be less effortful (versus individuals who perceive them to be more effortful) will be more likely to make mixed avoidance- and approach- ER choices (relative to no ER; Hypothesis 5C). Meanwhile, we do not anticipate effort will shape ER choices as strongly when anxiety intensity is lower. Motivation and Effort. We expect that effort and motivation will interact such that, at higher motivation levels, individuals will be more likely to make ER choices they find effortful. This hypothesis is based on prior work indicating that motivation can counteract mental fatigue, allowing individuals to persist in effortful cognitive tasks (Lewczuk et al., 2022). In our sample, we expect that, when motivation is higher (versus lower), individuals who perceive avoidance-oriented strategies to be more effortful (versus individuals who perceive them to be less effortful) will be more likely to choose only avoidance-oriented strategies (versus no ER; Hypothesis 6A), individuals who perceive approach-oriented strategies to be more effortful (versus individuals who perceive them to be less effortful) will be more likely to choose only approach-oriented strategies (versus no ER; Hypothesis 6B), and individuals who perceive both avoidance- and approach-oriented strategies to be more effortful (versus individuals who perceive them to be less effortful) will be more likely to choose a mix of avoidance- and approach- oriented strategies (versus no ER; Hypothesis 6C)). Method Participants One hundred and fourteen adults scoring relatively high on a measure of social anxiety symptom severity enrolled in a five-week ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study. Individuals were invited to participate if they scored 29 or higher on the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS; Mattick & Clarke, 1998). SIAS scores range from 0 to 80 and higher scores indicate greater social anxiety severity. The cutoff score of 29 was selected as part of the parent study to ensure participants were experiencing moderate to severe social anxiety symptoms before beginning the study. A SIAS score of 29 falls approximately 25% of a standard deviation below the mean among individuals diagnosed with social phobia (M = 34.6, SD = 16.4; Mattick & Clarke, 1998). Beyond meeting the SIAS cutoff, participants also had to own an Android or iPhone that was compatible with the EMA application used in the study (i.e., MetricWire). Study Procedure Participants consented to participate in two 1.5 hour in-lab sessions, occurring immediately before and after a five-week period of EMA surveys on their personal smartphone. As part of the parent study, approximately half of the participants were randomized to receive an online cognitive bias training intervention half-way through the EMA period (see Daniel, Daros, et al., 2020). Following Ladis and colleagues (2022), given that the intervention did not markedly affect trait or EMA ER outcomes, we will use data from all 5 weeks of EMA for this study (see Daniel, Daros, et al., 2020, for more details) and include intervention condition in the models, as applicable. Throughout the 5 weeks of EMA, participants received up to six randomly timed surveys per day (note participants in the intervention group only received 2 surveys per day during the intervention to reduce participant burden), one end-of-day survey, and one end-of week survey for five weeks. Surveys were delivered via MetricWire at a random time between each two-hour window from 9am-9pm. Surveys were designed to take less than two minutes to complete and to remain active for no more than 45 minutes. Data from this study were collected between 2017 and 2018. Measures Trait Measures Social Anxiety Symptoms. Symptoms of social anxiety were assessed using the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS; Mattick & Clarke, 1998) during a baseline session that took place prior to beginning the EMA portion of the study. Participants rated how characteristic each of 20 items was of them on a 0 (“not at all characteristic of me”) to 4 (“extremely characteristic of me”) Likert scale, with higher scores indicating greater social anxiety symptom severity. Emotion Regulation Effort. As part of the parent study, individuals were asked to report on their typical emotion regulation strategy use (over the past 2 weeks) for 17 different ER strategies that described each strategy in lay-person terms. Following, participants were asked to indicate “how much effort (mental or physical) each emotion regulation strategy typically requires” on a scale of 1 (“No effort at all”) to 7 (“A lot of effort”). As described by Daniel et al (2024), each strategy was described either using language from existing single-item strategy measures (i.e., Heiy & Cheavens, 2014) or language that Daniel et al. (2020) developed in consultation with previous participants and undergraduate research assistants. We will calculate three effort metrics for the proposed analyses: mean effort across all strategies, mean effort across all avoidance-oriented strategies, and mean effort across all approach-oriented strategies. EMA Measures Anxiety Intensity. At each randomly timed survey, participants rated their anxiety throughout the 30 minutes before the survey prompt via a single item, “I was feeling…”, with anchors ranging from 0 (“very calm”) to 10 (“very anxious”). Motivation to Regulate. At each randomly timed survey, participants were asked to report on their motivation to regulate over the 30 minutes prior to receiving the prompt. The item wording was “Over the 30 minutes before the survey prompt, I wanted to change the thoughts/feelings that I was having. Please reference the peak level of motivation you felt during this time”, and they rated their motivation on a scale of 0 (Not at all) to 10 (Very much). Emotion Regulation Strategy Use. At each randomly timed survey, participants reported their momentary ER strategy use throughout the 30-minutes before the survey prompt. Specifically, they were presented with the question “over the 30 minutes before the survey prompt, I tried to change my thoughts/feelings through...” and asked to select all the strategies they used from a list including 19 unique strategies. They could also indicate that they did not use any regulation strategies. Conceptual labels for the strategies are provided here, but participants saw lay-person descriptions of the strategies in the survey. The 19 strategies were: rumination, problem solving, acceptance, self-criticism, cognitive reappraisal, thinking good thoughts, thought suppression, tackling the issue head on, distraction, alcohol, drugs, eating, exercising, TV/gaming, sleeping, advice-seeking, situational avoidance, expression suppression, doing something fun with others. Participants were allowed to pick as many strategies as applied to them. Each strategy that was selected was coded as a ‘1’ (vs. 0), and if participants endorsed not regulating their emotions at all, this option was coded as a ‘1’ (vs. 0). Following prior work (Daniel et al., 2023), we will exclude ‘alcohol’ and ‘drugs’ from our analyses, given these strategies were endorsed very infrequently. Operationalizing Emotion Regulation Choice We operationalize ER choice as the decision individuals made at each measurement occasion between 4 possible options: (1) not regulating; (2) using only avoidance-oriented strategies; (3) using only