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This review project aims to systematically examine how personal vulnerabilities have been defined and studied within the Job Demands–Resources (JD-R) model. Despite JD-R’s widespread use, the construct of personal vulnerabilities has remained underexplored and inconsistently applied across studies. In some cases, personal vulnerabilities are treated as stable personality traits (e.g., perfectionism), while in others they are conceptualized as more situational or variable. Their theoretical role within JD-R applications also differs, ranging from predictors of job strain to moderators of job demands, while in many instances they are not included at all. The purpose of this review is to synthesize and clarify the fragmented literature. Specifically, it will provide an overview of how personal vulnerabilities have been defined, what characteristics they have been associated with (e.g., emotions, traits, behaviors), whether they are framed as stable or variable, and how they have been distinguished from personal resources. In addition, the review will map how personal demands have been positioned within JD-R applications and what outcomes they have been linked to, such as strain, burnout, or impaired well-being. By bringing together this scattered evidence, the review will provide a clearer picture of how personal demands have been conceptualized and used in the JD-R literature.

The purpose of this study is to examine how children use inter-turn-interval (ITI) to reason about social commitment and the moderating role of Theory of Mind (ToM). In the experiment, children watch cartoons in which a squirrel asks two animals for help. One animal responds quickly after a short ITI (500 ms), while the other responds after a longer ITI (3000 ms). Children will then decide which animal ultimately helped the squirrel and answer questions about their social preference for the two animals. Additionally, we include a task in which children judge which character responded faster. This task aims to verify whether children can perceive and distinguish different response delays, ensuring that their choices are truly based on temporal information rather than other factors. In addition, this study includes the rhythm test from the Montreal Battery of Evaluation of Musical Abilities (MBEMA) to investigate whether children's sensitivity to pauses is related to their ability to perceive rhythm. This will help to explore whether the processing of temporal cues in language interactions is influenced by broader rhythmic cognition. Furthermore, we will use the Theory of Mind Inventory (ToMI) and the False Belief Task to assess children's ToM development. This will help determine whether their sensitivity to pauses is influenced by their ToM abilities, thus providing insight into the underlying mechanisms of their reasoning.

This study aims to develop a more comprehensive understanding of moral development theory and to examine how gender plays a differential role in interpersonal relationship styles during moral decision-making processes. The mediating role of gender offers a significant area of investigation for understanding the interaction between social norms and individual developmental processes (Kohlberg, 1981). It is anticipated that among women, the relationship between the level of moral development and interpersonal relationship styles will manifest more strongly, whereas among men, this relationship is expected to appear at a weaker level. This study aims to develop a more comprehensive understanding of moral development theory and to examine how gender plays a differentiated role in interpersonal relationship styles during moral decision-making processes. The mediating role of gender offers a significant field of inquiry for understanding the interaction between social norms and individual developmental processes (Kohlberg, 1981). It is expected that among women, the relationship between the level of moral development and interpersonal relationship styles will be more strongly manifested, while among men, this relationship is anticipated to appear at a weaker level. Morality has been defined in various ways. According to Kohlberg, morality involves decision-making and conscious reasoning in matters concerning right and wrong, good and evil, and justice and injustice. As a result of these decisions, morality shapes behavior and represents a cognitive structure inherent to humanity. In other words, it is a cognitive capacity that includes the ability to make judgments, make decisions, and shape behavior based on self-imposed limitations in harmony with universal standards (Krebs et al., 1997). Furthermore, Kohlberg explains moral development through the lenses of developmental psychology and formalist philosophy (Lawson, 1983). Kohlberg posited that moral development is a process based on cognitive dilemmas, similar to cognitive development, where progression from one stage to another occurs without skipping steps (Çileli, 1986; Hood et al., 2004; Hwang, 1998; Onur, 1986). He proposed six stages of moral reasoning, organized under three levels. Each stage builds upon the previous one and serves as a foundation for the next. Thus, moral development is viewed as a hierarchical process (Akboy, 1997; Aydın, 2005; Mahon, 2000; Onur, 1986; Selçuk, 1999; Senemoğlu, 2001). The three levels outlined in the theory represent the dimensions of moral development (Windsor et al., 1999). The first level is the pre-conventional stage, typically describing the moral thinking of children. However, it has also been observed in some adolescents, adults, and adult offenders. The second level is the conventional stage, which emerges during adolescence and is commonly adopted during this period. Most adults are found within this level. The final level is the post-conventional stage, which is reached by only a few adults. When it does emerge, it typically begins in late adolescence and can be observed in early adulthood. This stage is exemplified by figures such as Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., and Mother Teresa (Güngör, 1993). Kohlberg’s theory of moral development has faced several criticisms (Hwang, 1998). One primary critique is that the theory emphasizes reasoning over behavior, given its cognitive foundation. However, the alignment of moral reasoning with moral behavior should not be assumed as a given (Dönmezler, 2004; Selçuk, 1999). Another major criticism stems from the fact that Kohlberg’s research was conducted solely on male participants, raising concerns regarding the generalizability of his findings to women (Dönmezler, 2004). Gilligan (1982) argued that males and females face different social experiences and dilemmas. According to evaluations based on Kohlberg's framework, women’s moral judgments often correspond to the third stage of the six-stage model. This stage reflects a level of morality shaped by interpersonal relationships and social interactions, emphasizing helping others, meeting their needs, and ensuring their satisfaction—aligning with concepts of social responsibility. Consequently, the moral orientation is understood to be gender-related, and Kohlberg has been criticized for neglecting the moral orientations and perspectives specific to women. Personality is a broad concept encompassing all of an individual's characteristics (Ülken, 2024). Character refers to the moral dimension of personality, while temperament and disposition reflect its emotional dimension. Self-concept consists of an individual’s perceptions and evaluations of themselves, whereas identity refers to the sum of all conditions that define a person as an individual (Kulaksızoğlu, 1999). Interpersonal relationships refer to the entirety of an individual’s interactions with others. It is a common and essential aspect of human life, consisting of emotional exchanges and behaviors occurring between at least two people (Leary, 1957). Literature indicates that interpersonal relationships can be classified into different categories. According to Şahin et al. (1994), these can be categorized into four main types: open, respectful, disparaging, and egocentric. Among these, open and respectful relationships are constructive and nurturing, while disparaging and egocentric styles are restrictive and inhibiting. Open, natural, constructive, clear, empathetic, and honest communication fosters nurturing relationships, whereas unnatural or non-progressive communication leads to restrictive interactions (Greenwald, 1999). Sex (biological gender) refers to the set of differences between males and females that are inherent and determined at birth (Özkar, 2020). Gender (social gender), on the other hand, refers to the roles, behaviors, and attitudes considered appropriate for men and women within a given society (Alesina et al., 2013). In other words, while biological sex represents anatomical differences, gender encompasses the cultural and social traits imposed by society (Karaçil, 2020). Kohlberg developed his views on gender roles drawing from both Piaget’s theory of cognitive development and his own theory of moral development. Considering these frameworks, it is important to investigate the relationship between the level of moral development and interpersonal relationship styles through the lens of gender differences. Accordingly, it is predicted that the relationship between individuals’ levels of moral development and their interpersonal interaction styles will vary based on gender and that gender will function as a moderator variable in this relationship.

