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This article is from Chinese Medicine , volume 9 . Abstract Background: Frankincense (Boswellia carterii, known as Ru Xiang in Chinese) and sandalwood (Santalum album, known as Tan Xiang in Chinese) are cancer preventive and therapeutic agents in Chinese medicine. Their biologically active ingredients are usually extracted from frankincense by hydrodistillation and sandalwood by distillation. This study aims to investigate the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activities of frankincense and sandalwood essential oils in cultured human bladder cancer cells. Methods: The effects of frankincense (1,400–600 dilutions) (v/v) and sandalwood (16,000–7,000 dilutions) (v/v) essential oils on cell viability were studied in established human bladder cancer J82 cells and immortalized normal human bladder urothelial UROtsa cells using a colorimetric XTT cell viability assay. Genes that responded to essential oil treatments in human bladder cancer J82 cells were identified using the Illumina Expression BeadChip platform and analyzed for enriched functions and pathways. The chemical compositions of the essential oils were determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Results: Human bladder cancer J82 cells were more sensitive to the pro-apoptotic effects of frankincense essential oil than the immortalized normal bladder UROtsa cells. In contrast, sandalwood essential oil exhibited a similar potency in suppressing the viability of both J82 and UROtsa cells. Although frankincense and sandalwood essential oils activated common pathways such as inflammatory interleukins (IL-6 signaling), each essential oil had a unique molecular action on the bladder cancer cells. Heat shock proteins and histone core proteins were activated by frankincense essential oil, whereas negative regulation of protein kinase activity and G protein-coupled receptors were activated by sandalwood essential oil treatment. Conclusion: The effects of frankincense and sandalwood essential oils on J82 cells and UROtsa cells involved different mechanisms leading to cancer cell death. While frankincense essential oil elicited selective cancer cell death via NRF-2-mediated oxidative stress, sandalwood essential oil induced non-selective cell death via DNA damage and cell cycle arrest.

This article is from DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences , volume 20 . Abstract Background and the purpose of study: Concerning the different effects of essential oils from Nepeta genus on the central nervous system including pain killing effect, this study was designed to evaluate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of essential oil of Nepeta pogonosperma Jamzad et Assadi (NP), a recently identified species. Methods: Air-dried aerial parts of NP were hydrodistillated and GC-MS analysis of obtained essential oil was conducted. Total 24 male Wister rats weighing 225 ± 25 gm were studied. Essential oil of NP was administered intraperitoneally at the doses of 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg for the experimental groups. Control rats received equal volume (2 ml/kg) of normal saline. Antinociception was assessed by tail flick test (after 30 minutes) and formalin test (for further 60 minutes). Then the animal was sacrificed and the paw edema was measured using a water plethysmometer. Results: 4aα,7α,7aβ-nepetalactone and 1,8-cineole were found as the main concentrated components of NP essential oil. All the doses of NP showed antinociception. NP 200 mg/kg reduced the pain sensation in tail flick (p

This article is from Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences , volume 8 . Abstract Carum carvi L. (Apiaceae family) or caraway is a common household plant grown around the world including Iran. Caraway fruits are used as flavoring agent in foods and beverages, and have various traditional uses in ethnomedicine. Anti-inflammatory, spasmolytic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, carminative and immunomodulatory properties of caraway suggest that it might exert beneficial effects on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the effects of caraway hydroalcoholic extract (CHE) and its essential oil (CEO) in an immunological model of colitis in rats induced by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). Different doses of CHE (100, 200, 400 mg/kg) and CEO (100, 200, 400 μl/kg) were administered orally (p.o.) and also doses of CHE (100, 400 mg/kg) and CEO (100, 400 μl/kg) were given intraperitoneally (i.p.) to the separate groups of male Wistar rats (n=6). Administration of the doses started 6 h after induction of colitis and continued daily for 5 consecutive days. Wet colon weight/length ratio was measured and tissue damage scores as well as indices of colitis were evaluated both macroscopically and histopathologically. CHE and CEO at all doses tested were effective in reducing colon tissue lesions and colitis indices and the efficacy was nearly the same when different doses of plant fractions were administered p.o. or i.p. Administration of prednisolone (p.o., 4 mg/kg), Asacol® (mesalazine microgranules, p.o., 100 mg/kg) and hydrocortisone acetate (i.p., 20 mg/kg) as references were effective in reducing colon tissue injures as well. These data suggest that caraway fractions are both effective and possess anti-colitic activity irrespective of the dose and route of administration.

Introduction: One of the important factors in the succeeding the medicinal plant cultivation is the use of appropriate fertilizers. Plants grown with appropriate fertilizers have more secondary metabolites than those that grown in the usual system. On the other hand, there is increasing concern about soil interrelated environmental problems such as desertification, soil degradation, loss of fertility and erosion. So, the use of suitable fertilizer for plant growth is very important. Geranium ( Pelargonium graveolens ) oil is widely used as a floral substitute of the rose scent, due to its smell very similar to rose, being therefore one of the most valuable natural materials for the cosmetic and perfumery industries. Geranium oil is obtained from steam distillation of the flowers or green foliage of Pelargonium graveolens or some of its hybrids. Geranium oil is sometimes listed on the label of supplements promoted for athletic performance, weight loss, and body building. Sometimes it is used for nerve pain (neuropathy), depression, diarrhea and various skin conditions or to help with healing. Also, geranium oil is likely safe when taken by mouth in food amounts. Analyses of phytochemical profile of geranium oil included the major constituents such as citronellol, citronellyl formate, geraniol and isomenthone. The aim of this study was to evaluate the compounds of geranium essential oil in treatment of three types of fertilizers including organic, chemical and compost fertilizer. Materials and Methods: In order to investigate the effects of organic, chemical and compost fertilizers on chemical composition of essential oil of geranium, an experiment was conducted at Barij research farm, Kashan, Iran, in 2015 as factorial layout based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments included; organic fertilizer at one level (3 tons/ha), chemical fertilizer as urea at two levels (75 and 100 kg/ha), compost fertilizer as plant debris at two levels (15 and 20 tons/ha) and control (no fertilizer). The aerial parts of the treated geranium were collected during stage of flowering in October, and their essential oils were obtained from Clevenger apparatus, and after dehydration were analyzed by GC device. The GC analysis was carried out using Varian 3800 GC, equipped with a CP-Sil 8 fused silica capillary column (60 m × 0.32 mm i.d., 0.25 µm f.t.); carrier gas, Helium; flow rate 1.0 ml/min; split ratio, 1:50 and using a flame ionization detector. The column temperature was programmed at 50 °C heated to 250 °C at a rate of 3.0 °C/min, then kept constant at 250 °C for 20 min; injector temperature, 230 °C; detector temperature, 250 °C. Also, plant height, number of branches per plant, average fresh weight of the plant, maximum fresh weight of the plant and plant yield were measured. Data analysis was done by SPSS Statistic 17.0. Results and Discussion: The results showed that treatment with different fertilizers had no significant effect on essential oil percentage. In the cultivation of aromatic herbs, despite the percentage of essential oil, the type and composition of the essential chemical composition is also important. So, the chemical compounds of essential oils obtained from different treatments were studied. Citronellol (44.5%-56.6%), citronellyl formate (12.2%-18.3%), geraniol (2.2%-7.6%), and isomenthone (1.9%-6.1%) were found as four major components in essential oil of geranium. However, it’s found that the amount of citronellol (51.94%) reach to the highest level in the essential oil obtained from germanium treated with compost fertilizer at level of 15 tons/ha. However, other treatments had no significant effect on other compounds of essential oil. Several studies indicate that the use of compost on land may soil parameters and improve several plant and which would make compost an interesting option for soil restoration purposes, as well as take advantage of its fertilizer properties. Other potential benefits of compost application are enhanced nutrient availability for plants, improved biological activity, and the suppression of soil borne diseases. Moreover, many authors have reported higher yields with compost application and better quality of the harvested crops. Also, no significant differences among geranium for plant height, number of branches per plant, average fresh weight of the plant, maximum fresh weight of the plant and plant percentage were observed. Conclusion: The results point to the beneficial effects of a compost fertilizer at level of 15 tons/ha as alternative nutrition systems on the growth characteristics. So, in addition to reducing costs, can be achieved high quality essential oil.

Background and Objectives   Natural preservatives extracted from herbs are important sources for bioactive compounds that can be used in protection of food products. Essential oils are aromatic oily liquids, obtained from plant material like flowers, buds, seeds, leaves, and roots. Unfortunately , most natural compounds are biologically instable, poorly soluble in water and they distribute poorly to target sites. Currently, some novel methods have been introduced in order to improve their stability and their bioavailability, among which is the use of liposomal encapsulation. Microencapsulation reduces reactivity with the environment (water, oxygen, light), decreases the evaporation or the transfer rate to the outside environment, promotes handling ability, masks taste and enhances dilution to achieve a uniform distribution in the final product when used in very small amounts. Essential oils, as natural extracted compounds extracted from plants, are unstable compounds with low water solubility and unable to achieve target cells. Essential oils encapsulation by nanoliposomes is a novel method for increasing their biological activity and protecting them from destructive factors. The aim of this study was production and optimization of nanoliposomes containing Z. teniur essential oil and investigating their antibacterial effects against pathogens ( Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli ).   Materials and Methods   Lipid film hydration method was used to produce nanoliposomes containing Z. teniur essential oil. Soy phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol were the main wall materials and chloroform was used as the mixing solvent . The particle size of nanoliposomes and their zeta-potential were investigated using laser diffraction method. In order to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration and the minimum bactericidal concentration of Z. teniur essential oil against examined bacteria, serial dilution method was used. Also, antioxidant activity of free and nano-encapsulated essential oil of Z. teniur was determined by DPPH method.   Results   According to the results, highest encapsulation efficiency achieved by using 80:20 ratio of soy phosphatidylcholine to cholesterol in nanoliposomes’ wall structures. In general, by increasing the ratio of phosphatidylcholine to cholesterol, encapsulation efficiency was improved. Zeta-potential of nanoliposomes was equal to -5.3 mv and mean particle sizes were in the range of 94.7-119.9 nm. Results indicated that essential oil ejection from nanoliposomes has direct relation to the time of storage and after 30 hours, ejection rate will increase considerably. Ejection rate was higher in phosphate buffer pH=7.4 in comparison with phosphate buffer pH=5.4. Minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of free essential oil against Escherichia coli was 100 and 175 (µl/ml) respectively. Although, Minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of nanoliposomes containing Z. teniur essential oil were equal to 75 and 150 (µl/ml) respectively. Also, results shown that , minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of encapsulated Z. teniur essential oil against Staphylococcus aureus were lower in comparison with free form of Z. teniur essential oil. Staphylococcus aureus (as Gram-positive bacteria) was more susceptible than Escherichia coli (as Gram-negative bacteria).   Conclusion   Encapsulation of Z. teniur essential oil by nanoliposomes led to improve antibacterial effects of essential oil against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli . Also, investigating of antioxidant activity showed that encapsulated Z. teniur essential oil in nanoliposomes was more effective than free form of Z. teniur essential oil in scavenging of DPPH free radicals. Using nanoliposome encapsulation technology can be an effective way for increasing the efficiency of natural antibacterial compounds and essential oils encapsulated in nanoliposomes are suitable alternatives for synthetic preservatives used in food industry nowadays. The use of liposomes containing Z. teniur essential oil can provide the necessary protection against growth of spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in food products.