approach-oriented strategies; and (4) using a mix of avoidance- and approach-oriented strategies. These four options represent the full range of choices individuals in our sample could have made at any given measurement occasion. As such, for each measurement occasion, individuals’ ER choice will be coded as corresponding to one of these four categories. Given our interest in understanding whether and how individuals chose among different ER strategy types, most of our analyses intentionally contrast use of only avoidance-oriented, use of only approach-oriented, and use of a mix of avoidance- and approach-oriented strategies against the choice to not regulate. Analytic Plan Predicting ER choice Statistical analyses will be completed using R version 4.4.2 (R Core Team, 2016). Given our EMA observations are nested within participants, we plan to fit mixed effects models with random intercepts for each participant and random slopes for our repeated measures predictor variables (i.e., anxiety intensity and motivation to regulate). If we face convergence or singularity issues, we will remove the random slopes and re-run analyses using only random intercepts. Additionally, because our ER choice outcome consists of four nominal categories, we will use multinomial logistic regression to examine the effect of anxiety intensity, motivation to regulate, and ER effort on ER choice. Specifically, we will use the mblogit function from the mclogit package (Elff, 2022) to fit a multilevel multinomial logistical regression model. To test our different hypotheses, we will vary which outcome category we make our reference category. Specifically, to test most hypotheses (H1A, H2, H3B, H3C, H3D, H5A, H5B, H5C, H6A, H6B, H6C), we will make ‘no ER’ the reference category for the outcome variable. As such, the resulting logistic regression coefficients will capture the odds of making an ER choice (e.g., using only avoidance-oriented strategies) relative to not regulating at all. Meanwhile, we will choose a different reference category to test the remaining hypotheses: to test hypothesis 1B, we will make only approach-oriented ER the reference category (and compare the other 3 possible ER choices to this one); to test hypothesis 4A, we will make only-avoidance-oriented ER the reference category; and to test hypothesis 4B, we will make mixed ER the reference category. See Table 1 for a summary of hypotheses with associated planned comparisons. Note that hypotheses that involve the same reference category will be tested in the same model. Across all models, each of our predictors will be entered as fixed effects, and we will also include interaction terms capturing two-level interactions between anxiety intensity and effort, anxiety intensity and motivation, and motivation and effort. A visual conceptual depiction of this model is presented in Figure 1. Sensitivity Analysis. We will re-run the analyses described above using only EMA survey entries in which participants reported feeling at least some anxiety. To this end, we will include survey entries in which participants reported a score of 1 or higher on the anxiety intensity scale (which is rated on a scale of 0 = very calm to 10 = very anxious). These analyses will allow us to examine if associations between our affective, cognitive, and motivational predictors and ER choices hold when we focus in on times when participants were feeling at least somewhat anxious, compared to times when they could have reported feeling anywhere between very calm and very anxious. Comparing ER effort Across ER Strategy Choice Groups. We will run a repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) to test hypothesis 3A, which posits that individuals will perceive only avoidance-oriented strategies to be least effortful, and approach-oriented and mixed strategies to be (relatively more) effortful (with no differences between approach-oriented and mixed strategies). To this end, we will use the anova_test function from the rstatix package in R (Kassambara, 2023). The predictor variable will be a factor with three levels that correspond to our strategy groupings: avoidance-oriented, approach-oriented, or mixed (i.e., all strategies). Meanwhile, the outcome variable will be individuals’ mean effort rating. If the ANOVA is significant, we will perform paired t-tests with Bonferroni correction to further examine differences in effort ratings across strategy groupings. References Bernstein, A., Marshall, E. C., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2011). Multi-Method Evaluation of Distress Tolerance Measures and Construct(s): Concurrent Relations to Mood and Anxiety Psychopathology and Quality of Life. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology, 2(3), 386–399. https://doi.org/10.5127/jep.006610 Daniel, K. E., Daros, A. R., Beltzer, M. L., Boukhechba, M., Barnes, L. E., & Teachman, B. A. (2020). How Anxious are You Right Now? Using Ecological Momentary Assessment to Evaluate the Effects of Cognitive Bias Modification for Social Threat Interpretations. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 44(3), 538–556. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-020-10088-2 Daniel, K. E., Larrazabal, M. A., Boukhechba, M., Barnes, L. E., & Teachman, B. A. (2023). State and Trait Emotion Regulation Diversity in Social Anxiety. Clinical Psychological Science, 11(5), 894–909. https://doi.org/10.1177/21677026231151956 Goodman, F. R., Kashdan, T. B., & İmamoğlu, A. (2021). Valuing emotional control in social anxiety disorder: A multimethod study of emotion beliefs and emotion regulation. Emotion, 21(4), 842–855. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000750 Goodman, F. R., Larrazabal, M. A., West, J. T., & Kashdan, T. B. (2019). Experiential avoidance. In The Cambridge handbook of anxiety and related disorders (pp. 255–281). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108140416.010 Hofmann, S. G. (2007). Cognitive Factors that Maintain Social Anxiety Disorder: A Comprehensive Model and its Treatment Implications. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 36(4), 193–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506070701421313 Kassambara A (2023). rstatix: Pipe-Friendly Framework for Basic Statistical Tests. R package version 0.7.2, https://rpkgs.datanovia.com/rstatix/. Lewczuk, K., Wizła, M., Oleksy, T., & Wyczesany, M. (2022). Emotion Regulation, Effort and Fatigue: Complex Issues Worth Investigating. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.742557 Matthews, M., Webb, T. L., Shafir, R., Snow, M., & Sheppes, G. (2021). Identifying the determinants of emotion regulation choice: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Cognition & Emotion, 35(6), 1056–1084. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2021.1945538 Mattick, R. P., & Clarke, J. C. (1998). Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy. Southward, M. W., Altenburger, E. M., Moss, S. A., Cregg, D. R., & Cheavens, J. S. (2018). Flexible, Yet Firm: A Model of Healthy Emotion Regulation. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 37(4), 231–251. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2018.37.4.231 Tng, G. Y. Q., & Yang, H. (2024). Social anxiety and emotion regulation flexibility: A daily diary approach. Cognition and Emotion, 38(2), 199–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2023.2279176 stronger/weaker.