In summary, this research involves categorizing threats and examining how individuals construct meaning around non-specific threats through attribution, offers deeper insights into the cognitive processes underlying conspiracy theory beliefs. It also broadens the explanatory reach of the existential threat model of conspiracy theories. Additionally, it extends the applicability of traditional attribution theory beyond explaining personal success or failure to encompass the causes of societal events.

The principal inertia components of the joint distribution of two random variables $X$ and $Y$ are inherently connected to how an observation of $Y$ is statistically related to a hidden variable $X$. In this paper, we explore this connection within an information theoretic framework. We show that, under certain symmetry conditions, the principal inertia components play an important role in estimating one-bit functions of $X$, namely $f(X)$, given an observation of $Y$. In particular, the principal inertia components bear an interpretation as filter coefficients in the linear transformation of $p_{f(X)|X}$ into $p_{f(X)|Y}$. This interpretation naturally leads to the conjecture that the mutual information between $f(X)$ and $Y$ is maximized when all the principal inertia components have equal value. We also study the role of the principal inertia components in the Markov chain $B\rightarrow X\rightarrow Y\rightarrow \widehat{B}$, where $B$ and $\widehat{B}$ are binary random variables. We illustrate our results for the setting where $X$ and $Y$ are binary strings and $Y$ is the result of sending $X$ through an additive noise binary channel.

The principal inertia components of the joint distribution of two random variables $X$ and $Y$ are inherently connected to how an observation of $Y$ is statistically related to a hidden variable $X$. In this paper, we explore this connection within an information theoretic framework. We show that, under certain symmetry conditions, the principal inertia components play an important role in estimating one-bit functions of $X$, namely $f(X)$, given an observation of $Y$. In particular, the principal inertia components bear an interpretation as filter coefficients in the linear transformation of $p_{f(X)|X}$ into $p_{f(X)|Y}$. This interpretation naturally leads to the conjecture that the mutual information between $f(X)$ and $Y$ is maximized when all the principal inertia components have equal value. We also study the role of the principal inertia components in the Markov chain $B\rightarrow X\rightarrow Y\rightarrow \widehat{B}$, where $B$ and $\widehat{B}$ are binary random variables. We illustrate our results for the setting where $X$ and $Y$ are binary strings and $Y$ is the result of sending $X$ through an additive noise binary channel.

Methods of summation of power series relevant to applications in quantum theory are reviewed, with particular attention to expansions in powers of the coupling constant and in inverse powers of an energy variable. Alternatives to the Borel summation method are considered and their relevance to different physical situations is discussed. Emphasis is placed on quantum chromodynamics. Applications of the renormalon language to perturbation expansions (resummation of bubble chains) in various QCD processes are reported and the importance of observing the full renormalization-group invariance in predicting observables is emphasized. News in applications of the Borel-plane formalism to phenomenology are conveyed. The properties of the operator-product expansion along different rays in the complex plane are examined and the problem is studied how the remainder after subtraction of the first $n$ terms depends on the distance from euclidean region. Estimates of the remainder are obtained and their strong dependence on the nature of the discontinuity along the cut is shown. Relevance of this subject to calculations of various QCD effects is discussed.