Introduction [1] : Application of growth-promoting antibiotics in poultry nutrition improves growth, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and reduces mortality. But, due to their persistent effects and increased drug resistance to pathogenic bacteria and the transmission of bacteria to humans through the food chain, the European Union banned their use. One of the natural alternatives is medicinal plants . Because plant products for reasons such as availability, ease of use, reduction of side effects, antibacterial and antioxidant properties, were used to treat some diseases in humans and animals. Among these medicinal plants we can mention yarrow with the scientific name of Achillea millefolium . This plant in addition to high antimicrobial and antioxidant properties; has antifungal properties, stimulates appetite, improves digestion and feed intake, improves the condition of the gastrointestinal tract, etc. This plant also accelerates digestion and shortens the passage of food through the gastrointestinal tract by increasing bile production and enzymatic activity. On the other hand, probiotics are living microorganisms of a nonpathogenic and nontoxic in nature that improve gastrointestinal health and improve performance in birds by improving intestinal microbial balance. According to these cases, this study was performed to evaluate the effect of yarrow essential oil in comparison with a growth-promoting antibiotic and probiotic on performance of broiler chickens. Materials and Methods : A total of 200 day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were studied in a completely randomized design with five treatments, and four replicates. Experimental diets were: 1) basal diet (control), 2 and 3) basal diets supplemented with 100 and 200 mg/kg of yarrow essential oil, respectively, 4) basal diet supplemented with 200 mg/kg probiotic, and 5) basal diet supplemented with 500 mg/kg antibiotic (flavophospholipol). Body weight and feed intake were measured at the end of each growing period and were used to calculate Performance parameters such as body weight gain, and feed conversion ratio. At the end of the experiment, one bird per each replicate was slaughtered for meat quality tests, including measurements of TBARS, pH, water holding capacity, dripping loss and antibody titer. For TBARS, the amount of fat oxidation of the sample was measured by measuring the amount of malondialdehyde and the microtiter hemagglutination method was used to determine the antibody titer produced against sheep erythrocytes. Results and Discussion: During the whole experimental period, birds received yarrow essential oil at 100 mg/kg diet, showed significantly higher body weight and lower FCR compared to the control group(P <0.05).   The lowest feed intake was observed in birds that were fed from the level of 200 mg/kg of yarrow essential oil. However, this effect was significant only in comparison with antibiotic treatment, which showed the highest feed intake (P <0.05). Different results have been reported in this regard which can be related to the type of plant, the amount of active ingredients, the level of the medicinal plant used and the interactions with other components of the diet. The TBARS index, indicating lipid oxidation of meat, in chickens fed with different levels of yarrow essential oil and probiotic were lower compared to the control group and antibiotics. In vitro, researchers have shown that plant essential oils, such as yarrow alkaloids, can reduce free radicals and can be a good alternative to synthetic antioxidants . Also in the study of using a mixture of plant extracts increased the concentration of phenols and decreased the amount of TBARS in the meat of broilers. pH, water holding capacity , dripping loss and cooking loss were not affected by the dietary treatments . The antibody titer against sheep red blood cell (SRBC) was lower in the control group in compare to those fed different levels of yarrow essential oil. In some studies, yarrow has increased humoral immunity with its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties; but, the amount used and the concentration of plant material were also effective. Conclusion: Based on the results, the use of 100 mg/kg yarrow essential oil increased body weight, improved feed conversion ratio and also increased antibody titer at 42 days of age. On the other hand, the TBARS index in chickens fed with different levels of yarrow essential oil was lower in compare to control group. Finally, according to the results, it can be concluded that the use of yarrow essential oil at the level of 100 mg/kg can be a good substitute to antibiotics in poultry nutrition.  

This article is from Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences , volume 26 . Abstract A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of resveratrol and essential oils from medicinal plants on the growth performance, immunity, digestibility, and fecal microbial shedding of weaned piglets. A total of 48 weaned piglets (8 kg initial weight, 28-d-old) were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments with 3 replications of 4 piglets each. The dietary treatments were NC (negative control; basal diet), PC (positive control; basal diet+0.002% apramycin), T1 (basal diet+0.2% resveratrol), and T2 (basal diet+0.0125% essential oil blend). All piglets were orally challenged with 5 ml culture fluid containing 2.3×108 cfu/ml of Escherichia coli KCTC 2571 and 5.9×108 cfu/ml Salmonella enterica serover Typhimurium. The PC group (p 0.05). Serum IgG level was increased in the T1 group, whereas TNF-α levels was reduced in the supplemented groups compared to control (p

This article is from Annals of Medical and Health Sciences Research , volume 2 . Abstract Background:: Chronic psychosocial stress and serum uric acid (SUA) level have been implicated in the etiology and cardiovascular events risk factors in hypertension. Studies have reported significant benefit of exercise in the overall management of hypertension. However, studies on the effect of exercise on psychosocial stress and SUA in the management of hypertension seem scanty. Aim:: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of continuous training program on SUA and psychosocial status of black African (Nigerian) population with hypertension. Subjects and Methods:: Age-matched randomized controlled trial was used; subjects with diagnosis of hypertension attending the hypertensive clinic of Murtala Muhammed Specialist Hospital (MMSH), Kano, Nigeria form the population for the study. Two hundred and seventeen subjects with mild to moderate (systolic blood pressure (SBP) between 140 and180 and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) between 90 and 109 mmHg) essential hypertension were grouped into continuous (112) and control groups (105). The continuous group involved in an 8 weeks continuous training (60%-79% HR max) of between 45 and 60 min, 3 times per week, while the controls group remain sedentary. SBP, DBP, SUA, VO2 max and psychosocial status were assessed. Student t-test and Pearson correlation test were used in data analysis. Results:: The study revealed significant beneficial effect of continuous training programs on VO2 max, SBP, DBP, SUA, and psychosocial status (P < 0.05). Psychosocial status and SUA was significantly and positively and negatively correlated respectively with VO2 max at P < 0.01. Conclusions:: This study concludes and supports the recommendations of moderate intensity (continuous) training program in blood pressure reduction, SUA and psychosocial stress management in hypertension.

This article is from Diabetes , volume 60 . Abstract OBJECTIVE: Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and its activator resveratrol are emerging as major regulators of metabolic processes. We investigate the site of resveratrol action on glucose metabolism and the contribution of SIRT1 to these effects. Because the arcuate nucleus in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) plays a pivotal role in integrating peripheral metabolic responses to nutrients and hormones, we examined whether the actions of resveratrol are mediated at the MBH. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Sprague Dawley (SD) male rats received acute central (MBH) or systemic injections of vehicle, resveratrol, or SIRT1 inhibitor during basal pancreatic insulin clamp studies. To delineate the pathway(s) by which MBH resveratrol modulates hepatic glucose production, we silenced hypothalamic SIRT1 expression using a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) inhibited the hypothalamic ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel with glibenclamide, or selectively transected the hepatic branch of the vagus nerve while infusing resveratrol centrally. RESULTS: Our studies show that marked improvement in insulin sensitivity can be elicited by acute administration of resveratrol to the MBH or during acute systemic administration. Selective inhibition of hypothalamic SIRT1 using a cell-permeable SIRT1 inhibitor or SIRT1-shRNA negated the effect of central and peripheral resveratrol on glucose production. Blockade of the KATP channel and hepatic vagotomy significantly attenuated the effect of central resveratrol on hepatic glucose production. In addition, we found no evidence for hypothalamic AMPK activation after MBH resveratrol administration. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these studies demonstrate that resveratrol improves glucose homeostasis mainly through a central SIRT1-dependent pathway and that the MBH is a major site of resveratrol action.

This article is from Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research : IJPR , volume 12 . Abstract This research was done to test the effect of Rosa damascena essential oil on withdrawal signs of naloxone-precipitated morphine in male mice. Morphine dependence was induced by injection (IP) three times daily at doses of 50, 50 and 75 mg/kg, respectively, for 3 days. On day 4, after the last administration of morphine, Rosa damascena essential oil was administered at different concentrations (5, 2 and 40%, IP) 30 min before administration of naloxone (5 mg/kg, IP). The following actions were taken as signs of withdrawal and records taken for jumping as a number and scores of 0 to 3 were given for incidences of grooming, teeth chattering, rearing, writing, diarrhea, wet dog shakes and climbing during a 30 min period. Results showed that different concentrations of Rosa damascena essential oil significantly reduced signs of morphine withdrawal compared to the control group in terms of number of jumps (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01), grooming, teeth chattering, rearing, climbing, wet dog shakes and writhing, but not for diarrhea (p < 0.05). In conclusion it seems that GABAergic activity induced by flavonoids from Rosa damascena essential oil can alleviate signs of morphine withdrawal, but further studies need to be done to better understand this mechanism.

