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Includes bibliographical references (p. 231-241) and index

This technical document, part of a series of chapters described in SO 011 759, describes a basic model of panel analysis used in a study of the causes of institutional and structural change in nations. Panel analysis is defined as a record of state occupancy of a sample of units at two or more points in time; for example, voters disclose voting intentions in a sequence of surveys leading up to an election. The author first defends use of the model by comparing it with a more complex alternative. Three arguments for using the basic model are presented: that the basic model approximates the true causal structure, that the model relates levels of X and Y to changes in X and Y, and that the basic model is a reduced-form of the proper model which allows for causal effects over the study period. The next section identifies special methodological issues, outlines strategies for addressing them, and cites relevant technical literatures containing more detailed treatment. Issues include autocorrelation of disturbances (variables omitted from the study such as material infrastructure), technology, cultural organization, national history, the assumption of constant error variance, measurement errors, and functional forms of relationships. (Author/KC)

This report is an integral part of the publication series of the Youth in Transition study, a nationwide panel survey of adolescent boys, which attempts to discover and document how the contemporary social environments affect the development of young men during their high school years. Four waves of data were gathered from 2,213 boys comprising the sample, who were clustered into 87 different high schools throughout the country. Additionally, because of the special interest in the school environment, data were collected from the principals, counselors, and samples of teachers in the participating schools. The efforts reported in this study are based on the attempt to outline a practical procedure to be used in longitudinal analyses of Youth in Transition data, the major aim being to develop a strategy which can be applied to most, if not all, of the analyses to be performed. The report develops a "parallel prediction" model for longitudinal analysis, which makes separate use of each repetition of the criterion dimension; it is contended that the proposed strategy is widely applicable in studies employing panel designs. The proposed model was applied to a limited set of analyses of the Youth in Transition data. Early identification of subgroups was seen to have a facilitating effect in longitudinal analysis. (Author/RJ)

This report is an integral part of the publication series of the Youth in Transition study, a nationwide panel survey of adolescent boys, which attempts to discover and document how the contemporary social environments affect the development of young men during their high school years. Four waves of data were gathered from 2,213 boys comprising the sample, who were clustered into 87 different high schools throughout the country. Additionally, because of the special interest in the school environment, data were collected from the principals, counselors, and samples of teachers in the participating schools. The efforts reported in this study are based on the attempt to outline a practical procedure to be used in longitudinal analyses of Youth in Transition data, the major aim being to develop a strategy which can be applied to most, if not all, of the analyses to be performed. The report develops a "parallel prediction" model for longitudinal analysis, which makes separate use of each repetition of the criterion dimension; it is contended that the proposed strategy is widely applicable in studies employing panel designs. The proposed model was applied to a limited set of analyses of the Youth in Transition data. Early identification of subgroups was seen to have a facilitating effect in longitudinal analysis. (Author/RJ)

This Bachelor Thesis at the Department of Social Sciences at the University of Bern is concerned with the perception of Swiss people regarding the loss of biodiversity in the last 20 years. The data set provided by the ETH Zurich (https://istp.ethz.ch/research/sep.html) allows me to investigate potential drivers of perception of people regarding biodiversity since it contains relevant socio-economic and other explanatory variables. This analysis is done on the one hand in a cross-sectional analysis and on the other hand in a Difference in Difference approach with a continuous treatment including fixed effects. The time variant analysis allows me to potentially find causal effects. The Bachelor thesis further includes a literature review of biodiversity loss in Switzerland and perception thereof.