We discuss the role of the symmetries in photonic crystals and classify them according to the Cartan-Altland-Zirnbauer scheme. Of particular importance are complex conjugation C and time-reversal T, but we identify also other significant symmetries. Borrowing the jargon of the classification theory of topological insulators, we show that C is a particle-hole-type symmetry rather than a time-reversal symmetry if one consider the Maxwell operator in the first-order formalism where the dynamical Maxwell equations can be rewritten as a Schr\"odinger equation; The symmetry which implements physical time-reversal is a chiral-type symmetry. We justify by an analysis of the band structure why the first-order formalism seems to be more advantageous than the second-order formalism. Moreover, based on the Schr\"odinger formalism, we introduce a class of effective (tight-binding) models called Maxwell-Harper operators. Some considerations about the breaking of the particle-hole-type symmetry in the case of gyrotropic crystals are added at the end of this paper.

We present computer simulations of a simple bead-spring model for polymer melts with intramolecular barriers. By systematically tuning the strength of the barriers, we investigate their role on the glass transition. Dynamic observables are analyzed within the framework of the Mode Coupling Theory (MCT). Critical nonergodicity parameters, critical temperatures and dynamic exponents are obtained from consistent fits of simulation data to MCT asymptotic laws. The so-obtained MCT $\lambda$-exponent increases from standard values for fully-flexible chains to values close to the upper limit for stiff chains. In analogy with systems exhibiting higher-order MCT transitions, we suggest that the observed large $\lambda$-values arise form the interplay between two distinct mechanisms for dynamic arrest: general packing effects and polymer-specific intramolecular barriers. We compare simulation results with numerical solutions of the MCT equations for polymer systems, within the polymer reference interaction site model (PRISM) for static correlations. We verify that the approximations introduced by the PRISM are fulfilled by simulations, with the same quality for all the range of investigated barrier strength. The numerical solutions reproduce the qualitative trends of simulations for the dependence of the nonergodicity parameters and critical temperatures on the barrier strength. In particular, the increase of the barrier strength at fixed density increases the localization length and the critical temperature. However the qualitative agreement between theory and simulation breaks in the limit of stiff chains. We discuss the possible origin of this feature.

We study the role of the pressure in the partial regularity theory for weak solutions of the Navier--Stokes equations. By introducing the notion of dissipative solutions, due to Duchon \& Robert, we will provide a generalization of the Caffarelli, Kohn and Nirenberg theory. Our approach gives a new enlightenment of the role of the pressure in this theory in connection to Serrin's local regularity criterion.

We discuss how surface roughness influence the adhesion between elastic solids. We introduce a Tabor number which depends on the length scale or magnification, and which gives information about the nature of the adhesion at different length scales. We consider two limiting cases relevant for (a) elastically hard solids with weak adhesive interaction (DMT-limit) and (b) elastically soft solids or strong adhesive interaction (JKR-limit). For the former cases we study the nature of the adhesion using different adhesive force laws ($F\sim u^{-n}$, $n=1.5-4$, where $u$ is the wall-wall separation). In general, adhesion may switch from DMT-like at short length scales to JKR-like at large (macroscopic) length scale. We compare the theory predictions to the results of exact numerical simulations and find good agreement between theory and the simulation results.

Interpretation problems are eliminated from quantum theory by picturing a quantum history as having been sampled from a probability distribution over the set of histories which are permitted by all relevant boundary conditions. In laboratory physics, the final measurement plays a crucial role in defining the set of allowed histories by constraining the final state to be an eigenstate of the measurement operator. For the universe itself, a final boundary condition can play a similar role. Together with the special big bang initial state, the final constraint may ensure that the universe admits a classical description in the asymptotic future. Acknowledging the role of a future constraint dispels the mysteries of quantum theory without any amendment to the theory itself.

Book Source: Digital Library of India Item 2015.274541 dc.contributor.author: Nigar F. Abidi dc.date.accessioned: 2015-07-29T19:52:57Z dc.date.available: 2015-07-29T19:52:57Z dc.identifier.barcode: 05990010895832 dc.identifier.origpath: /data58/upload/0097/549 dc.identifier.copyno: 1 dc.identifier.uri: http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/274541 dc.description.scannerno: 20003265 dc.description.scanningcentre: IIIT, Allahabad dc.description.main: 1 dc.description.tagged: 0 dc.description.totalpages: 14 dc.format.mimetype: application/pdf dc.language.iso: English dc.publisher.digitalrepublisher: Digital Library Of India dc.publisher: Giri Institute Of Development Studies Lucknow dc.rights: In Public Domain dc.source.library: Giri Institute Of Development Studies Lucknow dc.subject.classification: Social Science dc.title: Toward A Theory Of Role Conflict dc.type: ptiff dc.type: pdf

A work-conference project which attempted to explore the possibilities of a theoretical basis for research in the new educational media is documented in this report. The background for the Conference on Theory for the New Media in Education is summarized in terms of papers circulated prior to the conference. The five conference working papers are extensions of these and deal with the structure and function of scientific theories; with the relevance of learning-behavior theory, communication theory, and social theory to the new media; and with the implications of theory for research and implementation. The first of two conference presentations analyze the micromolar approach to education, with particular attention to the learning of response speed. The second presentation suggests that although the conference objectives were practically oriented, theory development is needed for hypothesis production. The report concludes with the evaluative comments of seven groups of conference participants. The appendices include various documents used by the conference. (RP)