Pain has been repeatedly associated with negative emotions such as anger and depression, with recent findings indicating that greater anger predicts increased pain intensity. Furthermore, there is evidence that difficulties in controlling one’s emotions are also associated with pain intensity. Taken together, these findings suggest that the way individuals experience and regulate their negative emotions may play an important part in their consequent pain intensity. Thus, the aim of the proposed study is to examine hypothesis that the association between negative emotions and pain is mediated by emotion regulation (ER). Additionally, we will test the role of the trait anger as a possible moderator of this association. Specifically, we propose that maladaptive ER would increase the negative association between negative emotions and pain intensity, while adaptive ER would decrease it. In addition, we propose that greater anger will be associated with increased negative associations between negative emotions and pain, and with maladaptive ER. Our sample will include approximately 250 chronic lower back pain patients.

In this study, we aim to investigate the reciprocal relations between self-regulation (SR) and prosocial behavior (PB) across childhood and adolescence. For the purposes of this research, we define PB as “voluntary behavior intended to benefit others” (Eisenberg et al., 1996) and SR as “the internally-directed capacity to regulate affect, attention, and behavior,” which serves to modulate effective responses to both internal and environmental demands (Raffaelli et al., 2005). Using data from a multi-method longitudinal study, we will apply a cross-lagged panel model with random intercepts to examine how different facets of SR are associated with PB over four measurement points. Previous research has consistently shown positive associations between different SR competences and PB (Benita et al., 2017; Carlo et al., 2012; Moriguchi et al., 2020a; Schütz & Koglin, 2022; Steinbeis, 2018; Williams & Berthelsen, 2017). Most existing studies have focused on how SR affects PB, whereas there is a noticeable gap in understanding the reciprocal influence, particularly how PB might influence SR . Although existing research is sparse, several studies suggest significant effects of PB on different SR competences (Brass et al., 2022; Guo et al., 2018; Kaya, 2020; Li et al., 2024; Memmott, 2017; Memmott-Elison et al., 2020). To more systematically address the current gap in research, the present study aims to systematically explore bidirectional associations between several pivotal affective (emotional reactivity, emotion regulation), cognitive (inhibition), and behavioral (planning behavior) SR competences and PB over the course four measurement points covering a ten year period from middle childhood into late adolescence. Additionally, we will investigate whether the influence is stronger in one direction, specifically whether SR predicts PB more robustly than the reverse. This research will provide insights into the role of SR in fostering prosocial behavior and the influence of PB on SR during the timespan from childhood to adolescence.

Prior work has indicated that depressive symptoms are relatively unstable given that they can vary dramatically across time, including within hours (Nemesure et al., 2024). Moreover, the temporal relationship of anhedonia and depression on emotion regulation strategies and emotions has been explored (van Roekel et al., 2024). However, it remains unexplored how emotion regulation, particularly in response to positive emotions, relates to anhedonia variability over time, which is important to investigate so that we can better understand how trait-level behaviors relate to future symptom variability. Thus, the proposed study seeks to investigate whether dampening relates to variability indices in anhedonia over time. We will also evaluate the impact of other constructs that may impact anhedonia variability, including amplification of positivity (i.e., positive rumination), difficulties with regulating negative emotions, and anxiety. The unique effect of each of these variables on anhedonia will be investigated through symptom variability over the course of 270 depression EMA measurements (3 measurements per day for 90 days).