This Bachelor Thesis at the Department of Social Sciences at the University of Bern is concerned with the perception of Swiss people regarding the loss of biodiversity in the last 20 years. The data set provided by the ETH Zurich (https://istp.ethz.ch/research/sep.html) allows me to investigate potential drivers of perception of people regarding biodiversity since it contains relevant socio-economic and other explanatory variables. This analysis is done on the one hand in a cross-sectional analysis and on the other hand in a Difference in Difference approach with a continuous treatment including fixed effects. The time variant analysis allows me to potentially find causal effects. The Bachelor thesis further includes a literature review of biodiversity loss in Switzerland and perception thereof.

http://uf.catalog.fcla.edu/uf.jsp?st=UF022239254&ix=pm&I=0&V=D&pm=1

This document is part of a series of chapters described in SO 011 759. Addressing the question of effective models to measure change and the change process, the author suggests that linear structural equation systems may be viewed as steady state outcomes of continuous-change models and have rich sociological grounding. Two interpretations of the models are reviewed: negative feedback and partial adjustment. In seeking to strengthen the relationship between structural equation methods and continuous-time dynamic analysis and to provide an integrated treatment of qualitative and quantitative outcomes, the author discusses six issues. The questions of deterministic or stochastic models, linear models for rates of change, time paths of change (integral equations), linear systems, and comparisons of linear systems with some widely used alternative models are examined. (Author/KC)

It was the purpose of this study to provide a tool for designing and executing future research on panel data in which relationships between pairs of variables are observed over time so that contingent conditions can be controlled. The 360 subjects were selected from the telephone directory and surveyed at random about their responses to the Watergate hearings. The findings were heuristic in that they demonstrated the potential usefulness of this approach in the analysis of panel data and provided the beginnings of a plausible conceptualization of a political socialization process. The most surprising aspect of these findings was that significant changes in variables relationships were often related to a lack of mass media use or to low attention to Watergate. The conceptual framework used in this study did not predict such results, which suggests that in some instances interpersonal communication, distrust of politicians, or Richard Nixon's image had more important effects for those who chose not to pay attention to the mass media. Future studies should consider the conceptualization of contingent variables for use in causal analyses of the type used in this study. (Author/RB)

The document, part of a series of chapters described in SO 011 759, examines sociological research methods for the study of change. The advantages and procedures for dynamic analysis of event-history data (data giving the number, timing, and sequence of changes in a categorical dependent variable) are considered. The authors argue for grounding this analysis in a continuous-time stochastic model. This approach permits the data to be fully utilized and allows a unified treatment of the many approaches that use only part of the information of this data. The report focuses on the familiar continuous-time Markov model, summarizes its properties, reports its implications for various outcomes, describes extensions to deal with population heterogeneity and time-dependence, and outlines a maximum likelihood procedure for estimating the extended model from event-history data. The discussion is illustrated with an empirical analysis of the effects of an income maintenance experiment on change in marital status. Event-history analysis is contrasted with cross-sectional, event-count, and panel analyses. The conclusion is that event-history analysis has substantial advantages over these other approaches. (Author/KC)

corporate-governance-leadership-structure-impact-on-firm-performance-a-panel-data-analysis-nadia

http://doi.org/10.31039/jomeino.2019.3.3.2

This study sought to examine the association between lagged profitability and the financial performance of non financial firms listed on the Ghana Stock Exchange GSE . Specifically, the study sought to explore the relationship between lagged profitability and the firms' financial performance as measured by ROA assess the association between lagged profitability and the firms' financial performance as measured by ROE and to examine the affiliation between lagged profitability and the firms' financial performance as measured by ROCE. Panel data extracted from the audited and published annual reports of fifteen 15 non financial firms for the period 2008 to 2017 was used for the study. From the study's Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient estimates, an insignificantly positive association between lagged profitability and the firms' ROA and ROE was established. Also, an insignificantly negative affiliation between lagged profitability and the firms' ROCE was discovered at the 95 confidence interval. Even though the association between lagged profitability and the firms' financial performance was not statistically significant, the positive connection uncovered between lagged profitability and the firms' ROA and ROE is an indication that significant increases in lagged profitability could have led to significant increases in ROA or ROE and vice versa. Therefore, the determinants of firms' financial performance like liquidity, leverage, capital structure, operational efficiency, size, growth, tangibility, age, inflation, economic growth GDP , exchange rate, interest rate, competition, corporate taxes and market share among others, should be properly factored into the business decisions of the firms. Mohammed Musah | Yusheng Kong | Stephen Kwadwo Antwi "A Panel Data Analysis of the Interactions between Lagged Profitability and Firms' Financial Performance: Evidence from the Ghana Stock Exchange (GSE)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23848.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/23848/a-panel-data-analysis-of-the-interactions-between-lagged-profitability-and-firms%E2%80%99-financial-performance-evidence-from-the-ghana-stock-exchange-gse/mohammed-musah