A work-conference project which attempted to explore the possibilities of a theoretical basis for research in the new educational media is documented in this report. The background for the Conference on Theory for the New Media in Education is summarized in terms of papers circulated prior to the conference. The five conference working papers are extensions of these and deal with the structure and function of scientific theories; with the relevance of learning-behavior theory, communication theory, and social theory to the new media; and with the implications of theory for research and implementation. The first of two conference presentations analyze the micromolar approach to education, with particular attention to the learning of response speed. The second presentation suggests that although the conference objectives were practically oriented, theory development is needed for hypothesis production. The report concludes with the evaluative comments of seven groups of conference participants. The appendices include various documents used by the conference. (RP)

We study the symmetry breaking pattern of an O(4) symmetric model of scalar fields, with both charged and neutral fields, interacting with a photon bath. Nagasawa and Brandenberger argued that in favourable circumstances the vacuum manifold would be reduced from S^3 to S^1. Here it is shown that a selective condensation of the neutral fields, that are not directly coupled to photons, can be achieved in the presence of a minimal ``external'' dissipation, i.e. not related to interactions with a bath. This should be relevant in the early universe or in heavy-ion collisions where dissipation occurs due to expansion.

We study the fundamental limit on single-photon indistinguishability imposed by decoherence due to phonon interactions in semiconductor quantum dot-cavity QED systems. Employing an exact diagonalization approach we find large differences compared to standard methods. An important finding is that short-time non-Markovian effects limit the maximal attainable indistinguishability. The results are explained using a polariton picture that yields valuable insight into the phonon-induced dephasing dynamics.

We study the fundamental limit on single-photon indistinguishability imposed by decoherence due to phonon interactions in semiconductor quantum dot-cavity QED systems. Employing an exact diagonalization approach we find large differences compared to standard methods. An important finding is that short-time non-Markovian effects limit the maximal attainable indistinguishability. The results are explained using a polariton picture that yields valuable insight into the phonon-induced dephasing dynamics.

Boron clusters have been widely studied theoretically for their geometrical properties and electronic structure using a variety of methodologies. An important cluster of boron is the B$_{12}$ cluster whose two main isomers have distinct geometries, namely, icosahedral ($I_{h}$) and quasi planar ($C_{3v}$). In this paper we investigate the linear optical absorption spectrum of these two B$_{12}$ structures with the aim of examining the role of geometry on the optical properties of clusters. The optical absorption calculations are performed using both the semi-empirical and the ab initio approaches. The semi-empirical approach uses a wave function methodology employing the INDO model Hamiltonian, coupled with large-scale configuration interaction (CI) calculations, to account for the electron-correlation effects. The \emph{ab initio} calculations are performed within a time-dependent-density-functional-theory (TDDFT) methodology. The results for the two approaches are in very good qualitative agreement with each other. Quantitatively speaking, results agree with each other in the lower energy region, while in the higher energy region, features predicted by the TDDFT approach are red-shifted as compared to the INDO-CI results. Both the approaches predict that the optical absorption begins at much lower energies in the icosahedral cluster as compared to the planar one, a fact which can be utilized in experiments to distinguish between the two geometries. At higher energies, both the isomers exhibit plasmon-like excitations. 73,1 4%

We study theoretically the electromagnon and its optical spectrum (OS) of the terahertz-frequency regime in the magnetic-spiral-induced multiferroic phases of the rare-earth (R) Mn perovskites, RMnO3, taking into account the elliptical deformation or the higher harmonics of the spiral spin configuration, which has been missed so far. A realistic spin Hamiltonian, which gives phase diagrams in agreement with experiments, resolves a long standing puzzle, i.e., the double-peak structure of the OS with a larger low-energy peak originating from magnon modes hybridized with the zone-edge state. We also predict the magnon branches associated with the electromagnon, which can be tested by neutron-scattering experiment.

We study theoretically the electromagnon and its optical spectrum (OS) of the terahertz-frequency regime in the magnetic-spiral-induced multiferroic phases of the rare-earth (R) Mn perovskites, RMnO3, taking into account the elliptical deformation or the higher harmonics of the spiral spin configuration, which has been missed so far. A realistic spin Hamiltonian, which gives phase diagrams in agreement with experiments, resolves a long standing puzzle, i.e., the double-peak structure of the OS with a larger low-energy peak originating from magnon modes hybridized with the zone-edge state. We also predict the magnon branches associated with the electromagnon, which can be tested by neutron-scattering experiment.

