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Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 1975: Volume 1 , Issue INDEX. Digitized from IA1534524-01 . Next issue: sim_journal-of-experimental-psychology-lmc_1975-01_104-1_1 .

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 1978: Volume 4 , Issue INDEX. Digitized from IA1534524-01 . Previous issue: sim_journal-of-experimental-psychology-lmc_1977-11_3_6 . Next issue: sim_journal-of-experimental-psychology-lmc_1978-01_4_1 .

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 1981: Volume 7 , Issue INDEX. Digitized from IA1534524-01 . Previous issue: sim_journal-of-experimental-psychology-lmc_1980-11_6_6 . Next issue: sim_journal-of-experimental-psychology-lmc_1981-01_7_1 .

This article is from Current Biology , volume 24 . Abstract The role of the thalamus in high-level cognition—attention, working memory (WM), rule-based learning, and decision making—remains poorly understood, especially in comparison to that of cortical frontoparietal networks [1–3]. Studies of visual thalamus have revealed important roles for pulvinar and lateral geniculate nucleus in visuospatial perception and attention [4–10] and for mediodorsal thalamus in oculomotor control [11]. Ventrolateral thalamus contains subdivisions devoted to action control as part of a circuit involving the basal ganglia [12, 13] and motor, premotor, and prefrontal cortices [14], whereas anterior thalamus forms a memory network in connection with the hippocampus [15]. This connectivity profile suggests that ventrolateral and anterior thalamus may represent a nexus between mnemonic and control functions, such as action or attentional selection. Here, we characterize the role of thalamus in the interplay between memory and visual attention. We show that ventrolateral lesions impair the influence of WM representations on attentional deployment. A subsequent fMRI study in healthy volunteers demonstrates involvement of ventrolateral and, notably, anterior thalamus in biasing attention through WM contents. To further characterize the memory types used by the thalamus to bias attention, we performed a second fMRI study that involved learning of stimulus-stimulus associations and their retrieval from long-term memory to optimize attention in search. Responses in ventrolateral and anterior thalamic nuclei tracked learning of the predictiveness of these abstract associations and their use in directing attention. These findings demonstrate a key role for human thalamus in higher-level cognition, notably, in mnemonic biasing of attention.

This article is from Frontiers in Human Neuroscience , volume 8 . Abstract Force field studies are a common tool to investigate motor adaptation and consolidation. Thereby, subjects usually adapt their reaching movements to force field perturbations induced by a robotic device. In this context, so-called catch trials, in which the disturbing forces are randomly turned off, are commonly used to detect after-effects of motor adaptation. However, catch trials also produce sudden large motor errors that might influence the motor adaptation and the consolidation process. Yet, the detailed influence of catch trials is far from clear. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of catch trials on motor adaptation and consolidation in force field experiments. Therefore, 105 subjects adapted their reaching movements to robot-generated force fields. The test groups adapted their reaching movements to a force field A followed by learning a second interfering force field B before retest of A (ABA). The control groups were not exposed to force field B (AA). To examine the influence of diverse catch trial ratios, subjects received catch trials during force field adaptation with a probability of either 0, 10, 20, 30, or 40%, depending on the group. First, the results on motor adaptation revealed significant differences between the diverse catch trial ratio groups. With increasing amount of catch trials, the subjects' motor performance decreased and subjects' ability to accurately predict the force field—and therefore internal model formation—was impaired. Second, our results revealed that adapting with catch trials can influence the following consolidation process as indicated by a partial reduction to interference. Here, the optimal catch trial ratio was 30%. However, detection of consolidation seems to be biased by the applied measure of performance.

This article is from Frontiers in Human Neuroscience , volume 8 . Abstract Force field studies are a common tool to investigate motor adaptation and consolidation. Thereby, subjects usually adapt their reaching movements to force field perturbations induced by a robotic device. In this context, so-called catch trials, in which the disturbing forces are randomly turned off, are commonly used to detect after-effects of motor adaptation. However, catch trials also produce sudden large motor errors that might influence the motor adaptation and the consolidation process. Yet, the detailed influence of catch trials is far from clear. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of catch trials on motor adaptation and consolidation in force field experiments. Therefore, 105 subjects adapted their reaching movements to robot-generated force fields. The test groups adapted their reaching movements to a force field A followed by learning a second interfering force field B before retest of A (ABA). The control groups were not exposed to force field B (AA). To examine the influence of diverse catch trial ratios, subjects received catch trials during force field adaptation with a probability of either 0, 10, 20, 30, or 40%, depending on the group. First, the results on motor adaptation revealed significant differences between the diverse catch trial ratio groups. With increasing amount of catch trials, the subjects' motor performance decreased and subjects' ability to accurately predict the force field—and therefore internal model formation—was impaired. Second, our results revealed that adapting with catch trials can influence the following consolidation process as indicated by a partial reduction to interference. Here, the optimal catch trial ratio was 30%. However, detection of consolidation seems to be biased by the applied measure of performance.