This article is from BMC Health Services Research , volume 14 . Abstract Background: Hospitals are merging to become more cost-effective. Mergers are often complex and difficult processes with variable outcomes. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of mergers on long-term sickness absence among hospital employees. Methods: Long-term sickness absence was analyzed among hospital employees (N = 107 209) in 57 hospitals involved in 23 mergers in Norway between 2000 and 2009. Variation in long-term sickness absence was explained through a fixed effects multivariate regression analysis using panel data with years-since-merger as the independent variable. Results: We found a significant but modest effect of mergers on long-term sickness absence in the year of the merger, and in years 2, 3 and 4; analyzed by gender there was a significant effect for women, also for these years, but only in year 4 for men. However, men are less represented among the hospital workforce; this could explain the lack of significance. Conclusions: Mergers has a significant effect on employee health that should be taken into consideration when deciding to merge hospitals. This study illustrates the importance of analyzing the effects of mergers over several years and the need for more detailed analyses of merger processes and of the changes that may occur as a result of such mergers.

The document, part of a series of chapters described in SO 011 759, considers the problem of censoring in the analysis of event-histories (data on dated events, including dates of change from one qualitative state to another). Censoring refers to the lack of information on events that occur before or after the period for which data are available. Unless censorship is dealt with, researchers are likely to make erroneous inferences about the change process. The report considers several approaches to estimation when event-histories are censored. A constant rate (Poisson) model is considered because the methodological issues are more easily understood. Models in which the rate of an event depends on exogenous variables or time and in which there are multiple kinds of events are also analyzed. The report then discusses approaches to estimation based on maximum likelihood (ML), pseudo-maximum likelihood, the method of moments, and recent work by statisticians on methods that make weak parametric assumptions. The conclusion is that an important advantage of the ML approach to the censoring problem is that it is easily extended to different data structures and different models. (Author/KC)

Early procedures for the analysis of multivariate panel data do not rest on well-specified statistical models. Recent approaches based on path analysis suffer from the defects of variable standardization and lack of attention to measurement error. The paper formulates a measurement model for quantitatively scaled multivariate panel data. The model is applied to a data set indexing two constructs measured at three time points. Multiple measurement of each construct in conjunction with the measurement model allows estimation of a true variance-covariance matrix. Analysis of this matrix produces substantially different interpretations of variable influence than similar analyses of the original data. (Author)

Early procedures for the analysis of multivariate panel data do not rest on well-specified statistical models. Recent approaches based on path analysis suffer from the defects of variable standardization and lack of attention to measurement error. The paper formulates a measurement model for quantitatively scaled multivariate panel data. The model is applied to a data set indexing two constructs measured at three time points. Multiple measurement of each construct in conjunction with the measurement model allows estimation of a true variance-covariance matrix. Analysis of this matrix produces substantially different interpretations of variable influence than similar analyses of the original data. (Author)

The success of German firms' searches for qualified personnel to fill openings in skilled occupations was examined through a statistical analysis of data from the Institut fur Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung der Bundesanstalt fur Arbeit's (IAB) establishment panel for 2000. An employer search model was used to explain the current German debate surrounding the additional demand for skilled labor. In the theoretical approach adopted, firms decided to use an optimal strategy for searching for new staff. For this purpose, firms set a minimum qualification level for applications with whom they concluded employment contracts. If qualification requirements must be determined exogenously, however, pursuing an optimal search strategy may become impossible and a firm's demand for labor may remain unsatisfied. Analysis of data from the IAB establishment panel established that it is particularly difficult for German employers to fill vacancies for engineers and computer scientists. Firms affected by unfilled vacancies often reported an absence of suitable applicants. The hypothesis of the search model was confirmed by multivariate analysis of the number of unfilled vacancies. Wage level, economic trends, and selected company characteristics also proved important. (Contains 14 figures and 19 references. Four tables presenting Poisson regressions, descriptions of the study variables, regional demographic structure types, and data on industry structure are appended.) (MN)