Several aspects of group theory that prove useful for various signal processing applications are presented. Chapter I begins with a discussion of signal processing activities and goals at an abstract level, and continues with a look at the mathematical underpinnings of this subject. There follows a list of specific mathematical results that seem to be of greatest relevance to signal processing. Chapter II surveys the role played by infinite groups in modeling signals and filters. Here substantial use is made of the associated harmonic analysis; in the abelian case the dual group serves as the natural frequency domain. Chapter III presents a fairly detailed review of the representation theory of finite groups, through the Plancherel formula. The essential idea here is to then use those special unitary transforms which are also group transforms for digital signal compression and decorrelation, and the associated group filters as fast suboptimal Wiener (or other) filters. Initial evidence suggests that nonabelian group filters can improve on the standard DFT/FFT methods without significant increase in computational complexity. Chapter IV contains a summary of the main points and conclusions, and suggests some directions for further research, particularly on the use of finite nonabelian group transforms and filters.

Several aspects of group theory that prove useful for various signal processing applications are presented. Chapter I begins with a discussion of signal processing activities and goals at an abstract level, and continues with a look at the mathematical underpinnings of this subject. There follows a list of specific mathematical results that seem to be of greatest relevance to signal processing. Chapter II surveys the role played by infinite groups in modeling signals and filters. Here substantial use is made of the associated harmonic analysis; in the abelian case the dual group serves as the natural frequency domain. Chapter III presents a fairly detailed review of the representation theory of finite groups, through the Plancherel formula. The essential idea here is to then use those special unitary transforms which are also group transforms for digital signal compression and decorrelation, and the associated group filters as fast suboptimal Wiener (or other) filters. Initial evidence suggests that nonabelian group filters can improve on the standard DFT/FFT methods without significant increase in computational complexity. Chapter IV contains a summary of the main points and conclusions, and suggests some directions for further research, particularly on the use of finite nonabelian group transforms and filters.

Theory of mind (ToM) is understood as children’s understanding of mental phenomena such as thoughts, beliefs, or surprises and how these shape human behavior. A landmark in the development of a ToM represents the understanding of false beliefs, which typically develops between the age of 3 and 5 years (Wellman, Cross, & Watson, 2001). Recent research has highlighted the importance of early social experiences in the development of children’s theory of mind (Hughes & Devine, 2015). Several studies conducted in the USA and the UK suggest that family conversational patterns are linked with children’ rates of acquiring Theory of mind (Brown, Donelan-McCall, & Dunn, 1996; Brown & Dunn, 1991; Dunn, 1994, 1995, 1996; Dunn & Hughes, 1998; Hughes & Cutting, 1999). Mental state talk (MST) refers to the frequency of using nouns, verbs and adjectives that refer to the individuals own or someone else’s mental state such as feelings, desires and thoughts (Lecce, Ceccato, & Cavallini, 2017). Therefore, accounted differences in the theory of mind, might evolve through differences in the use of elaborated mental state talk and/or nonelaborated mental state talk. Several studies have addressed this issue. The results indicate evidence that parental mental state talk fosters the development of theory of mind in preschoolers (Peterson & Slaughter, 2003; Ruffman, Slade, & Crowe, 2002). Furthermore there is growing evidence that parents from different cultures differ in their use of MST (Doan & Wang, 2010). This leads to the following research question (RQ): Why do parents differ in their use of mental state talk? This study addresses two possible factors that might influence the use of MST. First, parents might differ in the use of MST due to their conception of the ToM of their children. Jenkins et al. (2003) found in their study, that parental mental state talk to children varied as a function of children’s age. Parents show an increase in their cognitive talk to children between the age of 2 and 4. This could be due to their expected capability of a ToM

The quantum analogue of general relativistic geometry should be implementable on smooth manifolds without an a priori metric structure, the kinematical covariance group acting by diffeomorphisms. Here I approach quantum gravity (QG) in the view of constructive, algebraic quantum field theory (QFT). Comparing QG with usual QFT, the algebraic approach clarifies analogies and peculiarities. As usual, an isotonic net of *-algebras is taken to encode the quantum field operators. For QG, the kinematical covariance group acts via diffeomorphisms on the open sets of the manifold, and via algebraic isomorphisms on the algebras. In general, the algebra of observables is covariant only under a (dynamical) subgroup of the general diffeomorphism group. After an algebraic implementation of the dynamical subgroup of dilations, small and large scale cutoffs may be introduced algebraically. So the usual a priori conflict of cutoffs with general covariance is avoided. Even more, these cutoffs provide a natural local cobordism for topological quantum field theory. A new commutant duality between the minimal and maximal algebra allows to extract the modular structure from the net of algebras. The outer modular isomorphisms are then again related to dilations, which (under certain conditions) may provide a notion of time.

The role of empowering health cadres to change their perceptions of leprosy is very important for early detection. The aim of the research is to determine the role of trained cadres to find new cases of leprosy with a social learning theory approach. The quasi-experimental method was used in this study to identify new cases of leprosy, with a sample of 20 trained cadres and 20 untrained samples as controls. The data collected were then processed using the Mann-Whitney. The distribution of leprosy case findings in the control group revealed 17 negative cases and three suspected cases, and the distribution of leprosy case findings in the treatment group revealed 12 negative cases, one suspected case, and seven positive cases. On the results of the Mann-Whitney test, it was found that the value of p=0.03 <0.05 and the difference in the mean rank of the treatment was 23.52 and the mean rank in the control was 17.48. In conclusion, there was a difference in the range of case findings between the control and treatment groups that received leprosy identification training using social learning methods. The recommendation is to explore potential factors that may contribute to the observed differences in case findings.