'PRICE RISE OF ESSENTIAL COMMODITIES- CAUSES AND EFFECTS WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON IMPORT OF WHEAT AND ENFORCEMENT OF PREVENTION OF BLACK- MARKETING AND MAINTENANCE OF SUPPLY OF ESSENTIAL COMMODITIES ACT, 1980 (23-Dec-2008)' from the Parliament Digital Library

This is the companion DVD to the book  Creating Motion Graphics with After Effects: Essential and Advanced Techniques, 4th Edition. Trish and Chris Meyer share fifteen years of real-world film and video production experience inside the critically acclaimed Creating Motion Graphics with After Effects. More than a step-by-step review of the features in After Effects, you will learn how the program thinks so that you can realize your own visions more quickly and efficiently. This full-color book is jammed full of tips, gotchas, and sage advice that will help you survive whatever your next project throws at you. Creating Motion Graphics 4th Edition has been heavily revised, reuniting the previous two volumes plus adding detailed coverage of new features introduced in After Effects 7 and CS3 Professional to form one massive, essential reference. The enclosed DVD-ROM contains source footage and project files for the numerous exercises which help reinforce each concept. The DVD also includes over 180 pages of additional information, including lengthy Bonus Chapters on Expressions and Effects. Authored in CS3,  also included is access to a free web chapter written for CS4. * Free CS4 web chapter included with the book * Mastering animation through the use of keyframes, motion paths, and the Graph Editor * Blending imagery using alpha channels, masks, mattes, modes, and stencils * Building groups and hierarchies through parenting and nested comps * Extended coverage of type animation, paint tools and 3D space * Advanced subjects such as keying, motion tracking, expressions, and video issues * Includes over 180 PDF pages of bonus content on the DVD * Extensive coverage of the new CS3 features including the Shape and Puppet tools, Brainstorm, per-character 3D text, color management, and more!

This article is from PLoS ONE , volume 9 . Abstract The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)1/2 and p38 MAPK, is known to be activated by ultraviolet (UV) radiation in melanocytes to regulate melanin production. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play important roles in the pathway of ERK and JNK activation. It has been established that the essential oil of Achillea millefolium L. (AM-EO) has activities that suppress the oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Thus, we analyzed the effects of AM-EO on melanogenesis in melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) treated melanoma cells. The results demonstrated that AM-EO suppresses melanin production by decreasing tyrosinase activity through the regulation of the JNK and ERK signaling pathways. This effect might be associated with the AM-EO activity leading to the suppression of ROS, and linalyl acetate is its major functional component. Therefore, we propose that AM-EO has the potential to treat hyperpigmentation in the future.

This article is from Iranian Journal of Arthropod-borne Diseases , volume 5 . Abstract Background:: Malaria and leishmaniasis are two most significant parasitic diseases which are endemic in Iran. Over the past decades, interest in botanical repellents has increased as a result of safety to human. The comparative efficacy of essential oils of two native plants, myrtle (Myrtus communis) and marigold (Calendula officinalis) collected from natural habitats at southern Iran was compared with DEET as synthetic repellent against Anopheles stephensi on human subjects under laboratory condition. Methods:: Essential oils from two species of native plants were obtained by Clevenger-type water distillation. The protection time of DEET, marigold and myrtle was assessed on human subject using screened cage method against An. stephensi. The effective dose of 50% essential oils of two latter species and DEET were determined by modified ASTM method. ED50 and ED90 values and related statistical parameters were calculated by probit analysis. Results:: The protection time of 50% essential oils of marigold and myrtle were respectively 2.15 and 4.36 hours compared to 6.23 hours for DEET 25%. The median effective dose (ED50) of 50% essential oils was 0.1105 and 0.6034 mg/cm2 respectively in myrtle and marigold. The figure for DEET was 0.0023 mg/cm2. Conclusion:: This study exhibited that the repellency of both botanical repellents was generally lower than DEET as a synthetic repellent. However the 50% essential oil of myrtle showed a moderate repellency effects compared to marigold against An. stephensi.

This article is from Iranian Journal of Arthropod-borne Diseases , volume 5 . Abstract Background:: Malaria and leishmaniasis are two most significant parasitic diseases which are endemic in Iran. Over the past decades, interest in botanical repellents has increased as a result of safety to human. The comparative efficacy of essential oils of two native plants, myrtle (Myrtus communis) and marigold (Calendula officinalis) collected from natural habitats at southern Iran was compared with DEET as synthetic repellent against Anopheles stephensi on human subjects under laboratory condition. Methods:: Essential oils from two species of native plants were obtained by Clevenger-type water distillation. The protection time of DEET, marigold and myrtle was assessed on human subject using screened cage method against An. stephensi. The effective dose of 50% essential oils of two latter species and DEET were determined by modified ASTM method. ED50 and ED90 values and related statistical parameters were calculated by probit analysis. Results:: The protection time of 50% essential oils of marigold and myrtle were respectively 2.15 and 4.36 hours compared to 6.23 hours for DEET 25%. The median effective dose (ED50) of 50% essential oils was 0.1105 and 0.6034 mg/cm2 respectively in myrtle and marigold. The figure for DEET was 0.0023 mg/cm2. Conclusion:: This study exhibited that the repellency of both botanical repellents was generally lower than DEET as a synthetic repellent. However the 50% essential oil of myrtle showed a moderate repellency effects compared to marigold against An. stephensi.

"Experimental Evidence for the Essential Identity of the Selective and Normal Photo-Electric Effects" is an article from Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Volume 2 . View more articles from Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . View this article on JSTOR . View this article's JSTOR metadata . You may also retrieve all of this items metadata in JSON at the following URL: https://archive.org/metadata/jstor-83539

This report describes a program for improving retention of essential concepts exhibited by junior high and high school students. The purpose of the study was to increase cognitive retention in order to increase student success. The target sample consisted of junior high students in the seventh grade and high school students in grades nine through twelve. One site was a metropolitan area while the second site was in a suburb of a metropolitan area. The problem of retention was documented through teacher observation journals, teacher surveys, and student surveys. Analysis of probable cause data revealed that students reported issues with retaining information. Teachers also reported that students had issues with retaining essential concepts. Individual teachers noted in their journals that some students could not recall information and remember essential concepts after the initial teaching phase. A review of curriculum revealed a need for interventions to improve cognitive retention. A review of solution strategies suggested by educational practitioners, combined with an analysis of the problem context, resulted in the selection of an umbrella intervention strategy: active learning methodology. The researchers developed lessons incorporating a variety of active learning techniques which were student centered. These interventions were implemented several times each week during 44 minute class periods for the junior high students and 52 minute class periods for the high school students. The interventions occurred during the fall semester, so that students could respond to the active learning techniques implemented by the teachers. After the implementation of active learning strategies, the teacher researchers concluded that a moderately positive change occurred concerning retention of essential concepts after teachers converted from traditional lecture methods. The teacher researchers reported that incorporating active learning techniques in their classrooms encouraged cooperation, improved student engagement, and decreased unwanted behaviors. This led the team to proclaim this intervention as successful for their given classroom settings. Two appendixes present: (1) Student Survey; and (2) Teacher Survey. (Contains 4 tables and 3 figures.

This article is from Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences , volume 29 . Abstract Objective: To study the efficacy, desirable and undesirable effects of locally injectable preparation of botulinum toxin in patients suffering from Benign Essential Blepharospasm (BEB).Methods: It was a prospective study carried out from October 2006 till November 2012 at a private set up, “Dr Shakaib’s Eye Clinic”, in Islamabad. Follow up of Seventeen patients of BEB has been done over six years period after injecting botulinum toxin. The patients had been explained about the study and informed consent was taken. After taking all the standard precautions for botulinum toxin injection, 5 to 7 (mean 6) sites for injecting 1.5 to 2.0 IU of the toxin were selected depending upon the severity and duration of the problem. These patients were requested to attend the clinic regularly, initially after three days and then weekly for two weeks, followed by every month for three months and then at three monthly intervals for up to six years.Results: The useful effects of the injection appeared in all the patients within 48 hours. There were minor side effects like irritation in the eyes and heaviness in the brow region. One (5.88 %) patient developed mild ptosis, which subsided over two weeks. Four (23.52 %) patients felt almost cured after three to four repetitions of injections. The useful effect of the injection lasted for about three months in all the patients.Conclusion: Botulinum toxin is a useful remedy for Benign Essential Blepharospasm (BEB), although the effects are short term and repeated applications are required which is quite costly for the patient.

This article is from Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences , volume 29 . Abstract Objective: To study the efficacy, desirable and undesirable effects of locally injectable preparation of botulinum toxin in patients suffering from Benign Essential Blepharospasm (BEB).Methods: It was a prospective study carried out from October 2006 till November 2012 at a private set up, “Dr Shakaib’s Eye Clinic”, in Islamabad. Follow up of Seventeen patients of BEB has been done over six years period after injecting botulinum toxin. The patients had been explained about the study and informed consent was taken. After taking all the standard precautions for botulinum toxin injection, 5 to 7 (mean 6) sites for injecting 1.5 to 2.0 IU of the toxin were selected depending upon the severity and duration of the problem. These patients were requested to attend the clinic regularly, initially after three days and then weekly for two weeks, followed by every month for three months and then at three monthly intervals for up to six years.Results: The useful effects of the injection appeared in all the patients within 48 hours. There were minor side effects like irritation in the eyes and heaviness in the brow region. One (5.88 %) patient developed mild ptosis, which subsided over two weeks. Four (23.52 %) patients felt almost cured after three to four repetitions of injections. The useful effect of the injection lasted for about three months in all the patients.Conclusion: Botulinum toxin is a useful remedy for Benign Essential Blepharospasm (BEB), although the effects are short term and repeated applications are required which is quite costly for the patient.

This article is from Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences , volume 29 . Abstract Objective: To study the efficacy, desirable and undesirable effects of locally injectable preparation of botulinum toxin in patients suffering from Benign Essential Blepharospasm (BEB).Methods: It was a prospective study carried out from October 2006 till November 2012 at a private set up, “Dr Shakaib’s Eye Clinic”, in Islamabad. Follow up of Seventeen patients of BEB has been done over six years period after injecting botulinum toxin. The patients had been explained about the study and informed consent was taken. After taking all the standard precautions for botulinum toxin injection, 5 to 7 (mean 6) sites for injecting 1.5 to 2.0 IU of the toxin were selected depending upon the severity and duration of the problem. These patients were requested to attend the clinic regularly, initially after three days and then weekly for two weeks, followed by every month for three months and then at three monthly intervals for up to six years.Results: The useful effects of the injection appeared in all the patients within 48 hours. There were minor side effects like irritation in the eyes and heaviness in the brow region. One (5.88 %) patient developed mild ptosis, which subsided over two weeks. Four (23.52 %) patients felt almost cured after three to four repetitions of injections. The useful effect of the injection lasted for about three months in all the patients.Conclusion: Botulinum toxin is a useful remedy for Benign Essential Blepharospasm (BEB), although the effects are short term and repeated applications are required which is quite costly for the patient.