This document is part of a series of chapters described in SO 011 759. Stochastic models for the sociological analysis of change and the change process in quantitative variables are presented. The author lays groundwork for the statistical treatment of simple stochastic differential equations (SDEs) and discusses some of the continuities of qualitative and quantitative analysis as they are revealed in the study of diffusion processes. Six sections comprise the document. Section I provides an overview of the study. Section II states the properties of the white noise processes and the related Brownian motion process. Section III discusses SDEs and two approaches to solving them. In Section IV, Kolmogorov's diffusion equations and results on conditional densities are given. Section V treats a substantive example, population growth in a random environment, from two perspectives and Section VI raises the problem of the behavior of Markov diffusion processes at boundaries. (Author/KC)

Economic growth is one of the main indicators in measuring the welfare of a country. So the conditions of economic growth are very important for a country, the higher the economic growth of a country, the better the welfare of its people. This paper examines the effect of the number of labor force employed and the Gross Fixed Capital Formation (PMTB) on economic growth. Research data is secondary data, which is a combination of time series and cross-section data. By using cross-section data from 34 provinces in Indonesia with a period of years from 2010 to 2022. Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method is used to identify the long-run and short-run relationship between independent and dependent variables. The results of this study indicate that the number of employed labor force has a positive and significant effect on economic growth in the long run, but has a negative and significant effect on economic growth in the short run. Meanwhile, Gross Fixed Capital Formation has a positive and significant effect on economic growth in both the long and short run.

This study aims to analyze five of the 24 datasets from the Austrian Corona Panel Project for determinants associated with the use of eHealth services ('Stop Corona' contact-tracing app, or electronic green vaccination pass). With this, the study tests an extended privacy calculus model for eHealth use in uncertain/threatening times.

This article is from Health Economics Review , volume 2 . Abstract Background: Health care expenditure has been low over the years in developing regions of the world. A majority of countries in these regions, especially sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), rely on donor grants and loans to finance health care. Such expenditures are not only unsustainable but also inadequate considering the enormous health care burden in the region. The objectives of this study are to determine the effect of health care expenditure on population health status and to examine the effect by public and private expenditure sources. Methods: The study used panel data from 1995 to 2010 covering 44 countries in SSA. Fixed and random effects panel data regression models were fitted to determine the effects of health care expenditure on health outcomes. Results: The results show that health care expenditure significantly influences health status through improving life expectancy at birth, reducing death and infant mortality rates. Both public and private health care spending showed strong positive association with health status even though public health care spending had relatively higher impact. Conclusion: The findings imply that health care expenditure remains a crucial component of health status improvement in sub-Saharan African countries. Increasing health care expenditure will be a significant step in achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Further, policy makers need to establish effective public-private partnership in allocating health care expenditures.