We outline a program for incorporating holomorphic curves with Lagrangian boundary conditions into symplectic field theory, with an emphasis on ideas, geometric intuition, and a description of the resulting algebraic structures.

We outline a program for incorporating holomorphic curves with Lagrangian boundary conditions into symplectic field theory, with an emphasis on ideas, geometric intuition, and a description of the resulting algebraic structures.

We outline a program for incorporating holomorphic curves with Lagrangian boundary conditions into symplectic field theory, with an emphasis on ideas, geometric intuition, and a description of the resulting algebraic structures.

We discuss the role of additive polynomials and $p$-polynomials in the theory of valued fields of positive characteristic and in their model theory. We outline the basic properties of rings of additive polynomials and discuss properties of valued fields of positive characteristic as modules over such rings. We prove the existence of Frobenius-closed bases of algebraic function fields $F|K$ in one variable and deduce that $F/K$ is a free module over the ring of additive polynomials with coefficients in $K$. Finally, we prove that every minimal purely wild extension of a henselian valued field is generated by a $p$-polynomial.

Critics of effects-based operations think the concept relies on perfect information, advanced technology, and precise air attack; therefore, it is an unachievable, narrowly focused warfighting panacea that ignores the fog and friction of war. This paper argues that effects-based operations is a theory that helps determine how to use the elements of power to attain national security objectives. Effects-based operations does not depend on information dominance, high- end warfare, or even precision strike to make it useful and as a theory, it is applicable across the spectrum of conflict. The paper defines effects-based operations theory and explains how it helps develop and assess strategy within the constraints of information analysis and acceptable risk. It describes how to use effects-based operations at the operational level with emphasis on interagency coordination, effects-based mission planning, and continuous assessment. Finally, the paper addresses how the Air Force should use effects-based operations to define airpower's role in joint warfighting, employ airpower in a gradual context, and develop better joint air operations plans.

We study the acceleration of heavy nuclei at SNR shocks taking into account the process of ionization. In the interstellar medium atoms heavier then hydrogen which start the diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) are never fully ionized at the moment of injection. We will show that electrons in the atomic shells are stripped during the acceleration process, when the atoms already move relativistically. For typical environment around SNRs the dominant ionization process is the photo-ionization due to the background galactic radiation. The ionization has two interesting consequences. First, because the total photo-ionization time is comparable to the beginning of the Sedov-Taylor phase, the maximum energy which ions can achieve is smaller than the standard result of the DSA, which predict $E_{\max}\propto Z_N$. As a consequence the structure of the CR spectrum in the {\it knee} region can be affected. The second consequence is that electrons are stripped from atoms when they already move relativistically hence they can start the DSA without any pre-acceleration mechanism. We use the linear quasi-stationary approach to compute the spectrum of ions and electrons accelerated after being stripped. We show that the number of these secondary electrons is enough to account for the synchrotron radiation observed from young SNRs, if the amplification of the magnetic field occurs.

Vector supersymmetry is typical of topological field theory. Its role in the construction of gauge invariant quantities is explained, as well as its role in the cancellation of the ultraviolet divergences. The example of the Chern-Simons theory in three dimensions is treated in details.

A novel quantum similarity measure (QSM) is constructed based on concepts from information theory. In an application of QSM to atoms, the new QSM and its corresponding quantum similarity index (QSI) are evaluated throughout the periodic table, using the atomic electron densities and shape functions calculated in the Hartree-Fock approximation. The periodicity of Mendeleev's table is regained for the first time through the evaluation of a QSM. Evaluation of the information theory based QSI demonstrates, however, that the patterns of periodicity are lost due to the renormalization of the QSM, yielding chemically less appealing results for the QSI. A comparison of the information content of a given atom on top of a group with the information content of the elements in the subsequent rows reveals another periodicity pattern. Relativistic effects on the electronic density functions of atoms are investigated. Their importance is quantified in a QSI study by comparing for each atom, the density functions evaluated in the Hartree-Fock and Dirac-Fock approximations. The smooth decreasing of the relevant QSI along the periodic table illustrates in a quantitative way the increase of relativistic corrections with the nuclear charge.

Purpose: The present study was to investigating the role of theory of mind and empathy in predicting behavioral-emotional problems in students from typical and divorce families that done the cause-comparison and correlation method. Methodology: The subjects were 293 of the girl students of fifth and sixth grades Which were selected by multi-stage cluttering sampling method. The tools are three questionnaires: theory of mind, empathy, and Child Behavior Checklist. For analyzing the data, multiple regression method, multi variable variance analysis test and Fisher’s Z-test formula has been used. Findings: The results show that the theory of mind is capable to predict behavioral-emotional problems in students from typical families, but not those of the students from divorce families. No meaningful relationship has been observed between the empathy capability and behavioral-emotional problems from none of the two groups of students. Results also show students from divorce families demonstrate more behavioral-emotional problems. Comparing the correlation between the theory of mind and empathy with behavioral-emotional problems in students shows that the correlations gained from the two groups show no meaningful statistical difference.