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An abundance of research findings suggests that people with anxiety disorders—and psychological disorders more generally—struggle to effectively regulate their emotions (Aldao, Sheppes, & Gross, 2015; Mennin, Holaway, Fresco, Moore, & Heimberg, 2007). The emotion regulation (ER) flexibility framework suggests that the degree to which an ER strategy is adaptive depends on a person’s context, their goals within that context, and their ability to implement the most effective strategy to achieve their contextual goals (Aldao et al., 2015; English, Lee, John, & Gross, 2017). Emotion malleability beliefs are a person’s belief that they can or cannot control their emotions (Kneeland, Nolen-Hoeksema, Dovidio, & Gruber, 2016). People who view their emotions as fixed tend to invest less effort to self-regulate because they see their emotions as uncontrollable and intrinsic (DeCastella et al., 2013), whereas people who view their emotions as malleable tend to cope with negative emotions more actively and assertively, as they attribute their emotions to more temporary factors (Dweck & Legget, 1988; Tamir, John, Srivastava & Gross, 2007). People with social anxiety disorder demonstrate difficulty with emotion regulation, and researchers have stated they tend to be inflexible in their emotion regulation (Goldin, Jazaieri, & Gross, 2014; O’Toole, Zachariae, & Mennin, 2017). However, no researchers to our knowledge have examined all of the specific components of ER flexibility (i.e., goal pursuit, ER variability, context sensitivity, responsiveness to feedback) in relation to social anxiety disorder. Furthermore, no researchers to our knowledge have examined how emotion malleability beliefs contribute to various components of ER flexibility, and whether these contributions are specific to social anxiety, or rather apply broadly to anxiety disorders. For example, specific phobias represent a separate class of anxiety disorders that appears less related to ER deficits. Understanding the degree to which people with social anxiety disorder, compared to people with specific phobia or no history of psychological disorder, demonstrate ER flexibility is critical to advancing theory and practice related to emotion regulation in anxiety disorders. The goal of this study is to investigate 1) how people’s implicit and explicit beliefs about the malleability of their emotions contributes to several components of emotion regulation (ER) flexibility, and 2) whether or not these contributions differ across people with different anxiety disorders (i.e., social anxiety disorder, specific phobia, and no diagnosed psychological disorder). Furthermore, to better understand how to measure ER flexibility, we will examine the association between people’s overall beliefs about their emotions, their beliefs about the (un)controllability of emotions, as well as their ability to regulate their anxiety. Through our research, we aim to gain a better understanding of the associations between various components of emotion regulation flexibility and how these components relate to explicit and implicit emotion malleability beliefs. Furthermore, we hope to shed light on how deficits in ER flexibility manifest among people with a diagnosis of social anxiety disorder, specific phobia, or no diagnosis. By comparing people with social anxiety disorder to people with specific phobia, we will be able to better understand how ER flexibility and disorder severity/specificity are linked. Furthermore, we hope to determine how people without anxiety (or other psychological disorders) differ from people with social anxiety disorder and/or specific phobia. Treatments for specific phobia have very high effect sizes for reducing symptoms (see Grös & Antony, 2006, for a review). Although treatments for social anxiety disorder show good efficacy, a significant portion of individuals with social anxiety disorder remain symptomatic, or relapse, following treatment (e.g., Carpenter et al., 2018). Our overall study objective is to improve our knowledge of how ER flexibility manifests in both specific phobia and in social anxiety disorder, when compared to a healthy control group, with the ultimate goal of potentially improving treatment efficacy by incorporating ER flexibility as a potential treatment target. Research Questions: 1. How do people’s implicit and explicit beliefs about the malleability of their emotions contribute to several components of emotion regulation (ER) flexibility? 2. Do these contributions differ across people with different anxiety disorders (i.e., social anxiety disorder, specific phobia, and control)?

Childhood trauma is alarmingly common (prevalence rates of up to 65% in young adults; Fu et al., 2018) and linked to various mental health problems, including personality disorder (Massullo et al., 2023; Xiao et al., 2023). However, its link with identity functioning is less established despite identity being a transdiagnostic risk factor (Potterton et al., 2022). Various theories suggest that childhood trauma could be related to both positive and negative identity functioning (Berman et al., 2020; Waterman, 2020), yet studies directly investigating this connection are lacking. This proposed relationship between childhood trauma and identity functioning could be explained by individual differences in emotion regulation and interpersonal relatedness, which both play crucial roles in identity functioning (Branje, 2022; Neacsiu et al., 2015). Importantly, both could also be greatly impacted by trauma (Aafjes-van Doorn et al., 2020; Agorastos et al., 2018). Therefore, this study aims to investigate the relationship between different types of childhood trauma and both adaptive and disturbed dimensions of identity functioning in young adults. Additionally, it aims to examine interpersonal relatedness, emotion regulation and their interplay as possible mediators of this relationship.

Childhood trauma is alarmingly common (prevalence rates of up to 65% in young adults; Fu et al., 2018) and linked to various mental health problems, including personality disorder (Massullo et al., 2023; Xiao et al., 2023). However, its link with identity functioning is less established despite identity being a transdiagnostic risk factor (Potterton et al., 2022). Various theories suggest that childhood trauma could be related to both positive and negative identity functioning (Berman et al., 2020; Waterman, 2020), yet studies directly investigating this connection are lacking. This proposed relationship between childhood trauma and identity functioning could be explained by individual differences in emotion regulation and interpersonal relatedness, which both play crucial roles in identity functioning (Branje, 2022; Neacsiu et al., 2015). Importantly, both could also be greatly impacted by trauma (Aafjes-van Doorn et al., 2020; Agorastos et al., 2018). Therefore, this study aims to investigate the relationship between different types of childhood trauma and both adaptive and disturbed dimensions of identity functioning in young adults. Additionally, it aims to examine interpersonal relatedness, emotion regulation and their interplay as possible mediators of this relationship.

Childhood trauma is alarmingly common (prevalence rates of up to 65% in young adults; Fu et al., 2018) and linked to various mental health problems, including personality disorder (Massullo et al., 2023; Xiao et al., 2023). However, its link with identity functioning is less established despite identity being a transdiagnostic risk factor (Potterton et al., 2022). Various theories suggest that childhood trauma could be related to both positive and negative identity functioning (Berman et al., 2020; Waterman, 2020), yet studies directly investigating this connection are lacking. This proposed relationship between childhood trauma and identity functioning could be explained by individual differences in emotion regulation and interpersonal relatedness, which both play crucial roles in identity functioning (Branje, 2022; Neacsiu et al., 2015). Importantly, both could also be greatly impacted by trauma (Aafjes-van Doorn et al., 2020; Agorastos et al., 2018). Therefore, this study aims to investigate the relationship between different types of childhood trauma and both adaptive and disturbed dimensions of identity functioning in young adults. Additionally, it aims to examine interpersonal relatedness, emotion regulation and their interplay as possible mediators of this relationship.

