Understanding Emotion Regulation With And Without Anxiety; Zoom Version, Modified Due To COVID After Collecting Data From 3 People In-person - Info and Reading Options

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An abundance of research findings suggests that people with anxiety disorders—and psychological disorders more generally—struggle to effectively regulate their emotions (Aldao, Sheppes, & Gross, 2015; Mennin, Holaway, Fresco, Moore, & Heimberg, 2007). The emotion regulation (ER) flexibility framework suggests that the degree to which an ER strategy is adaptive depends on a person’s context, their goals within that context, and their ability to implement the most effective strategy to achieve their contextual goals (Aldao et al., 2015; English, Lee, John, & Gross, 2017). Emotion malleability beliefs are a person’s belief that they can or cannot control their emotions (Kneeland, Nolen-Hoeksema, Dovidio, & Gruber, 2016). People who view their emotions as fixed tend to invest less effort to self-regulate because they see their emotions as uncontrollable and intrinsic (DeCastella et al., 2013), whereas people who view their emotions as malleable tend to cope with negative emotions more actively and assertively, as they attribute their emotions to more temporary factors (Dweck & Legget, 1988; Tamir, John, Srivastava & Gross, 2007). People with social anxiety disorder demonstrate difficulty with emotion regulation, and researchers have stated they tend to be inflexible in their emotion regulation (Goldin, Jazaieri, & Gross, 2014; O’Toole, Zachariae, & Mennin, 2017). However, no researchers to our knowledge have examined all of the specific components of ER flexibility (i.e., goal pursuit, ER variability, context sensitivity, responsiveness to feedback) in relation to social anxiety disorder. Furthermore, no researchers to our knowledge have examined how emotion malleability beliefs contribute to various components of ER flexibility, and whether these contributions are specific to social anxiety, or rather apply broadly to anxiety disorders. For example, specific phobias represent a separate class of anxiety disorders that appears less related to ER deficits. Understanding the degree to which people with social anxiety disorder, compared to people with specific phobia or no history of psychological disorder, demonstrate ER flexibility is critical to advancing theory and practice related to emotion regulation in anxiety disorders. The goal of this study is to investigate 1) how people’s implicit and explicit beliefs about the malleability of their emotions contributes to several components of emotion regulation (ER) flexibility, and 2) whether or not these contributions differ across people with different anxiety disorders (i.e., social anxiety disorder, specific phobia, and no diagnosed psychological disorder). Furthermore, to better understand how to measure ER flexibility, we will examine the association between people’s overall beliefs about their emotions, their beliefs about the (un)controllability of emotions, as well as their ability to regulate their anxiety. Through our research, we aim to gain a better understanding of the associations between various components of emotion regulation flexibility and how these components relate to explicit and implicit emotion malleability beliefs. Furthermore, we hope to shed light on how deficits in ER flexibility manifest among people with a diagnosis of social anxiety disorder, specific phobia, or no diagnosis. By comparing people with social anxiety disorder to people with specific phobia, we will be able to better understand how ER flexibility and disorder severity/specificity are linked. Furthermore, we hope to determine how people without anxiety (or other psychological disorders) differ from people with social anxiety disorder and/or specific phobia. Treatments for specific phobia have very high effect sizes for reducing symptoms (see Grös & Antony, 2006, for a review). Although treatments for social anxiety disorder show good efficacy, a significant portion of individuals with social anxiety disorder remain symptomatic, or relapse, following treatment (e.g., Carpenter et al., 2018). Our overall study objective is to improve our knowledge of how ER flexibility manifests in both specific phobia and in social anxiety disorder, when compared to a healthy control group, with the ultimate goal of potentially improving treatment efficacy by incorporating ER flexibility as a potential treatment target. Research Questions: 1. How do people’s implicit and explicit beliefs about the malleability of their emotions contribute to several components of emotion regulation (ER) flexibility? 2. Do these contributions differ across people with different anxiety disorders (i.e., social anxiety disorder, specific phobia, and control)?

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