This article is from Advanced Biomedical Research , volume 3 . Abstract Background:: Streptococci are the main causative agents in plaque formation and mutans streptococci are the principle etiological agent of dental plaque and caries. The process of biofilm formation is a step-wise process, starting with adhesion of planktonic cells to the surfaces. It is now a well known fact that expression of glucosyltransferases (gtfs) and fructosyltransferase (ftf) genes play a critical role in the initial adhesion of Streptococcus mutans to the tooth surface, which results in the formation of dental plaques and consequently caries and other periodontal diseases. Materials and Methods:: In the present study, we have determined the effect of biosurfactants purified from Lactobacillus reuteri (DSM20016) culture on gene expression profile of gftB/C and fft of S. mutans (ATCC35668) using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results:: The application of biosurfactant caused considerable down-regulation of the expression of all three genes under study. The reduction in gene expression was statistically very significant (P > 0.0001 for all three genes). Conclusions:: Inhibition of these genes by the extracted L. reuteri biosurfactant shows the emergence of a powerful alternative to the presently practicing alternatives. In view of the importance of these gene products for S. mutans attachment to the tooth surface, which is the initial important step in biofilm production and dental caries, we believe that the biosurfactant prepared in this study could be considered as a step ahead in dental caries prevention.

Introduction   Scientific evidence is mounting that synthetic chemicals used as food additives may have harmful impacts on health and the biological system and cause many diseases and damages to the human body. Also, many consumers are concerned about the use of artificial ingredients to maintain the quality and safety of foods. Therefore, the use of natural preservatives and food preservation methods based on natural compounds have attracted the attention of researchers. Edible films and coatings are useful materials, mainly produced from biodegradable polymers including polysaccharides (gums), proteins, and lipids, and are commonly used for the shelf life extension of foods. The primary edible films /coatings are promising alternative methods to preserve, and retard the adverse chemical reactions and microbial growth. They also can act as a carrier of antimicrobials, antioxidant substances, and other additives. Sage seed gum (SSG) is a water-soluble polysaccharide obtained from Sage ( Salvia macrosiphon ). It is an environmentally-friendly biodegradable material that can form high-viscosity aqueous solution and exhibit pseudoplastic behavior. Essential oils (EOs) are volatile and aromatic oily liquids extracted from various plants. Most of the EOs have antimicrobial and antioxidant activities due to their phenolic compounds, terpenes and terpenoids. A promising technique is incorporating EOs into coating solutions as active film/coating to extend the shelf life of food products. Bay leaf ( Laurus nobilis ) is an aromatic evergreen tree or large shrub with green, glabrous leaves. It is used as a flavoring agent and an essential ingredient in food preparation. Bay leaf has received much attention due to its antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immune system stimulating properties. Hence, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of SSG coating incorporated with different concentrations of bay leaf EO (BLEO) and its nanoemulsion (BLNEO).   Materials and Methods   The active packaging was produced based on the gum of sage seed containing BLEO and BLNEO. After preparing the EO from bay leaves, their corresponding NEO was produced and the characterization of nanoparticles was evaluated in terms of droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potentials. Then, the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of BLEO and BLNEO were compared. After that, SSG coatings were prepared with 1.5% and 3% BLEO and their corresponding NEO forms. Subsequently , the antioxidant (DPPH and ABTS) and antimicrobial (against Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli ) properties of the produced films were investigated.   Results and Discussion Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identified 1,8-Cineole and α- Terpinyl acetate as the major components of BLEO. The BLNEO exhibited a droplet size of approximately 92.4 nm and a zeta potential of -45.1 mV. In comparison to the control and SSG, it was found that the group comprising EO and NEO significantly (p&lt;0.05) showed superior free radical scavenging capacity. SSG-3% BLNEO had the highest DPPH inhibition percentage (69.54%). According to the results , EO at the nanoscale can scavenge more free radicals than EO (p&lt;0.05). Antimicrobial inhibition zone of different treatments against selected gram positive and gram negative bacteria showed that all bacteria were strongly inhibited after the addition of BLEO into the SSG. Moreover, data revealed that the growth of the studied pathogens was completely inhibited in a dose-dependent manner (p&lt;0.05). SSG-BLNEO exhibited better antimicrobial activity than SSG-BLEO coating and its antimicrobial activity was significantly enhanced by increasing BLNEO concentration (p&lt;0.05). This phenomenon is attributed to the protective role of encapsulation and the slow release of EO from the coating matrix, resulting in enhanced antimicrobial activity. Nanoemulsions, owing to their small droplet size and high surface area, offer superior efficacy compared to conventional emulsions. Consequently, the gradual release of essential oils from nanoemulsion-based edible coatings contributes to their enhanced antimicrobial performance.   Conclusion These findings suggest that the SSG -BLNEO edible active coating possesses promising applications as an antimicrobial and antioxidant agent for food packaging applications.

Introduction   Scientific evidence is mounting that synthetic chemicals used as food additives may have harmful impacts on health and the biological system and cause many diseases and damages to the human body. Also, many consumers are concerned about the use of artificial ingredients to maintain the quality and safety of foods. Therefore, the use of natural preservatives and food preservation methods based on natural compounds have attracted the attention of researchers. Edible films and coatings are useful materials, mainly produced from biodegradable polymers including polysaccharides (gums), proteins, and lipids, and are commonly used for the shelf life extension of foods. The primary edible films /coatings are promising alternative methods to preserve, and retard the adverse chemical reactions and microbial growth. They also can act as a carrier of antimicrobials, antioxidant substances, and other additives. Sage seed gum (SSG) is a water-soluble polysaccharide obtained from Sage ( Salvia macrosiphon ). It is an environmentally-friendly biodegradable material that can form high-viscosity aqueous solution and exhibit pseudoplastic behavior. Essential oils (EOs) are volatile and aromatic oily liquids extracted from various plants. Most of the EOs have antimicrobial and antioxidant activities due to their phenolic compounds, terpenes and terpenoids. A promising technique is incorporating EOs into coating solutions as active film/coating to extend the shelf life of food products. Bay leaf ( Laurus nobilis ) is an aromatic evergreen tree or large shrub with green, glabrous leaves. It is used as a flavoring agent and an essential ingredient in food preparation. Bay leaf has received much attention due to its antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immune system stimulating properties. Hence, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of SSG coating incorporated with different concentrations of bay leaf EO (BLEO) and its nanoemulsion (BLNEO).   Materials and Methods   The active packaging was produced based on the gum of sage seed containing BLEO and BLNEO. After preparing the EO from bay leaves, their corresponding NEO was produced and the characterization of nanoparticles was evaluated in terms of droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potentials. Then, the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of BLEO and BLNEO were compared. After that, SSG coatings were prepared with 1.5% and 3% BLEO and their corresponding NEO forms. Subsequently , the antioxidant (DPPH and ABTS) and antimicrobial (against Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli ) properties of the produced films were investigated.   Results and Discussion Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identified 1,8-Cineole and α- Terpinyl acetate as the major components of BLEO. The BLNEO exhibited a droplet size of approximately 92.4 nm and a zeta potential of -45.1 mV. In comparison to the control and SSG, it was found that the group comprising EO and NEO significantly (p&lt;0.05) showed superior free radical scavenging capacity. SSG-3% BLNEO had the highest DPPH inhibition percentage (69.54%). According to the results , EO at the nanoscale can scavenge more free radicals than EO (p&lt;0.05). Antimicrobial inhibition zone of different treatments against selected gram positive and gram negative bacteria showed that all bacteria were strongly inhibited after the addition of BLEO into the SSG. Moreover, data revealed that the growth of the studied pathogens was completely inhibited in a dose-dependent manner (p&lt;0.05). SSG-BLNEO exhibited better antimicrobial activity than SSG-BLEO coating and its antimicrobial activity was significantly enhanced by increasing BLNEO concentration (p&lt;0.05). This phenomenon is attributed to the protective role of encapsulation and the slow release of EO from the coating matrix, resulting in enhanced antimicrobial activity. Nanoemulsions, owing to their small droplet size and high surface area, offer superior efficacy compared to conventional emulsions. Consequently, the gradual release of essential oils from nanoemulsion-based edible coatings contributes to their enhanced antimicrobial performance.   Conclusion These findings suggest that the SSG -BLNEO edible active coating possesses promising applications as an antimicrobial and antioxidant agent for food packaging applications.