This scoping review will summarise the existing literature on the relationship between self-regulation and reward processing (measured using gambling tasks) in children and adolescents in general population samples. Specifically, we aim to identify the aspects of self-regulation that are relevant in the context of reward processing, while at the same time highlighting the gaps in the current knowledge on this topic.

This study examines the between- and within-person dynamics of narcissism and emotion regulation strategy usage using intensive longitudinal data.

This study examines the between- and within-person dynamics of narcissism and emotion regulation strategy usage using intensive longitudinal data.

This study examines the between- and within-person dynamics of narcissism and emotion regulation strategy usage using intensive longitudinal data.

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Study 1 results confirmed our hypothesis that heightened internal self-criticism is associated with greater maladaptive emotion regulation strategies (etc. catastrophizing, rumination, and withdrawing), but relationship type did not predict regulation strategy selection. In study 2, we will explore broader relationship context factors, internalized self-criticism, and their interactive effects on the use of emotion regulation following relationship conflict. To do this, participants will rate their internalized self-criticism, write a narrative of a past relationship conflict, rate their use of emotion regulation strategies, provide information about relationship context, and rate their use of emotion regulation strategies.

Study 1 results confirmed our hypothesis that heightened internal self-criticism is associated with greater maladaptive emotion regulation strategies (etc. catastrophizing, rumination, and withdrawing), but relationship type did not predict regulation strategy selection. In study 2, we will explore broader relationship context factors, internalized self-criticism, and their interactive effects on the use of emotion regulation following relationship conflict. To do this, participants will rate their internalized self-criticism, write a narrative of a past relationship conflict, rate their use of emotion regulation strategies, provide information about relationship context, and rate their use of emotion regulation strategies.

The aim of this project is to investigate why people do not regulate their emotions. Emotion regulation broadly defined is a process of influencing your current feelings. Research shows the many reasons people have for choosing to regulate their emotions (Tamir, 2016). Research also shows that in daily life, we often do not regulate our emotions, even when we feel negative (Kalokerinos et al., in prep). Therefore, in this work, we want to know more about why people don’t regulate their emotions. This is to better understand how we can help people to initiate emotion regulation when it would be most helpful. In this study, we begin scoping bottom-up reasons why people choose not to regulate their emotions, taking the first step towards answering this question.

The aim of this project is to investigate why people do not regulate their emotions. Emotion regulation broadly defined is a process of influencing your current feelings. Research shows the many reasons people have for choosing to regulate their emotions (Tamir, 2016). Research also shows that in daily life, we often do not regulate our emotions, even when we feel negative (Kalokerinos et al., in prep). Therefore, in this work, we want to know more about why people don’t regulate their emotions. This is to better understand how we can help people to initiate emotion regulation when it would be most helpful. In this study, we begin scoping bottom-up reasons why people choose not to regulate their emotions, taking the first step towards answering this question.

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Binge Eating Disorder (BED) represents a distinct eating disorder category with reduced self-regulation abilities, noticeable in an increased impulsivity, as well as an impaired working memory capacity (WMC). While there are neural correlates of WMC and impulsivity, neuropsychological measures do not necessarily reflect this association. Such mixed findings could be due to the multi-faceted nature of the impulsivity construct (Whitney et al., 2004). Therefore, findings of well-defined sub-domains of impulsivity and their association with WMC in BED are needed. Furthermore, the dual process model of self-regulation postulates that self-controlled behavior is the result of the interaction between impulsive, as well as reflective processes, such as working memory activity. While this theory could already be confirmed in a sample with loss of control eating and other areas, evidence is still sparse in eating disordered populations. In this study, we first aim to specify the predictive value of each of the impulsivity facets on WMC in everyday life as well as in the laboratory in individuals with BED. The facets will be measured by the Subscales of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (German version of BIS–15; Meule et al., 2011) and the Impulsive Behavior Scale (German version of UPPS; Schmidt et al., 2008). Secondly, based on the dual process model, we investigate the separate as well as interactive contribution of impulsivity and WMC on the self-regulation of eating. Self-regulation of eating will be operationalized as caloric intake in the lab during a bogus taste test (btt) after negative mood induction, as well as the occurrence of binge eating episodes in the EMA phase. WMC will be measured by a food-related 2-back task.

Our goal is to better understand how people's anxiety symptoms relate to their abilities to regulate their emotions.

Morten Schlütter is Associate Professor and Chair of the Department of Religious Studies at the University of Iowa. His research area is Chinese religions, mostly focused on Buddhism. He is the author of How Zen Became Zen: The Dispute over Enlightenment and the Formation of Chan Buddhism in Song-Dynasty China (University of Hawai'i Press, 2008), the co-editor of Readings of the Platform Sutra (Columbia University Press, 2012), and the author of many articles on Chinese Buddhism and Chan/Zen. Cuma Özkan is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Religious Studies at the University of Iowa, writing his dissertation tentatively titled as, "Contesting Sinicization and Defending Islam in Late Imperial China." He is currently teaching at Millsaps College as a Faculty Teaching Fellow in Religious Studies. Özkan earned his bachelor's in Islamic theology at the Theology Faculty of Ankara University in 2007. He later received MA degrees in Religious Studies in 2013 and in Asian Civilizations with an emphasis on China in 2018 at the University of Iowa. During his graduate work, he has conducted archival research at different institutes in China and field work among different Muslim communities in northwestern and eastern China. Together, Schlütter and Ozkan will explore how Islam's presence in China is as long as the history of Islam. Through commerce and diplomatic missions, Muslims travelled to and settled in China starting in the 7th century. Since then, rules and policies under different dynasties towards foreigners and ethnic minorities have shaped the lives of Muslims in China. This is also the case today where the lives of Muslims under the People's Republic of China are significantly being affected by government regulations. This presentation, after giving some background about the history Islam in China, will discuss the situation of Islam in the People's Republic of China with reference to legal documents on the regulation of religion, government reports, and news stories.