This article is from BMC Health Services Research , volume 11 . Abstract Background: There has been a marked increase in the number of Caesarean sections in many countries during the last decades. In several countries, Caesarean sections are carried out in more than 20 per cent of births. These high Caesarean section rates give cause for concern, both from an economic and a medical perspective. A general opinion among epidemiologists is that the increase in the number of Caesarean sections during the last decade has been greater than could be expected in relation to medical risk factors. Therefore, other explanations must be sought. We studied one potential explanation; the effect that the increase in hospital revenue per bed during the period 1976-2005 has had on the Caesarean section rate in Norway. During this period, hospital revenue increased by about 260% (adjusted for inflation). Methods: The analyses were carried out using data from the Medical Birth Registry 1976-2005 from Norway. The data were merged with data about hospital revenue, which were obtained from Statistics Norway. The analyses were carried out using annual data from 46 hospitals. A fixed effect regression model was estimated. Relevant medical control variables were included. Results: The elasticity of the Caesarean section rate with respect to hospital revenue per bed was 0.13 (p < 0.05). This represents an increase in the Caesarean section rate from the basis year 1976 to the final year 2005 of about 35 per cent. Most of the variables measuring characteristics of the health status of the mother and child had the expected effects. Conclusion: The increase in hospital revenue explains only a small part of the increase in the Caesarean section rate in Norway during the last three decades. The increase in the Caesarean section rate is considerably greater than could be expected, based on the increase in hospital revenue alone. The strength of our study is that we have estimated a cause and effect relationship. This was done by using fixed effects for hospitals, a lagged revenue variable and by including an extensive set of control variables for the risk factors of the mother and the baby.

Science and technology innovation is a crucial factor that affecting the comprehensive competitiveness and sustainable development of a country. And it is mainly derived from the guiding the R & D activities, including three types of activities, namely basic research, applied research and experimental development.

Science and technology innovation is a crucial factor that affecting the comprehensive competitiveness and sustainable development of a country. And it is mainly derived from the guiding the R & D activities, including three types of activities, namely basic research, applied research and experimental development.

This paper compares pre-death charitable testamentary expectations with post-death distributions for deceased panel members in the 1995-2006 Health and Retirement Study. Most respondents who reported having a charitable estate plan in the survey wave immediately prior to their death ultimately generated no charitable estate gift after death. Cross-tabulations, linear probability models, and probit analysis all demonstrated that the likelihood of generating a charitable estate gift was significantly higher for respondents who had a funded inter vivos trust than for respondents who had only a will. This difference persisted even after controlling for wealth, income, and other demographic differences. Reasons for the differential effectiveness of these planning documents and implications for financial and gift planners are examined. (Contains 3 tables.)

This document is part of a series of chapters described in SO 011 759. Addressing the problems of studying change and the change process, the report argues that sociologists should study coupled changes in qualitative and quantitative outcomes (e.g., marital status and earnings). The author presents a model for sociological studies of change in metric variables and focuses on the practical details of using stochastic differential equations (SDEs) in panel analysis. Eleven sections comprise the report. The first considers two broad approaches to empirical studies of SDEs: estimating structural parameters directly from integral equations or using discrete approximations. After arguing for the first approach, the author addresses issues such as autocorrelation of disturbances, unit-specific effects, pooled cross-section and time series estimators, fixed effect estimators, random effects estimators, Monte Carlo studies of small sample properties, and unequally spaced observations. A continuous-time perspective for dealing with problems of analyzing unequally spaced panel data is proposed. The report concludes that researchers can make use of available methods to solve many of the practical problems that arise in applying continuous-time, continuous-state models in sociological research. (Author/KC)

This document is part of a series of chapters described in SO 011 759. Working from the premise that temporal analysis is indispensable for the study of change, the document examines major alternatives in research design of this nature. Five sections focus on the features, advantages, and limitations of temporal analysis. Four designs which concern both quantitative and qualitative outcomes are evaluated: panel, event-count, event-sequence, and event-history. Panel designs record state occupancy of a sample of units at two or more points in time; for example, voters disclose voting intentions in a sequence of surveys leading up to an election. An event-count records the number of different types of events in an interval (employed, unemployed; married, not married). An event-sequence design records the sequences of states occupied by each unit and is useful in a study of careers. An event-history design records timing of all moves in a sequence. For example, a study of collective violence recorded the dates of all such events greater than some minimal scope. Conclusions are that event-counts, event-sequences, and event-histories permit much finer model testing and should be used more often in sociological research. Also, sociologists have begun to devote more attention to modeling change processes which permit richer use of temporal data. Finally, the need to examine linked changes in quality and quantity is expressed. (Author/KC)