Introduction: Cancer is characterized as a chronic disease, according to the Instituto National Cancer Institute (INCA), from the diagnosis of cancer, patients present some kind of emotional disorder. Intervention by aromatherapy with the use of oils essentials has an emotional impact, we have as an example Sicilian lemon and bergamot, both have properties capable of minimizing emotional and other effects relevant in the life of the chemotherapy patient. Objective: it will be to compare the effects of the use of bergamot essential oil (GO) with the use of a blend of bergamot and Sicilian lemon (GBO) applied to the dorsum of the feet, in the physical and emotional aspects of patients chemotherapy. Methods: patients with rectal colon cancer, who use as treatment the medication XELODA (capecitabine) and XELOX (capecitabine + oxaliplatin), 5-FU (flourouracil), FOLFOX (5-FU + oxaliplatin), and FOLFIRI (5-FU + irinotecan), from the second cycle of chemotherapy. Patients will be randomized and divided into two groups of 25 individuals, totaling 50 patients to undergo the comparison of oils, in which (GBO) will apply a blend of oils and (GO) only one of the oils, and coconut oil will be used as a carrier. On initial contact, the patient will be informed of the research, if the patient agrees to participate, the term of consent, performed an evaluation, application of questionnaires through interviews in relation to their psychological and physical state, and deliver a bottle with their respective treatment according to randomization, GO or GBO and instructions for use at home over 7 days. After this period, the same questionnaires will be reapplied initial assessment for comparison purposes. Data analysis: the data will be analyzed by the GraphPad Prism statistical software. For normality analysis of test data Shapiro Wilk. For paired analysis Student's t test in case of normal distribution or Wilcoxon test for variables that do not follow a Gaussian distribution. For analysis unpaired, the absolute variation (delta) of the outcomes will be considered and a test will be applied Unpaired Student's T or Mann Whitney according to data distribution. O significance level used will be 5%. Data will be expressed as mean and deviation standard for continuous data and frequencies and percentages for categorical data

This article is from Toxicology International , volume 20 . Abstract Background:: Cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II (CDDP)) is an effective drug in cancer therapy to treat solid tumors. However, the drug is accompanied by nephrotoxicity. Previous reports indicated that estrogen has no protective role against CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity, but the role of phytoestrogen as an estrogenic agent in plants is not determined yet. The major composition of fennel essential oil (FEO) is trans-anethole that has estrogenic activity; so, we used FEO as a phytoestrogen source against CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity. Materials and Methods:: Fifty-four ovariectomized Wistar rats were divided into seven groups. Groups 1-3 received different doses of FEO (250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg/day, respectively) for 10 days. Group 4 received saline for 10 days plus single dose of CDDP (7 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (ip)) at day 3. Groups 5-7 received FEO similar to groups 1-3, respectively; plus a single dose of CDDP (7 mg/kg, ip) on day 3. On day 10, the animals were sacrificed for histopathological studies. Results:: The serum levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr), kidney tissue damage score (KTDS), and kidney weight (KW) and body weight changes in CDDP-treated groups increased significantly (P < 0.05). FEO did not reduce the levels of BUN and Cr, KTDS, and KW and body weight changes. Also, the serum and tissue levels of nitrite were not altered significantly by FEO. Conclusion:: FEO, as a source of phytoestrogen, did not induce kidney damage. In addition, FEO similar to estrogen was not a nephroprotectant agent against CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity.

This article is from BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine , volume 13 . Abstract Background: Visceral leishmaniasis is the most serious form of leishmaniasis and can be lethal if left untreated. Currently available treatments for these parasitic diseases are frequently associated to severe side effects. The leaves of Croton cajucara are used as an infusion in popular medicine to combat several diseases. Previous studies have demonstrated that the linalool-rich essential oil from C. cajucara (white sacaca) is extremely efficient against the tegumentary specie Leishmania amazonensis. In this study, we investigated the effects of the 7-hydroxycalamenene-rich essential oil from the leaves of C. cajucara (red sacaca) against Leishmania chagasi, as well as on the interaction of these parasites with host cells. Methods: Promastigotes were treated with different concentrations of the essential oil for determination of its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). In addition, the effects of the essential oil on parasite ultrastructure were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. To evaluate its efficacy against infected cells, mouse peritoneal macrophages infected with L. chagasi promastigotes were treated with the inhibitory and sub-inhibitory concentrations of the essential oil. Results: The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the essential oil and its purified component 7-hydroxycalamenene against L. chagasi were 250 and 15.6 μg/mL, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed important nuclear and kinetoplastic alterations in L. chagasi promastigotes. Pre-treatment of macrophages and parasites with the essential oil reduced parasite/macrophage interaction by 52.8%, while it increased the production of nitric oxide by L. chagasi-infected macrophages by 80%. Conclusion: These results indicate that the 7-hydroxycalamenene-rich essential oil from C. cajucara is a promising source of leishmanicidal compounds.

This article is from Aging (Albany NY) , volume 6 . Abstract Dietary restriction (DR), defined as a moderate reduction in food intake short of malnutrition, has been shown to extend healthy lifespan in a diverse range of organisms, from yeast to primates. Reduced signalling through the insulin/IGF-like (IIS) and Target of Rapamycin (TOR) signalling pathways also extend lifespan. In Drosophila melanogaster the lifespan benefits of DR can be reproduced by modulating only the essential amino acids in yeast based food. Here, we show that pharmacological downregulation of TOR signalling, but not reduced IIS, modulates the lifespan response to DR by amino acid alteration. Of the physiological responses flies exhibit upon DR, only increased body fat and decreased heat stress resistance phenotypes correlated with longevity via reduced TOR signalling. These data indicate that lowered dietary amino acids promote longevity via TOR, not by enhanced resistance to molecular damage, but through modified physiological conditions that favour fat accumulation.

This article is from Brazilian Journal of Microbiology , volume 41 . Abstract The essential oil from the leaves of Myrcia ovata Cambess., commonly used in Brazil for the treatment of gastric illnesses, was screened for antimicrobial activity and action in the formation of microbial biofilms by Enterococcus faecalis. The oil was obtained by hydrodistillation using a clevenger-type system. Its chemical composition was analyzed using GC and GC-MS. Both MIC and MBC of the essential oil were determined by broth microdilution techniques and agar dilution method. The essential oil showed antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella choleraesuis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Candida parapsilosis. The results showed that the essential oil of M. ovata Cambess. was effective against the formation of biofilm by E. faecalis when compared with the control. Four volatile compounds, representing 92.1 % of the oil, were identified and geranial was the major component (50.4 %). At the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from leaves of M. ovata.

Tracklist: 1. Airport - Interior Of Main Hall 2. Airport - Exterior Of Main Buildings 3. Jet Aircraft Take Off 4. Jet Aircraft, Slow Overhead 5. Jet Aircraft Landing 6. Helicopter Approach, Fly Past And Away 7. Airport - Interior Of Control Tower 8. Cow Mooing 9. Pig Squealing 10. Donkey Braying 11. Ox Cart Passing 12. Horse Neighing 13. Cows With Cow Bells 14. Hunting - Meet Of Hunt 15. Hunting - Horses Pass In Pursuit 16. Hunting - Hounds Baying And Barking 17. Hunting - Huntsman Sounds Horn 18. Hunting - Whiplash 19. Owl Screeching 20. Owl Hooting 21. Rooks And Songbirds At Dusk 22. Bird In Spring/Summer 23. Sparrows 24. Chicken - Contented Clucking 25. Chickens - Alarmed, Agitated, Squawking 26. Pigeons In Town - Cooing And Fluttering 27. Village Ambience In Southern Mediterranean Country 28. Frogs Croaking In Southern Mediterranean Country 29. Tropical Night - Ambience In Open Country 30. Tropical Day - Ambience On Hot Day In Open Country 31. Tropical Birds - Ibis And Dove 32. Birds In Tropical Forest 33. Tropical Birds In Trees At Waterside 34. Tropical Jungle/Forest - Night Ambience 35. Seaside - Waves Break Gently 36. Seaside - Bathers Happily Splashing Around 37. Seaside - Very Rough Sea 38. Water Lapping Gently 39. Small River - Fast Flowing Over Rocks 40. On Board A Small Motor Boat 41. Outboard Motor Boat 42. Heavy Rain Falling And Dripping From Roof 43. Heavy Rain Falling On Hard Surface 44. Steady Rain And Rumble Of Thunder 45. Hurricane Force Wind 46. Town Street In Britain 1960s 47. Crowds Of People Moving Around Outdoors, Chatting 48. Drums And Bugles In Procession Passing By 49. Applause From Small Group Of People Outdoors 50. Squad Of Troops March Past 51. Third World Type City Ambience - Vintage Traffic In Streets 52. Bazaar/Street Market In Near East Type Country - Busy Ambience 53. Animated Crowd In Theatre Foyer/Hotel Lobby Type Location 54. Pub Interior - Busy With Happy Lively Customers 55. Interior Theatre/Concert Hall Type Building - Orchestra Starts Tuning Up 56. Racecourse - Bookmakers On Course, Taking Bets, Shouting Odds 57. Racecourse - Group Of Spectators At Rails Cheer Some Passing Horses 58. Racecourse - Group Of Spectators Near Finishing Post At Finish Of Race 59. Betting Shop Interior - Loudspeaker Commentary On Race 60. Auctioneer At Country Auction 61. Fairground/Street Fair - General Ambience With Fairground Organ, Stallholders And Customers 62. Fairground - Excited Reactions And Screams 63. Rush-Hour Commuters 64. Large Railway Station 65. Ice Skating On Frozen Lake 66. Footsteps In Deep Crisp Snow 67. Clock, Church Type - Musical Chime Then Strikes Nine 68. Church Bells (British) Ringing 69. European Continental Clock Bells Ringing 70. Bulldozers And Other Heavy Machinery Working On Construction Site 71. Diesel Locomotive With Express Passenger Train, Whistle And Pass, Fast 72. Diesel Locomotive, Stationary, Whistles 73. Diesel Train Leaving Station 74. Electric Locomotive With Express Passenger Train, Approach And Pass

Aims: Map the literature in search of the main biological and antimicrobial effects of the essential oil (EO) of Aniba rosaeodora. Study design: This is an integrative review based on the PRISMA method. Place and duration of the study: Center for Biological and Health Sciences of a University in the Brazilian Amazon, from January to August 2022. Methodology: A search was carried out in the main databases, such as Embase, Scopus, PubChem, PubMed, LILACS, SciELO and Portal BVS, with the descriptors consulted in the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). Results: 134 articles were found and, after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 17 were selected for full analysis. The EO of Aniba roseadora revealed mainly antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic and antiviral properties and in two studies, anesthetic effects, without observation of serious adverse events and deaths, were observed, but the specific active compound was not identified. The antibacterial activity of linalool, the compound most present in Aniba roseadora EO, was significant. Aniba roseadora EO also showed inhibitory and fungicidal potential. In addition, Aniba roseadora had an antidepressant effect, reducing anhedonia. Conclusion: The EO of Aniba rosaeadora showed potential biopharmacological and microbiological activities in pre-clinical models. Linalool stood out as the substance with the highest concentration in the EO; however, it is not yet known whether this compound is the main active component. Therefore, more studies should be conducted to support and describe the pharmacological potential of Aniba rosaeadora EO, leading to evidence-based pharmacology. Keywords: Essential oils, Aniba rosaeodora, Pharmacological potential

We investigated the effects of individual nitrogen-based energetic materials (EMs) 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT), 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2-ADNT), 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-ADNT), nitroglycerin (NG), and 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) on decomposition, an essential soil process, utilizing Orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata) straw in Sassafras sandy loam (SSL) soil. Three pieces of 5-cm long internodular sections of straw were used to form a straw cluster. Pre-weighed straw clusters were placed in the soil in each 900 mL volume test container containing approximately 200 g of loosely packed EM-amended soil or carrier (acetone) control soil. After 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 months of exposure, one straw cluster was harvested from a set of randomly selected replicate containers from within each treatment to quantify the decomposition rates. The exposure concentrations of each EM in soil were analytically determined soils using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Method 8330A. The results showed that soil contamination with 2,4-DNT or NG can inhibit litter decomposition rates based on the EC50 values of 1122 mg/kg and 860 mg/kg, respectively. Exposure to 2-ADNT, 4-ADNT or CL-20 did not significantly affect litter decomposition in SSL soil at 10000 mg/kg. These ecotoxicological benchmarks can help identify concentrations of contaminant EM in soil that present an acceptable ecological risk for biologically-mediated processes in soil.