This study examined college students' motivational tendencies as predictors of academic outcomes and tested how students' goal orientations and academic delay of gratification mediated these associations. The study used data, previously analyzed in 1999, on academic delay of gratification, personal achievement goal orientations, self-efficacy, test anxiety, demographics, time dedicated to studying, and college grade point average. The results show that students' task goal orientation and academic delay of gratification mediate the relationship between self-efficacy and the time students dedicate to study. These results are considered under the umbrella of Zimmerman's cyclical model of self-regulation, which posits that learners engage in sustaining cognition, behavior, and emotions to pursue academic goals and intentions. The findings are also consistent with Mischel's self-regulatory approach, which assumes that effective delay of gratification is a function of motivation and voluntary postponement of immediate gratification in order to pursue later outcomes. The results demonstrate that students who have high self-efficacy are engaging in academic tasks for the sake of learning and mastering work, delay gratification and persist longer in goal directed study time. Implications for education and future research are discussed. Appended are: sample items from the Academic Volitional Strategy Scales and from the Patterns of Adaptive Learning Survey, Test Anxiety, Self-Efficacy and Reliability Cronbach Alphas. (Contains 39 references, 2 tables, and 2 figures.)(SM)

The aim of this project is to investigate why people do not regulate their emotions. Emotion regulation broadly defined is a process of influencing your current feelings. Research shows the many reasons people have for choosing to regulate their emotions (Tamir, 2016). Research also shows that in daily life, we often do not regulate our emotions, even when we feel negative (Kalokerinos et al., in prep). Therefore, in this work, we want to know more about why people don’t regulate their emotions. This is to better understand how we can help people to initiate emotion regulation when it would be most helpful. In this study, we begin scoping bottom-up reasons why people choose not to regulate their emotions, taking the first step towards answering this question.

Generally, adolescence is a crucial sensitive period to develop psychopathology (Somerville et al., 2010; Steinberg, 2005). Adolescent depression is, similar to depression in adults, characterized by high negative affect and low positive affect (i.e., anhedonia) (Thapar et al., 2012). Previous research mostly emphasized the disruptions in negative emotions (Young et al., 2019), which is an important drawback because distortions in positive emotional processes are hypothesized to be a more specific risk factor for developing depression (Anderson & Hope, 2008; Clark & Watson, 1991). However, research on positive emotions in adolescent samples is lacking (Gilbert, 2012). To date, it remains unknown if adolescents with depression only suffer from reduced reactivity towards positive emotions or, if they are also unable to sustain the positive emotion. Therefore, more research on both reactivity and regulation towards positive emotions deserves attention in the study of adolescent depression. The positive attenuation hypothesis states that depressive symptomatology is characterized by a decreased reactivity towards positive emotions (Bylsma et al., 2008). Empirical evidence supports this hypothesis (Benvenuti et al., 2015; Horner et al., 2014; Kovacs et al., 2016; Rottenberg et al., 2002; Stange et al., 2017). Furthermore, previous research on the regulation of positive emotions in relation to depression focused on dampening and enhancing responses towards positive emotions, but was until now limited to self-reports (Bijttebier et al., 2012; Gomez-Baya et al., 2017; Nelis et al., 2018; Nelis et al., 2015). As people with depressive symptomatology have a negativity bias, relying on self-reports only can lead to biased conclusions. Subjectivity in measurements is always a drawback of self-reports and even more in adolescents, as they still lack fully developed cognitive abilities to report on their internal emotional states (Steinberg, 2005). Therefore, more objective measurements are needed, even more since emotion reactivity and regulation also imply body-related components that strive towards homeostasis of tension and arousal (Appelhans & Luecken, 2006; Beauchaine, 2015). Research adding psychophysiological measures, exploring both the reactivity and the regulation of positive emotions related to depression, is scarcely available, but can support findings with subjective reported measures of emotions. Therefore, the goal of the present study is to investigate positive emotional reactivity and positive emotion regulation, both during and after a positive emotion induction, and its link with depressive symptoms in adolescents, with a specific focus on operationalizing reactivity and regulation based on (1) psychophysiological responses, specifically parasympathetic nervous system responses as indexed by respiratory sinus arrythmia (RSA) and (2) self-reported (positive) affective ratings.

Lifelong learning has become an integral part of educational approaches, aiming to promote continuous learning throughout an individual's life. The purpose of the current literature review is to assess the trends, themes and gaps in lifelong learning for engineers. A comprehensive search was conducted in Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Scopus for articles published from 1990. Specific search terms were used to retrieve relevant articles and were determined based on a combination of keywords. The abstracts and titles of the retrieved articles were screened to determine their eligibility for inclusion in this study. A total of 5,342 studies were initially identified. After removing duplicates, the number of studies was reduced to 2,217. Subsequently, the studies were further filtered based on the predefined qualification criteria, resulting in 1,779 studies that underwent abstract and title screening. Ultimately, a total of 28 articles were identified as meeting the predefined eligibility criteria and were considered for the research. These selected articles formed the basis for the thematic analysis and further exploration of the research topic. The studies emphasized the significance of both formal and informal learning and training. Problem-based learning is a crucial component of lifelong learning. This approach encourages deeper understanding, independent thinking, and the development of teamwork and essential skills. Self-directed learning is a prominent competency for lifelong learning. It involves self-reflection, self-regulation, and proactively identifying areas for improvement. A group-based approach is suggested to complement technical knowledge with personal skills and non-technical competencies. Five themes including self-directed learning, coaching and mentoring, problem-based learning, formal and informal learning, and group-based approaches were identified. These concepts should be integrated into the education system and the workplace to support lifelong learning for engineers. [For the full proceedings, see ED652261.]