Previous research has largely investigated the relationships between the following variables, 1) developmental trauma and Theory of Mind (ToM) (Peterson et al., 2022), 2) developmental trauma and psychosis (Redman et al., 2017), and 3) ToM and psychosis (Bora et al., 2013). Current research is starting to investigate whether there is an interaction between the three variables, and specifically whether ToM has a mediating role between developmental trauma and psychotic experiences. Whilst preliminary findings have not supported this hypothesis (Monastra, 2018a), suggestions have been made to improve methodology within future research from a recent systematic review (Monastra, 2018b). These include using specific measures of paranoia rather than broader psychosis-like experiences, and distinguishing between affective and cognitive ToM. The research will also control for ‘self compassion’ as a measure, with literature identifying this as an existing mediator in the relationship between some developmental traumas and paranoia (Richardson et al., 2023). There is also a call for further research investigating the relationship between developmental trauma and cognitive ToM, with a systematic review highlighting only 12 previous studies with conflicting results (Benarous et al., 2005). The current study aims to address the gaps in the above research, using recommendations to scaffold the methodology and measures chosen.

This scoping review aims to systematically map and synthesise existing literature regarding how people with disability participate in the co-design of public buildings and what factors may improve participant experiences and outcomes gained. There are currently no syntheses of literature regarding how people with disability participate in the co-design of public buildings and what factors influence people’s experiences and outcomes gained. This scoping review intends to map available evidence and provide direction for future research.

The purpose of the paper is to examine potential reasons for the lack of influence that reflective inquiry has had on social studies theory and to suggest an alternative perspective. The first two sections of the paper discuss the reasons for reflective inquiry's failure to impact on practice and include: (1) the interpretation of the inquiry model itself, which entails contradicting conceptions of Dewey's model such as the technical/procedural approach that has become rarefied with the steps of inquiry themselves emphasized over the process; and (2) the generally traditional practices of preservice teacher education, which hinge on the premise that teacher educators, while advocating reflective inquiry, do not practice this approach by example and do not furnish a laboratory where such practice is modeled, experienced, and reflected upon. The third section of the paper advocates the need to adopt a critical theory perspective in social studies education by exploring what a preservice program based on a critical theory of education might contain, emphasize, and encourage. Three strategies of critical discourse (focusing on the social construction of knowledge and the nature of social life; emphasizing analytical skills instead of technical proficiency; and highlighting generic theories of teaching with an examination of personal theories of action resulting from beliefs and past experiences) and implications for teacher education are discussed. The paper concludes that proper preservice courses can be translated into good teaching practices. A three-page list of references is included. (TRS)

In this article we consider the ways in which college writers make use of prior knowledge as they take up new writing tasks. Drawing on two studies of transfer, both connected to a Teaching for Transfer composition curriculum for first-year students, we articulate a theory of prior knowledge and document how the use of prior knowledge can detract from or contribute to efficacy in student writing. (Contains 8 notes.)

Age trends in conformity and independence, using a sample of 366 children from the 1st, 4th, 7th, and 10th grades were investigated. Three types of stimuli were used: (1) visual judgments; (2) opinion statements; and (3) delay of gratification preferences. Age-trends were observed for unanimous peer pressure, adult influence, and peer pressure with social support from a partner. Unanimous peer pressure yielded decreasing conformity across age, being more pronounced for males than for females. Adult influence declined over age for both sexes. Social support from a partner who gave correct or modal answers reduced conformity to a constant low level across all ages. The report concludes that mechanisms of group influence are highly similar across age, and that age trends may reflect variations in situational factors associated with age differences. Hence, the variable of age may be of limited value, in itself, in studying peer influence. (Author/TL)

Scholars in the field of communication theory and research have ignored and problematized the relationship between sign and meaning. This paper discusses the relationship in order to catalogue the different positions taken and to investigate the work that gets done from these positions. In the "brute sense data" or physicalist position, the character of the sign is responsible for encoding, decoding, and interpretation. The perceptionist position occupies a broad region, noting only certain discrepancies in the reception and interpretation of sensory information, speculating on perceptual realities only loosely connected to sensation. The constructionist draws the conclusion which the perceptionist resists: if perception intervenes between understanding and the phenomenal world then humans must be active participants in co-constructing the world they believe in. The hermeneuticist places meaning in the successful expression of power. For the physicalist and the perceptionist, signs have meanings independent of their creation; for the constructionist and hermeneutist there is nothing prior to semiotics in understanding and meaning is a cultural production. Two tables accompany the discussion and present the relationship between sign and meaning in the realms of sign production and interpretation for each of the four positions. (Contains 45 references.) (AEF)

This document examines role theory limited to the major studies related to educational administrators. The nature and history of role theory are reviewed and three theoretical approaches to the study of role theory are described: (1) role conflict resolution theory; (2) role theory related to social systems theory; and (3) the Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation Theory of interpersonal behavior. Three empirical role theory studies related to educational administration are the School Board Executive Studies Program, the National Principalship Study, and the Role Conflict Resolution Behavior Study of High School Principals. Finally, conclusions are drawn about the methods used in role theory studies. (37 references) (SI)