Introduction [1] : Antibiotics as growth promoters in poultry feed are posing serious health risks to human health. Because of their residual effects in poultry meat and eggs, as well as result pathogens develop resistance to antibiotics. Currently, poultry scientists are challenged to find out alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters with no side effects for poultry that could be more or as effective against harmful microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract and to stimulate the growth by increasing the efficiency of feed utilization and to enhance the immunity. Regarding to this subject, supplementing the dietary herbs or plant extracts would stimulate the productive performance of poultry. In recent years, products containing essential oils derived from several spices and herbs could be used feed additives as growth promoters in animal nutrition. These phytogenic additives may have more than one mode of action, including improving feed intake and flavor, stimulating the secretion of digestive enzymes, increasing gastric and intestinal motility, endocrine stimulation, antimicrobial, anti-viral , anthelminthic and coccidiostat activities, immune stimulation , and anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activity and pigments. Many studies have also been conducted on the effects of dietary essential oils or combinations thereof on the performance of poultry but with varying and conflicting results. While one report demonstrated that essential oils improved animal performance, some researchers reported that these additives were not effective in this regard. Salmonella and Escherichia Coli bacteria have become the major cause of foodborne diseases which has raised a great safety concern to public health. In several geographic regions, a large proportion of foodborne diseases are confirmed by the hazardous salmonellosis caused by infectious Salmonella. The antibacterial effects of essential oils have received widespread attention and numerous reports exist in the literature. The essential oil of oregano has been shown to inhibit Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes . The aims of this study were to investigate the In-Vitro and In-Vivo effects of 5 dietary essential oils, marjoram, tanacetum balsamita, Artemisia annua, Fennel and Pinus, on minimal bactericide concentration (MBC) and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 5 bacteria strains including Escherichia coli (PTCC 1399), Klebsiella pneumonia (PTCC 1053), Salmonella typhimurium (PTCC1609), Staphylococcus aureus (PTCC 1764) and Streptococcus pyogenes (PTCC 1447) and performance and intestinal microflora of broiler chickens challenged with Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli . Materials and Methods: The disc diffusion method, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were applied for the determination of antimicrobial activities of essential oils. In vivo study, a total of three hundred eighty four 1-d-old broiler chickens were assigned to 8 dietary treatment groups: 1) Control= basal diet, 2) Control + Virginiamycin ( 200 mg/Kg) , 3 and 4) Control+ Marjoram Hydro alcoholic essential oil (200 and 400 mg/Kg ), 5 and 6) Control+ Fennel hydro alcoholic essential oil (200 and 400 mg/Kg ) and 7 and 8) Control+ Tanacetum Balsamita Hydro alcoholic essential oil (200 and 400 mg/Kg ). At the second week of life (8-14 d) the broilers of each replicate in all of the treatments divided to 3 part (4 broilers in each treatment) and one group had no challenge, and the 2 other groups were challenged with challenged with Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Essential oils were provided by Giah-Essanse Company in Golestan Province. The diets were formulated to meet the requirements of broilers as established by the Ross 308 broilers feeding guide in starter (1-14 d). The birds were kept under conventional conditions for vaccination, temperature, ventilation, and lighting based on Ross 308 catalogue recommendations. Standard management practices of commercial broiler production were applied. The broiler diets were formulated based on standardized ileal digestible amino acids and other requirements were obtained from Ross catalogue recommendations. Broiler chicken performance (feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion efficiency at the end of the first and second week of age), blood cell count and ileal morphology were measured. Finally population of Lactobacillus and Escherichia coli of ileum were detected. Results and Discussion: The results showed that fennel, tanacetum and marjoram essential oils inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium and the greatest MBC belonged to tanacetum essential oil as compared to virginiamycin. Inclusion of essential oils improved feed intake and body weight gain of broiler chickens changed with Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Escherichia coli -challenged broiler chickens fed diet supplemented with essential oils had higher lymphocyte percentage and lower heterophil to lymphocyte ratio as compared to control group. Essential oils significantly increased Lactobacillus and decreased Escherichia coli count of healthy and Escherichia coli challenged broiler chickens compared to control group respectively.   Conclusion: In conclusion, supplementation of essential oil had MIC and MBC effects and improved growth performance of broiler chickens challenged with Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium . It is suggested that these essential oils can be supplemented to broiler chickens diet as substitution of antibiotics.

This article is from Lipids in Health and Disease , volume 11 . Abstract Background: Rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L’Hér.), which is used in traditional Tunisian folk medicine for the treatment of hyperglycaemia, is widely known as one of the medicinal herbs with the highest antioxidant activity. The present paper is conducted to test the hypoglycemic and antioxidative activities of the leaf essential oil of P. graveolens. Methods: The essential oil P. graveolens was administered daily and orally to the rats at two doses of 75 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) for 30 days. The chemical composition of P. graveolens essential oil, body weight, serum glucose, hepatic glycogen, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), the components of hepatic, and renal and serum antioxidant systems were evaluated. The hypoglycemic effect of rose-scented geranium was compared to that of the known anti-diabetic drug glibenclamide (600 μg/kg b.w.). Results: After the administration of two doses of essential oil of Pelargonium graveolens L’Hér. together with glibenclamide which is known by its antidiabetic activities and used as reference (600 μg/kg b.w.), for four weeks, the serum glucose significantly decreased and antioxidant perturbations were restored. The hypoglycemic effect of P. graveolens at the dose of 150 mg/kg b.w. was significantly (p

xiv, 159 pages, 2 unnumbered folded leaves of plates : (8vo)

This article is from Journal of Insect Science , volume 13 . Abstract The cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus F. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), is an important pest of stored cowpea, Vigna ungiculata (L.) Walpers (Fabales: Fabaceae), with ample distribution in tropical and subtropical regions. Many plant essential oils have a broad-spectrum activity against pest insects, and these oils traditionally have been used in the protection of stored products. In this study, the lethal and sublethal effects of essential oils from Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. (Myrtales: Myrtaceae) and Heracleum persicum Desf. (Apiales: Apiaceae) were evaluated on the adults of C. maculatus at 26 ± 1° C, 70 ± 5% RH, and a photoperiod of 16:8 L:D. The LC50 values of E. camaldulensis and H. persicum were 56.7 and 219.4 µL/L air after 12 hr and 26.1 and 136.4 µL/L air after 24 hr of exposure, respectively. The LT50 values of E. camaldulensis and H.persicum were 6.3 and 10.9 hr, respectively. The results showed that low lethal concentration (LC20) of essential oils negatively affected the longevity, fecundity, and fertility of female adults. The sex ratio of C. maculatus offspring was not significantly affected by essential oils. Therefore, these essential oils can be suggested for controlling C. maculatus in storage systems. The introduction of essential oils into storage systems could potentially decrease seed losses.

This article is from Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine , volume 4 . Abstract Objective: Effect of peppermint on exercise performance was previously investigated but equivocal findings exist. This study aimed to investigate the effects of peppermint ingestion on the physiological parameters and exercise performance after 5 min and 1 h. Materials and Methods: Thirty healthy male university students were randomly divided into experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. Maximum isometric grip force, vertical and long jumps, spirometric parameters, visual and audio reaction times, blood pressure, heart rate, and breath rate were recorded three times: before, five minutes, and one hour after single dose oral administration of peppermint essential oil (50 µl). Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. Results: Our results revealed significant improvement in all of the variables after oral administration of peppermint essential oil. Experimental group compared with control group showed an incremental and a significant increase in the grip force (36.1%), standing vertical jump (7.0%), and standing long jump (6.4%). Data obtained from the experimental group after five minutes exhibited a significant increase in the forced vital capacity in first second (FVC1)(35.1%), peak inspiratory flow rate (PIF) (66.4%), and peak expiratory flow rate (PEF) (65.1%), whereas after one hour, only PIF shown a significant increase as compare with the baseline and control group. At both times, visual and audio reaction times were significantly decreased. Physiological parameters were also significantly improved after five minutes. A considerable enhancement in the grip force, spiromery, and other parameters were the important findings of this study. Conclusion: An improvement in the spirometric measurements (FVC1, PEF, and PIF) might be due to the peppermint effects on the bronchial smooth muscle tonicity with or without affecting the lung surfactant. Yet, no scientific evidence exists regarding isometric force enhancement in this novel study.

'{Action Taken by the Government on the observations/recommendations contained in the Twenty-seventh Report (14th Lok Sabha) of the Committee on Price Rise of Essential Commodities Causes and Effects with Special Emphasis on Import of Wheat and Enforcement of Prevention of Black-Marketing and Maintenance of Supply of Essential Commodities Act, 1980?) Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution (Department of Consumer Affairs)} (25-Nov-2009)' from the Parliament Digital Library

Table of Contents: Introduction--Description; Environmental Setting-- Climate, Air Quality, Background Noise, Odor and Eletromagnetic Levels; Water Quality, Natural Resources, Cultural Resources, Recreational Resources, Agricultural Resources, Land-Use relationships; Probable Impact of the Proposed Action on the Environment.

Table of Contents: Introduction--Description; Environmental Setting-- Climate, Air Quality, Background Noise, Odor and Eletromagnetic Levels; Water Quality, Natural Resources, Cultural Resources, Recreational Resources, Agricultural Resources, Land-Use relationships; Probable Impact of the Proposed Action on the Environment.