There is evidence suggesting that an insecure attachment style is related to difficulties in emotion regulation and increased paranoia. There is also evidence suggesting that difficulties in emotion regulation are related to increased paranoia. This study aims to examine the relationship between these three variables, and explore whether emotion regulation mediates the relationship between attachment style and paranoia, in people experiencing paranoia.

University is a significant transitional period marked by numerous psychological, social, and academic challenges. Students must adjust to new environments, manage increased academic workloads, and navigate shifting social dynamics, all of which contribute to heightened stress levels (Bewick et al., 2010). Research indicates that psychological distress tends to increase over the course of undergraduate studies, with students experiencing a decline in psychological well-being that persists throughout their degree. In Ontario, many students report struggling with their mental health, often citing limited coping strategies and barriers to seeking support (Moghimi et al., 2023). Among these barriers are stigma surrounding mental health concerns, a lack of awareness about available resources, and perceptions that universities do not provide adequate mental health support. Consequently, many post-secondary students believe that universities must implement more accessible and diverse mental health resources to meet their needs effectively. Given these challenges, there is an urgent need for Canadian universities to develop and implement evidence-based, accessible mental health interventions that can support students throughout their undergraduate journey. One promising approach involves teaching students self-regulation techniques that promote resilience and psychological well-being. Self-regulation refers to an individual's ability to manage emotions, thoughts, and behaviours in response to stressors, and it has been widely recognized as a key factor in maintaining mental health during periods of transition and change. Thus, the current study aims to investigate the impact of online wellness skills intervention training (e.g., mindfulness, paced/relaxed breathing, and journaling) on undergraduate students' stress and well-being.

This article is from Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , volume 367 . Abstract Denitrifying prokaryotes use NOx as terminal electron acceptors in response to oxygen depletion. The process emits a mixture of NO, N2O and N2, depending on the relative activity of the enzymes catalysing the stepwise reduction of NO3− to N2O and finally to N2. Cultured denitrifying prokaryotes show characteristic transient accumulation of NO2−, NO and N2O during transition from oxic to anoxic respiration, when tested under standardized conditions, but this character appears unrelated to phylogeny. Thus, although the denitrifying community of soils may differ in their propensity to emit N2O, it may be difficult to predict such characteristics by analysis of the community composition. A common feature of strains tested in our laboratory is that the relative amounts of N2O produced (N2O/(N2+N2O) product ratio) is correlated with acidity, apparently owing to interference with the assembly of the enzyme N2O reductase. The same phenomenon was demonstrated for soils and microbial communities extracted from soils. Liming could be a way to reduce N2O emissions, but needs verification by field experiments. More sophisticated ways to reduce emissions may emerge in the future as we learn more about the regulation of denitrification at the cellular level.

'I.Memorandum of Understanding (2000-2001) between the Government of India and the Engineers India Limited,II. Liquified Petroleum Gas (Regulation of Supply and Distribution) Order2000 (7-Aug-2000)' from the RS Debates Digital Library

One of the major obstacles to study the contribution of estrogen receptor (ER) to the initiation and progression of breast cancer is the lack of an appropriate culture model that duplicates the estrogenic effects seen in the normal gland in vivo. We postulate that the correct expression and function of ER depends on an appropriate microenvironment that preserves cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Here we determined that the extracellular matrix (ECM) modulates the expression and function of the ER. The stimulation of the ER- mediated response by the presence of cell-matrix interactions involves the a6 integrin subunit. Using quantitative RT-PCR and western blots we also demonstrated that both normal and tumorigenic mouse mammary cell lines in culture increased ERa expression levels in response to ECM and that those levels are higher in the tumorigenic cell line. Moreover, the presence of estradiol decreased the expression of its own receptor in both cell types, two-fold in normal cells and fifteen-fold in tumorigenic cells. Therefore, we believe that the regulatory effect of ECM is exerted, at least in part, by modulating both the ER-mediated response and/or ERa levels itself. In addition, we have developed an in vitr0 culture system for mouse mammary cells isolated from the gland, which partly prevents the loss of ERa expression normally seen in standard culture conditions. This improved technique relies on culturing the cells in 3D cultures inside collagen I gels or on top of Matrigel instead of 2D monolayers, and the addition of lactogenic hormones. These results suggest that the approach that we have chosen to analyze the regulation of ER function by a three-dimensional matrix is promising. The regulation of ER by ECM could be a crucial step in the progression of breast cancer from an ER-positive to an ER- negative tumor, which leads to a hormone-independent and more aggressive cancer phenotype. In addition, manipulating ER expression in mammary cells b7