This document examines role theory limited to the major studies related to educational administrators. The nature and history of role theory are reviewed and three theoretical approaches to the study of role theory are described: (1) role conflict resolution theory; (2) role theory related to social systems theory; and (3) the Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation Theory of interpersonal behavior. Three empirical role theory studies related to educational administration are the School Board Executive Studies Program, the National Principalship Study, and the Role Conflict Resolution Behavior Study of High School Principals. Finally, conclusions are drawn about the methods used in role theory studies. (37 references) (SI)

This document examines role theory limited to the major studies related to educational administrators. The nature and history of role theory are reviewed and three theoretical approaches to the study of role theory are described: (1) role conflict resolution theory; (2) role theory related to social systems theory; and (3) the Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation Theory of interpersonal behavior. Three empirical role theory studies related to educational administration are the School Board Executive Studies Program, the National Principalship Study, and the Role Conflict Resolution Behavior Study of High School Principals. Finally, conclusions are drawn about the methods used in role theory studies. (37 references) (SI)

In the Soviet era, fashion models and designers always followed fashion trends. They mainly used two different sources. The first was materials developed by the creative commission on fashion and clothing culture of fashion houses, and the second was local and foreign fashion magazines. The creative commission prepared new materials in the fashion direction every year. Because the models and designers did not understand the magazines published in a foreign language, they were translated. For example, "Fashion Folio" magazine, considered a foreign fashion magazine, was translated. Fashion houses had libraries, and these materials were available in these libraries.

The importance of learning mathematics can not be separated from its role in all aspects of life. Communicating ideas by using mathematics language is even more practical, systematic, and efficient. In order to overcome the difficulties of students who have insufficient understanding of mathematics material, good communications should be built in a learning process. Communication in general can be interpreted as a way to convey a message from the messenger to the receiver to inform opinions or behaviors either directly (oral) or indirectly through the media. In the communication process, we need to think on how to make the message understood by others. In order to develop the ability to communicate, people can communicate with a variety of languages including mathematical language. One of the subjects in the Statistics study program which requires mathematics communication ability is the Theory of Probability, which is categorized as a general skill subject that must be taken by all students of mathematics. Improving the students' mathematics communication ability should be hand in hand with the learning process. We can optimize the ability by implementing a learning model which gives chance for the students to discuss and to interact each other so that their mathematics communication ability improved, that is by using cooperative learning type Team Assisted Individualization (TAI).

Given the complexities of the higher education organizational structure, role conflict exists for all employed in this setting. However, it is particularly apparent with new faculty given the university setting and the expectations to meet performance specific standards. The purpose of this study was to examine and analyze how the development and implementation of an active mentoring program in colleges and universities might reduce stress and anxiety for new faculty. Within the Pennsylvania System of Higher Education, there exists a willingness to address the support needs of newer faculty. Most universities have established a thorough orientation program and, on many campuses, there exists a formal organizational framework for further interaction with new faculty through the efforts of the faculty union, APSCUF [Association of Pennsylvania State College and University Faculty]. However, this has proven not to be enough and several individual academic departments have established both formal and informal mentorship opportunities to ease new faculty's path and make every effort to ensure success for the new hires. This discussion explores the reasoning and the roots of role conflict and a possible remedy for this situation through a mentoring program. It traces the history of two new faculty and the efforts of one department to support the efforts of those individuals. These efforts were undertaken to increase opportunity for achievement and productivity at the earliest stages of career development therefore adding to the overall well being of the Department and by extension, the University. Results show that the new faculty benefit greatly from the opportunity to be mentored and that individuals must be free to shape their own mentorship experiences. Mentoring of new faculty should become the norm in higher education.

\textit{Indirect Immunofluorescence Imaging of Human Epithelial Type 2} (HEp-2) cells is an effective way to identify the presence of Anti-Nuclear Antibody (ANA). Most existing works on HEp-2 cell classification mainly focus on feature extraction, feature encoding and classifier design. Very few efforts have been devoted to study the importance of the pre-processing techniques. In this paper, we analyze the importance of the pre-processing, and investigate the role of Gaussian Scale Space (GSS) theory as a pre-processing approach for the HEp-2 cell classification task. We validate the GSS pre-processing under the Local Binary Pattern (LBP) and the Bag-of-Words (BoW) frameworks. Under the BoW framework, the introduced pre-processing approach, using only one Local Orientation Adaptive Descriptor (LOAD), achieved superior performance on the Executable Thematic on Pattern Recognition Techniques for Indirect Immunofluorescence (ET-PRT-IIF) image analysis. Our system, using only one feature, outperformed the winner of the ICPR 2014 contest that combined four types of features. Meanwhile, the proposed pre-processing method is not restricted to this work; it can be generalized to many existing works.

We study one loop corrections to $N=\frac{1}{2}$ supersymmetric $SU(N)\times U(1)$ pure gauge theory. We calculate divergent contributions of the 1PI graphs contain the non-anti-commutative parameter $C$ up to one loop corrections. We find the disagreement between component formalism and superspace formalism is because of the field redefinition in component case. We modify gaugino field redefinition and lagrangian. We show extra terms of lagrangian have been generated by $\lambda$ redefinition and are necessary for the renormalisation of the theory. Finally we prove $N = \frac{1}{2}$ supersymmetric gauge theory is renormalisable up one loop corrections using standard method of renormalisation