Table of Contents: Introduction--Description; Environmental Setting-- Climate, Air Quality, Background Noise, Odor and Eletromagnetic Levels; Water Quality, Natural Resources, Cultural Resources, Recreational Resources, Agricultural Resources, Land-Use relationships; Probable Impact of the Proposed Action on the Environment.

Introduction Canola oil with high unsaturated fatty acids and nutritional value is susceptible to oxidation due to lipid oxidation. Lipid oxidation leads to a reduction of nutritional quality, sensory and safety characteristics of the vegetable oils. To retard lipid oxidation, the synthetic antioxidants are usually used in the vegetable oils. By increasing the public concern about health problems of synthetic antioxidants, the use of natural antioxidants is increasing. Lavender ( Lavandula officinalis ) is an evergreen plant native to the Mediterranean. The presence of linalool, linalyl acetate, 1,8-cineole B-ocimene, terpinen-4-ol, and camphor in lavender essential oil, make it a good natural antioxidant which could use in food industry. Therefore, in the current research, it was aimed to investigate the antioxidant effect of lavender essential oil on the stability of canola oil.   Material and Method The lavender was bought from Golestan province and dried in room temperature. The lavender essential oil was prepared by hydro distillation of flower heads. Then, the phenolic compounds were determined using GC-MASS . The Total phenolic content (TPC) , flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity ( FRAP and DPPH ) of lavender essential oil were evaluated. Then, lavender essential oil in concentrations of 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 mg/kg was added to the crude canola oil compared to canola oils without antioxidants and synthetic antioxidant TBHQ (100 and 200 mg/kg). Then, the samples were kept at 60 to 70 o C for 12 days. The analysis was done in an interval of 24 h for 12 days. Lipid oxidation of samples was determined by peroxide value, p-anisidine value, TOTOX value, and thiobarbituric acid each 24 h. analyses of Data were done by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS software and the means were compared by the Tukey multiple range test.   Result and Discussion   According to the GC-MS analysis, 1, 8-cineole (59.45 %), linalool acetate (32.48 %), linalool (6.31 %), and limonene (1.06 %) were identified as the major constituent of lavender essential oil . Also, Total phenol, flavonoid, FRAP and DPPH (IC 50 ) contents of lavender essential oil were 71.55 mg GAE/g, 82.66 mg of rutin / 100 g, 12.63 mmol H 2 SO 4 , and 55 . 88 mg /ml, respectively. According to the results, all lipid oxidation indexes were increased after twelve days of storage. In general, lavender essential oil was effective in retarding the oxidation of canola oil at a temperature of 7 0 o C. Also, the concentration of 1000 mg/kg of the essential oil had antioxidant activities similar to the TBHQ in 100 mg/kg concentration.   Conclusion   It was showed that lavender essential oil, as a natural antioxidant, has the ability to react with the radicals resulting from the oxidation of lipids and causes the interruption of oxidation chain reactions and increases the time and decreases the rate of oxidation. As observed, the oxidation of canola oil in all samples, especially the samples without antioxidants or antioxidants to a lesser extent, increased significantly with increasing storage time. In general, lavender essential oil at L 1000 concentration and also in some oxidation indices of lavender essential oil at L 800 concentration has an effective role in preventing the oxidation of canola oils like synthetic antioxidant TBHQ.

This article is from Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products , volume 9 . Abstract Background:: Thymus species are well known medicinal plants which the previous studies suggested the involvement of the opioid system in them. Objectives:: This study aimed to investigate the effects of methanolic extract and essential oil of aerial parts of Thymus daenensis (TD), an endemic aromatic medicinal plant of Iran, on morphine withdrawal syndrome in mice. Materials and Methods:: Experiments were performed in two groups of five, each group treated with extracts or essential oils of TD. Dependency was induced by subcutaneous injection of morphine for three consecutive days. On the fourth day, the last dose of morphine was injected two hours prior to intraperitoneal injection of naloxone while the extract or essential oil of TD was administered 30 minutes before naloxone. A period of 20 minutes after naloxone injection was considered the critical period of the withdrawal syndrome. The number of jumps, standing, leaning, and the weight of stools were recorded as withdrawal signs. Results:: The 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg doses of extract and all doses of essential oil decreased significantly the number of jumps, standing, leaning and the weight of stool. Administration of 100 mg/kg of extract only decreased the weight of stool and had no effect on the other factors. Conclusions:: Extract and essential oil of TD attenuates morphine withdrawal behaviors in mice and may be useful in alleviating the signs and symptoms of opiate withdrawal syndrome in human.

This research was undertaken to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of Prosopis africana essential oil on the growth performance, nutrient retention and oxidative stress indices of broiler chickens.

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Introduction Satureja bachtiarica is one of the important endemic species and is used in medicinal and food industries. This plant is rich in essential oil, flavonoids, monoterpene glycosides and trypanocidal terpenoids. The main compounds of the essential oil from S.bachtiarica L. collected from natural habitats are alpha-pinene, p-cymene, carvacrol and gamma-terpinene. The environmental factors cause changes in the growth, quantity, and quality of active substances (such as alkaloids, glycosides, steroids and volatile oils) in medicinal and aromatic plants. Among environmental stresses, water deficit plays an important role in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in medicinal and aromatic plants in arid and semi-arid regions like Iran. Drought stress has detrimental effects on growth and yield and can upset the balance between the antioxidant defense system and free radicals by stimulating a series of biochemical reactions, where free radicals cause cell damage. In sustainable production systems of medicinal and aromatic plants, stable quantitative and qualitative functions can be achieved under conditions of environmental stress and it is possible to improve the production of secondary metabolites in these plants under adverse environmental conditions. Therefore, this study was done to evaluate the amino acids on the physiological and phytochemical properties of S. bachtiarica to determine and introduce the best amino acids under water stress.   Materials and Methods This investigation was done from spring (May) 2022 to fall (September) 2023 at the Research Farm of Islamic Azad University, Branch of Shahrekord (latitude. 32°20′ N, longitude. 50°51′ E, altitude. 2061 m). Based on the Köppen climate classification, the climate of the study area is classified as cold and semiarid. This study was conducted in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) as a split plot layout with three replications. Irrigation regimes (3-day, 6-day, and 9-day intervals) were assigned as the main plots, while the foliar application of amino acids (methionine, lysine, phenylalanine, and proline) was designated as the subplots. In each year, treatments were applied at 3 stages (3 months after sowing, end of vegetation, before flowering, beginning of flowering and early flowering) and harvesting was done in the complete flowering stage. Weed control was applied manually during the entire experiment. During the experiment, no fertilizer and no systemic pesticide and herbicide were used. The harvested shoots were transferred to the laboratory for extracting and analysis of the leaves and stems of treated plants. For assessment of the total chlorophyll content of S. bachtiarica , the leaves were extracted with 80% acetone. The absorbance of the extraction was read at 470, 648, and 664 nm, and the content of total chlorophyll was calculated as mg per g leaf dry weight. Total phenol content was measured by the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent as reported by Singleton and Rossi. The total phenol content was expressed as mg of gallic acid equivalent per g leaf dry weight according to standard curves of gallic acid. The essential oils were extracted by hydro-distillation and analyzed using GC/MS.   Results and Discussion Applied amino acids significantly influenced the morpho-physiological and phytochemical characters of Satureja bachtiarica. In two years, the highest chlorophyll content (1.41-1.54 mg.g -1 FW) and total phenol content (2.45-2.72 mg.g -1 FW) were obtained in methionine (2.5 g.l -1 ) and phenylalanine (100 µM) treatments by irrigation regimes 3-day interval. The highest essential oil contents (1.09-1.61 %) were obtained from the plants treated by methionine (2.5 g.l -1 ) and phenylalanine (100 µM) treatments by irrigation regime 3 days interval. The main chemical compounds of essential oil were P-cymene (17.12-19.45 %), gamma-terpinene (18.14-16.87 %) and Carvacrol (45.12-51.24 %) belonging to cyclic monoterpenes. The treatments had significant effectiveness on cyclic monoterpens such as alpha-terpinene, gamma-terpinene, germacren-d, carvacrol, thymol and p-cymene. Increasing of essential oil content/composition by use of amino acids was seen. The main components of essential oil in plants treated by proline were lesser than other treated plants. In two years of this research amino acids of methionine and phenylalanine mad the most amounts of carvacrol and essential oil content. The monoterpene alcohols in volatile oils of the treated plants with amino acids elicitors considerably were higher than the sesquiterpenes. According to the ratio of monoterpenes alcohol to sesquiterpenes in volatile oils of the treated S. bachtiarica with different elicitors, the foliar application of amino acids can improve the odor quality of S. bachtiarica volatile oil.   Conclusions Foliar application of methionine (2.5 g.l -1 ) and phenylalanine (100 µM) treatments better than other treatments increased the morpho-physiological and essential oil attributes. Environmental conditions such as drought play a key role in plant growth and biosynthesis of different metabolic compounds. The observed variation in shoot yield and phytochemical content of S. bachtiarica during the studied years may related to differences in photoperiod, temperature, solar radiation, precipitation and occurrence of biotic and abiotic stresses at different growing seasons. Also amino acids had very important effectiveness on content/composition of essential oil of S. bachtiarica. Generally, treats of methionine and phenylalanine can be a good strategy to improve morpho-physiological characteristics and essential oil quantity and quality of S. bachtiarica in the same climate.