Parent-child coregulation, thought to support children's burgeoning regulatory capacities, is the process by which parents and their children regulate one another through their goal-oriented behavior and expressed affect. Two particular coregulation patterns--dyadic contingency and dyadic flexibility--appear beneficial in early childhood, but their role in the typical development of self-regulation is not yet clear. The present study examined whether dynamic parent-child patterns of dyadic contingency and dyadic flexibility in both affect and goal-oriented behavior (e.g., discipline, compliance) predicted multiple components of preschoolers' self-regulation. Mother-child dyads (N = 100) completed structured and unstructured dyadic tasks in the laboratory at age 3, and mothers completed child self-regulation measures at age 4. Findings showed that more flexible and contingent affective parent-child processes, as long as the affective content was primarily positive or neutral, predicted higher levels of self-regulation in early childhood. However, when dyads engaged in more negative affective and behavioral content, higher levels of affective and behavioral contingency and behavioral flexibility predicted lower levels of child self-regulation. Findings suggest parent-child coregulation processes play a meaningful role in children's typical regulatory development, and that parent-child coregulation patterns can be potentially adaptive or maladaptive for child outcomes depending on the content of the interaction. [This paper was published in "Developmental Psychology" v56 n6 p1121-1134 2020.]

lecture notes on energy market regulation

While it is apparent that the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has given a great deal of thought to the regulation of cable systems, the basic success or failure of cable as a communications service will depend on local development. Relatively little guidance has been provided to local franchising authorities for selecting among applicants, for designing franchise areas or determining what services a community needs. The rules in these areas have purposely been left ambiguous and fluid in order to allow the greatest amount of local impact in an area where only local answers can ensure that a cable system will serve the public interest. This guide specifically describes the FCC's role and the regulatory process in regard to cable television. The current problems, such as access and origination cablecasting, enlargement of channel capacity, pay-cable, and competition with broadcast television signals are revealed and discussed with appropriate references to FCC decisions and opinions. (MC)

The clinically observed eating pattern of gorging (eating fewer, larger meals later in the day) is ill defined in the literature and inconsistently linked to metabolic rate suppression and body composition. The purpose of this study was to further understand the relationship between gorging, metabolic rate, and body composition with a consideration of daily physical activity and purposeful exercise. Gorging was defined as two or fewer meals per day with at least seven hours between waking and the first meal for at least three days per week. It was hypothesized that gorgers would have 1) lower metabolic rates, 2) more body fat, 3) lower energy and higher fat intakes, and 4) more pathological eating attitudes than non-gorgers. Participants were 12 obese gorging (OG), 11 obese non-gorging (ON), 14 normal weight gorging (NG), and 14 normal weight non-gorging (NN; age-matched), non-smoking, otherwise healthy women. Metabolic testing included assessment of resting metabolic rate (RMR), active metabolic rate (AMR) while riding a stationary bicycle at a rate of 50 rpm and workload of 1kg, and dietary induced thermogenesis (DIT) where postprandial metabolic rate was assessed. Results were partially supported. Contrary to the first hypothesis, the eating pattern groups did not differ by RMR F(1,47) = 3.96, p = 0.05, AMR F(1, 47) = 2.03, p = 0.16, or DIT F(1, 47) = 0.40, p = 0.53 after covarying lean body mass. Lean body mass was the best predictor of metabolic rate accounting for 72% of the variance. These findings are limited by the small effect sizes for these analyses.

Gene regulation in higher eukaryotes involves a complex interplay between the gene proximal promoter and distal genomic elements (such as enhancers) which work in concert to drive spatio-temporal expression. The experimental characterization of gene regulatory elements is a very complex and resource-intensive process. One of the major goals in computational biology is the \textit{in-silico} annotation of previously uncharacterized elements using results from the subset of known, annotated, regulatory elements. The computational annotation of these hitherto uncharacterized regions would require an identification of features that have good predictive value for regulatory behavior. In this work, we study transcriptional regulation as a problem in heterogeneous data integration, across sequence, expression and interactome level attributes. Using the example of the \textit{Gata2} gene and its recently discovered urogenital enhancers \cite{Khandekar2004} as a case study, we examine the predictive value of various high throughput functional genomic assays in characterizing these enhancers and their regulatory role. Observing results from the application of modern statistical learning methodologies for each of these data modalities, we propose a set of attributes that are most discriminatory in the localization and behavior of these enhancers.

This article is from Oncotarget , volume 1 . Abstract More effective anticancer agents are essential, as has too often been demonstrated by the paucity of therapeutics which preserve life. Their discovery is very difficult. Many approaches are being applied, from testing folk medicines to automated high throughput screening of large chemical libraries. Mutations in cancer cells create dysfunctional regulatory systems. This Perspective summarizes an approach to applying defective molecular control mechanisms as oncotargets on which drug discoveries against cancer can be based.

Gene regulation is a complex process involving the role of several genomic elements which work in concert to drive spatio-temporal expression. The experimental characterization of gene regulatory elements is a very complex and resource-intensive process. One of the major goals in computational biology is the \textit{in-silico} annotation of previously uncharacterized elements using results from the subset of known, previously annotated, regulatory elements. The recent results of the ENCODE project (\emph{http://encode.nih.gov}) presented in-depth analysis of such functional (regulatory) non-coding elements for 1% of the human genome. It is hoped that the results obtained on this subset can be scaled to the rest of the genome. This is an extremely important effort which will enable faster dissection of other functional elements in key biological processes such as disease progression and organ development (\cite{Kleinjan2005},\cite{Lieb2006}. The computational annotation of these hitherto uncharacterized regions would require an identification of features that have good predictive value. In this work, we study transcriptional regulation as a problem in heterogeneous data integration, across sequence, expression and interactome level attributes. Using the example of the \textit{Gata2} gene and its recently discovered urogenital enhancers \cite{Khandekar2004} as a case study, we examine the predictive value of various high throughput functional genomic assays (from projects like ENCODE and SymAtlas) in characterizing these enhancers and their regulatory role. Observing results from the application of modern statistical learning methodologies for each of these data modalities, we propose a set of features that are most discriminatory to find these enhancers.