This article is from Frontiers in Human Neuroscience , volume 8 . Abstract Force field studies are a common tool to investigate motor adaptation and consolidation. Thereby, subjects usually adapt their reaching movements to force field perturbations induced by a robotic device. In this context, so-called catch trials, in which the disturbing forces are randomly turned off, are commonly used to detect after-effects of motor adaptation. However, catch trials also produce sudden large motor errors that might influence the motor adaptation and the consolidation process. Yet, the detailed influence of catch trials is far from clear. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of catch trials on motor adaptation and consolidation in force field experiments. Therefore, 105 subjects adapted their reaching movements to robot-generated force fields. The test groups adapted their reaching movements to a force field A followed by learning a second interfering force field B before retest of A (ABA). The control groups were not exposed to force field B (AA). To examine the influence of diverse catch trial ratios, subjects received catch trials during force field adaptation with a probability of either 0, 10, 20, 30, or 40%, depending on the group. First, the results on motor adaptation revealed significant differences between the diverse catch trial ratio groups. With increasing amount of catch trials, the subjects' motor performance decreased and subjects' ability to accurately predict the force field—and therefore internal model formation—was impaired. Second, our results revealed that adapting with catch trials can influence the following consolidation process as indicated by a partial reduction to interference. Here, the optimal catch trial ratio was 30%. However, detection of consolidation seems to be biased by the applied measure of performance.

This article is from Frontiers in Human Neuroscience , volume 8 . Abstract Force field studies are a common tool to investigate motor adaptation and consolidation. Thereby, subjects usually adapt their reaching movements to force field perturbations induced by a robotic device. In this context, so-called catch trials, in which the disturbing forces are randomly turned off, are commonly used to detect after-effects of motor adaptation. However, catch trials also produce sudden large motor errors that might influence the motor adaptation and the consolidation process. Yet, the detailed influence of catch trials is far from clear. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of catch trials on motor adaptation and consolidation in force field experiments. Therefore, 105 subjects adapted their reaching movements to robot-generated force fields. The test groups adapted their reaching movements to a force field A followed by learning a second interfering force field B before retest of A (ABA). The control groups were not exposed to force field B (AA). To examine the influence of diverse catch trial ratios, subjects received catch trials during force field adaptation with a probability of either 0, 10, 20, 30, or 40%, depending on the group. First, the results on motor adaptation revealed significant differences between the diverse catch trial ratio groups. With increasing amount of catch trials, the subjects' motor performance decreased and subjects' ability to accurately predict the force field—and therefore internal model formation—was impaired. Second, our results revealed that adapting with catch trials can influence the following consolidation process as indicated by a partial reduction to interference. Here, the optimal catch trial ratio was 30%. However, detection of consolidation seems to be biased by the applied measure of performance.

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 1976: Volume 2 , Issue INDEX. Digitized from IA1534524-01 . Previous issue: sim_journal-of-experimental-psychology-lmc_1975-11_1_6 . Next issue: sim_journal-of-experimental-psychology-lmc_1976-01_2_1 .

This report describes seven basic experiments designed to further elucidate the nature and function of two types of organization imposed by subjects in a free-recall type of memory task. The experiments involved verbal stimulus materials and employed college students as subjects. The two types of organization investigated were category clustering, or the tendency to remember conceptually related items together, and subjective organization, or the tendency for subjects to develop a relatively consistent sequence of responses across successive recall attempts. The main focus of several studies was the evaluation of the theoretical view that the amount that can be remembered is critically dependent upon the degree of organization imposed in recall by the subject. While three studies supported this view, the results of two experiments ran counter to it. These findings suggest that a general proposition that memory is crucially dependent upon such organization is, at best premature. Studies comparing the two types of organization indicated that conceptual clustering was used more extensively than was subjective organization. Furthermore, the two types of organization appeared to reflect relatively independent strategies, and similarities were found in their temporal characteristics. (Author)

Studies were made between performance on tests of mental abilities and concept learning tasks; it is pointed out that the researcher is usually confronted with administering large batteries of tests of mental abilities and then analyzing his results with one of the factor analytic techniques. An information process analysis of tests of mental abilities and concept learning led Costello and Dunham (1971) and Costello (1971) to postulate that three intellectual processes underlie performance on these two types of tasks. After testing, the process measures were found to highly correlate with performance on several tests of mental abilities. Using errors on the concept learning problems as a dependent variable, the following types of relationships should exist: (1) Ss supplied with hypothesis information should perform better on concept learning tasks; (2) There should be a significant treatment group by Hypothesis Generation (HG) interaction, and (3) There should be a significant HG by Hypothesis Evaluation (HE) interaction. Introductory educational psychology students were administered six intellectual process measures. All Ss worked two concept learning problems and each Ss worked one practice problem and one experimental problem. Two one-hour sessions were used to collect the test and concept learning data. The scores of the six process measures were factor analyzed by the principal-axis method. An analysis of variance was performed. Results revealed a significant treatment main effect, a significant interaction between HE and HG variables. (CK)

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 1980: Volume 6 , Issue INDEX. Digitized from IA1534524-01 . Previous issue: sim_journal-of-experimental-psychology-lmc_1979-11_5_6 . Next issue: sim_journal-of-experimental-psychology-lmc_1980-01_6_1 .

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This article is from BMC Neuroscience , volume 15 . Abstract None

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Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 1979: Volume 5 , Issue INDEX. Digitized from IA1534524-01 . Previous issue: sim_journal-of-experimental-psychology-lmc_1978-11_4_6 . Next issue: sim_journal-of-experimental-psychology-lmc_1979-01_5_1 .

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 1977: Volume 3 , Issue INDEX. Digitized from IA1534524-01 . Previous issue: sim_journal-of-experimental-psychology-lmc_1976-11_2_6 . Next issue: sim_journal-of-experimental-psychology-lmc_1977-01_3_1 .

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 1977: Volume 3 , Issue INDEX. Digitized from IA1534524-01 . Previous issue: sim_journal-of-experimental-psychology-lmc_1976-11_2_6 . Next issue: sim_journal-of-experimental-psychology-lmc_1977-01_3_1 .