Introduction Satureja bachtiarica is one of the important endemic species and is used in medicinal and food industries. This plant is rich in essential oil, flavonoids, monoterpene glycosides and trypanocidal terpenoids. The main compounds of the essential oil from S.bachtiarica L. collected from natural habitats are alpha-pinene, p-cymene, carvacrol and gamma-terpinene. The environmental factors cause changes in the growth, quantity, and quality of active substances (such as alkaloids, glycosides, steroids and volatile oils) in medicinal and aromatic plants. Among environmental stresses, water deficit plays an important role in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in medicinal and aromatic plants in arid and semi-arid regions like Iran. Drought stress has detrimental effects on growth and yield and can upset the balance between the antioxidant defense system and free radicals by stimulating a series of biochemical reactions, where free radicals cause cell damage. In sustainable production systems of medicinal and aromatic plants, stable quantitative and qualitative functions can be achieved under conditions of environmental stress and it is possible to improve the production of secondary metabolites in these plants under adverse environmental conditions. Therefore, this study was done to evaluate the amino acids on the physiological and phytochemical properties of S. bachtiarica to determine and introduce the best amino acids under water stress.   Materials and Methods This investigation was done from spring (May) 2022 to fall (September) 2023 at the Research Farm of Islamic Azad University, Branch of Shahrekord (latitude. 32°20′ N, longitude. 50°51′ E, altitude. 2061 m). Based on the Köppen climate classification, the climate of the study area is classified as cold and semiarid. This study was conducted in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) as a split plot layout with three replications. Irrigation regimes (3-day, 6-day, and 9-day intervals) were assigned as the main plots, while the foliar application of amino acids (methionine, lysine, phenylalanine, and proline) was designated as the subplots. In each year, treatments were applied at 3 stages (3 months after sowing, end of vegetation, before flowering, beginning of flowering and early flowering) and harvesting was done in the complete flowering stage. Weed control was applied manually during the entire experiment. During the experiment, no fertilizer and no systemic pesticide and herbicide were used. The harvested shoots were transferred to the laboratory for extracting and analysis of the leaves and stems of treated plants. For assessment of the total chlorophyll content of S. bachtiarica , the leaves were extracted with 80% acetone. The absorbance of the extraction was read at 470, 648, and 664 nm, and the content of total chlorophyll was calculated as mg per g leaf dry weight. Total phenol content was measured by the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent as reported by Singleton and Rossi. The total phenol content was expressed as mg of gallic acid equivalent per g leaf dry weight according to standard curves of gallic acid. The essential oils were extracted by hydro-distillation and analyzed using GC/MS.   Results and Discussion Applied amino acids significantly influenced the morpho-physiological and phytochemical characters of Satureja bachtiarica. In two years, the highest chlorophyll content (1.41-1.54 mg.g -1 FW) and total phenol content (2.45-2.72 mg.g -1 FW) were obtained in methionine (2.5 g.l -1 ) and phenylalanine (100 µM) treatments by irrigation regimes 3-day interval. The highest essential oil contents (1.09-1.61 %) were obtained from the plants treated by methionine (2.5 g.l -1 ) and phenylalanine (100 µM) treatments by irrigation regime 3 days interval. The main chemical compounds of essential oil were P-cymene (17.12-19.45 %), gamma-terpinene (18.14-16.87 %) and Carvacrol (45.12-51.24 %) belonging to cyclic monoterpenes. The treatments had significant effectiveness on cyclic monoterpens such as alpha-terpinene, gamma-terpinene, germacren-d, carvacrol, thymol and p-cymene. Increasing of essential oil content/composition by use of amino acids was seen. The main components of essential oil in plants treated by proline were lesser than other treated plants. In two years of this research amino acids of methionine and phenylalanine mad the most amounts of carvacrol and essential oil content. The monoterpene alcohols in volatile oils of the treated plants with amino acids elicitors considerably were higher than the sesquiterpenes. According to the ratio of monoterpenes alcohol to sesquiterpenes in volatile oils of the treated S. bachtiarica with different elicitors, the foliar application of amino acids can improve the odor quality of S. bachtiarica volatile oil.   Conclusions Foliar application of methionine (2.5 g.l -1 ) and phenylalanine (100 µM) treatments better than other treatments increased the morpho-physiological and essential oil attributes. Environmental conditions such as drought play a key role in plant growth and biosynthesis of different metabolic compounds. The observed variation in shoot yield and phytochemical content of S. bachtiarica during the studied years may related to differences in photoperiod, temperature, solar radiation, precipitation and occurrence of biotic and abiotic stresses at different growing seasons. Also amino acids had very important effectiveness on content/composition of essential oil of S. bachtiarica. Generally, treats of methionine and phenylalanine can be a good strategy to improve morpho-physiological characteristics and essential oil quantity and quality of S. bachtiarica in the same climate.

Introduction Satureja bachtiarica is one of the important endemic species and is used in medicinal and food industries. This plant is rich in essential oil, flavonoids, monoterpene glycosides and trypanocidal terpenoids. The main compounds of the essential oil from S.bachtiarica L. collected from natural habitats are alpha-pinene, p-cymene, carvacrol and gamma-terpinene. The environmental factors cause changes in the growth, quantity, and quality of active substances (such as alkaloids, glycosides, steroids and volatile oils) in medicinal and aromatic plants. Among environmental stresses, water deficit plays an important role in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in medicinal and aromatic plants in arid and semi-arid regions like Iran. Drought stress has detrimental effects on growth and yield and can upset the balance between the antioxidant defense system and free radicals by stimulating a series of biochemical reactions, where free radicals cause cell damage. In sustainable production systems of medicinal and aromatic plants, stable quantitative and qualitative functions can be achieved under conditions of environmental stress and it is possible to improve the production of secondary metabolites in these plants under adverse environmental conditions. Therefore, this study was done to evaluate the amino acids on the physiological and phytochemical properties of S. bachtiarica to determine and introduce the best amino acids under water stress.   Materials and Methods This investigation was done from spring (May) 2022 to fall (September) 2023 at the Research Farm of Islamic Azad University, Branch of Shahrekord (latitude. 32°20′ N, longitude. 50°51′ E, altitude. 2061 m). Based on the Köppen climate classification, the climate of the study area is classified as cold and semiarid. This study was conducted in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) as a split plot layout with three replications. Irrigation regimes (3-day, 6-day, and 9-day intervals) were assigned as the main plots, while the foliar application of amino acids (methionine, lysine, phenylalanine, and proline) was designated as the subplots. In each year, treatments were applied at 3 stages (3 months after sowing, end of vegetation, before flowering, beginning of flowering and early flowering) and harvesting was done in the complete flowering stage. Weed control was applied manually during the entire experiment. During the experiment, no fertilizer and no systemic pesticide and herbicide were used. The harvested shoots were transferred to the laboratory for extracting and analysis of the leaves and stems of treated plants. For assessment of the total chlorophyll content of S. bachtiarica , the leaves were extracted with 80% acetone. The absorbance of the extraction was read at 470, 648, and 664 nm, and the content of total chlorophyll was calculated as mg per g leaf dry weight. Total phenol content was measured by the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent as reported by Singleton and Rossi. The total phenol content was expressed as mg of gallic acid equivalent per g leaf dry weight according to standard curves of gallic acid. The essential oils were extracted by hydro-distillation and analyzed using GC/MS.   Results and Discussion Applied amino acids significantly influenced the morpho-physiological and phytochemical characters of Satureja bachtiarica. In two years, the highest chlorophyll content (1.41-1.54 mg.g -1 FW) and total phenol content (2.45-2.72 mg.g -1 FW) were obtained in methionine (2.5 g.l -1 ) and phenylalanine (100 µM) treatments by irrigation regimes 3-day interval. The highest essential oil contents (1.09-1.61 %) were obtained from the plants treated by methionine (2.5 g.l -1 ) and phenylalanine (100 µM) treatments by irrigation regime 3 days interval. The main chemical compounds of essential oil were P-cymene (17.12-19.45 %), gamma-terpinene (18.14-16.87 %) and Carvacrol (45.12-51.24 %) belonging to cyclic monoterpenes. The treatments had significant effectiveness on cyclic monoterpens such as alpha-terpinene, gamma-terpinene, germacren-d, carvacrol, thymol and p-cymene. Increasing of essential oil content/composition by use of amino acids was seen. The main components of essential oil in plants treated by proline were lesser than other treated plants. In two years of this research amino acids of methionine and phenylalanine mad the most amounts of carvacrol and essential oil content. The monoterpene alcohols in volatile oils of the treated plants with amino acids elicitors considerably were higher than the sesquiterpenes. According to the ratio of monoterpenes alcohol to sesquiterpenes in volatile oils of the treated S. bachtiarica with different elicitors, the foliar application of amino acids can improve the odor quality of S. bachtiarica volatile oil.   Conclusions Foliar application of methionine (2.5 g.l -1 ) and phenylalanine (100 µM) treatments better than other treatments increased the morpho-physiological and essential oil attributes. Environmental conditions such as drought play a key role in plant growth and biosynthesis of different metabolic compounds. The observed variation in shoot yield and phytochemical content of S. bachtiarica during the studied years may related to differences in photoperiod, temperature, solar radiation, precipitation and occurrence of biotic and abiotic stresses at different growing seasons. Also amino acids had very important effectiveness on content/composition of essential oil of S. bachtiarica. Generally, treats of methionine and phenylalanine can be a good strategy to improve morpho-physiological characteristics and essential oil quantity and quality of S. bachtiarica in the same climate.

This article is from Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences , volume 25 . Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of adding essential oils to the diet of weaned pigs on performance, nutrient utilization, immune response and intestinal health. A total of 96 weaning pigs (8.37±1.58 kg) were allotted to one of three dietary treatments. The treatments consisted of an unsupplemented basal diet (negative control, NC) or similar diets supplemented with 0.01% of an essential oil product which contained 18% thymol and cinnamaldehyde (EOD) as well as a diet supplemented with 0.19% of an antibiotic mixture which provided 150 ppm chlortetracycline, 80 ppm colistin sulfate and 50 ppm kitasamycin (positive control, PC). Each treatment was provided to eight pens of pigs with four pigs per pen. Over the entire 35 d experiment, ADG and fecal score were improved (p

This article is from PLoS ONE , volume 9 . Abstract Background: Essential tremor (ET) is characterised by postural and action tremors with a frequency of 4–12 Hz. Previous studies suggest that the tremor activity originates in the cerebello-thalamocortical pathways. Alprazolam is a short-acting benzodiazepine that attenuates tremors in ET. The mechanisms that mediate the therapeutic action of alprazolam are unknown; however, in healthy subjects, benzodiazepines increase cortical beta activity. In this study, we investigated the effect of alprazolam both on beta and tremor-related cortical activity and on alterations in tremor presentation in ET patients. Therefore, we characterised the dynamics of tremor and cortical activity in ET patients after alprazolam intake. Methods: We recorded hand tremors and contralateral cortical activity in four recordings before and after a single dose of alprazolam. We then computed the changes in tremors, cortico-muscular coherence, and cortical activity at the tremor frequency and in the beta band. Results: Alprazolam significantly attenuated tremors (EMG: 76.2±22.68%), decreased cortical activity in the tremor frequency range and increased cortical beta activity in all patients (P

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