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This thesis presents an overview of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in the Congo/Zaire and in Angola during the period from 1960 to 1990. The thesis seeks to ascertain the amount and the influence, if any, of the CIA on United States foreign policy by first reviewing U.S. foreign policy and then outlining the activities of the CIA during the period. The central research question of the thesis is: What activities did the CIA conduct in Central Africa from 1960 to 1990; and how do those activities relate to United States foreign policy? The main hypothesis is that the CIA more often than not created its own foreign policy in Central Africa by acting, with the tacit approval of successive administrations, as an independent entity; and that the CIA's foreign policy was not always consistent with American foreign policy. The thesis is conducted from an interdisciplinary perspective synthesizing primary source material, mostly government documents, and secondary sources from the disciplines of history, political science and African area studies. In the production of this thesis an historical-analytical approach is used. The thesis validates the main hypothesis: the CIA did, in effect, conduct its own foreign policy in Central Africa from 1960 to 1990. The Agency acted under its own accord to pursue objectives and implement policy in Central Africa during the Cold War. Although it is impossible to state definitively that the CIA always acted on its own, or to specify to what degree it did act by itself, there can be little doubt that as a general rule the Agency acted as an unrestrained and unregulated player in the American foreign policy arena.

The Magnificence of Respecting Human Rights, Democracy and Freedoms in a Country & Organization: ( Gathered Articles ): A North America, Europe, Africa, Oceania & Asia 21st Century Perspective 1st Edition ©2021 ISBN 978-1-77921-415-7

The Magnificence of Respecting Human Rights, Democracy and Freedoms in a Country & Organization: ( Gathered Articles ): A North America, Europe, Africa, Oceania & Asia 21st Century Perspective 1st Edition ©2021 ISBN 978-1-77921-415-7

The Magnificence of Respecting Human Rights, Democracy and Freedoms in a Country & Organization: ( Gathered Articles ): A North America, Europe, Africa, Oceania & Asia 21st Century Perspective 1st Edition ©2021 ISBN 978-1-77921-415-7

The Magnificence of Respecting Human Rights, Democracy and Freedoms in a Country & Organization: ( Gathered Articles ): A North America, Europe, Africa, Oceania & Asia 21st Century Perspective 1st Edition ©2021 ISBN 978-1-77921-415-7

The Magnificence of Respecting Human Rights, Democracy and Freedoms in a Country & Organization: ( Gathered Articles ): A North America, Europe, Africa, Oceania & Asia 21st Century Perspective 1st Edition ©2021 ISBN 978-1-77921-415-7

This article is from ecancermedicalscience , volume 8 . Abstract The objectives of the African Organisation for Research and Training in Cancer (AORTIC), both at its inception in the early 1980s, and at its reactivation in 2000 following a decade of inactivity, included bringing the products of decades of advances in cancer research to African populations through international collaboration. The historical perspective provided in this report illustrates progress in achieving these objectives through successive continent-wide activities over a period of 30 years, culminating in the organisation’s most recent conference held in Durban, South Africa, 21–24 November 2013. The constant growth in the number of attendants and increasing diversity of the nations of their origin are consistent with advances, whereby the number of participants and the nations of their origin have grown from 24 in 1983 to almost 1000 in 2013, and from 14 to 70, respectively. While earlier AORTIC conferences used to assume the atmosphere of ‘jamborees’, more recent ones have morphed to problem-solving events, with the concerted collaboration of international organisations, including the World Health Organisation (WHO), International Union Against Cancer (UICC), the Africa Union (AU), the US National Cancer Institute (NCI), the International Psycho-Oncology Society (IPOS), and others. The topics of discussion at the Ninth AORTIC International Conference on Cancer in Africa in Durban were those of paramount importance for low- and middle-income countries: childhood cancers, cancers of the cervix, breast, and prostate, as well as cancer care challenges resulting from ignorance, neglect, and economic deprivation. The role of environmental factors that underlie Burkitt’s lymphoma was the subject of the Epidemiology of Burkitt Lymphoma in East-AfricanChildren and Minors Workshop, highlighting the NCI research programme in East Africa, while the Workshop on Cost Effectiveness of Treatment of Cancer in Africa surmised that treating childhood cancers is affordable in Africa in spite of widespread economic deprivation. WHO representatives emphasised the organisation’s commitment to the global control of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including cancer, and promoted the new initiatives for the control of cervical cancer, one of the commonest and deadliest cancers in adult Africans. AU representative proffered the principles of ‘demographic dividends’ for Africa to be able to tackle its burden of NCDs. UICC, represented by its President, provided guidelines for cancer diagnosis and staging, and advised on its effort to improve global access to radiotherapy, especially in Africa, while IPOS led the discussions on mitigating the suffering that is associated with the late presentation of cancer in the region. Oral and poster presentations from various parts of the continent indicate the growth of basic science of cancer in the region, with studies revealing regional diversity in the frequencies of the triple-negative breast cancer. They also suggest a need for genome-wide association studies as well as the evaluation of single nucleotide polymorphisms that may be responsible for variable susceptibility in breast and prostate cancer in people of African descent. Finally, the AORTIC leadership announced its plan for the advancement of cancer control by intensifying cancer advocacy at all levels of governance in the region.

This article is from ecancermedicalscience , volume 8 . Abstract The objectives of the African Organisation for Research and Training in Cancer (AORTIC), both at its inception in the early 1980s, and at its reactivation in 2000 following a decade of inactivity, included bringing the products of decades of advances in cancer research to African populations through international collaboration. The historical perspective provided in this report illustrates progress in achieving these objectives through successive continent-wide activities over a period of 30 years, culminating in the organisation’s most recent conference held in Durban, South Africa, 21–24 November 2013. The constant growth in the number of attendants and increasing diversity of the nations of their origin are consistent with advances, whereby the number of participants and the nations of their origin have grown from 24 in 1983 to almost 1000 in 2013, and from 14 to 70, respectively. While earlier AORTIC conferences used to assume the atmosphere of ‘jamborees’, more recent ones have morphed to problem-solving events, with the concerted collaboration of international organisations, including the World Health Organisation (WHO), International Union Against Cancer (UICC), the Africa Union (AU), the US National Cancer Institute (NCI), the International Psycho-Oncology Society (IPOS), and others. The topics of discussion at the Ninth AORTIC International Conference on Cancer in Africa in Durban were those of paramount importance for low- and middle-income countries: childhood cancers, cancers of the cervix, breast, and prostate, as well as cancer care challenges resulting from ignorance, neglect, and economic deprivation. The role of environmental factors that underlie Burkitt’s lymphoma was the subject of the Epidemiology of Burkitt Lymphoma in East-AfricanChildren and Minors Workshop, highlighting the NCI research programme in East Africa, while the Workshop on Cost Effectiveness of Treatment of Cancer in Africa surmised that treating childhood cancers is affordable in Africa in spite of widespread economic deprivation. WHO representatives emphasised the organisation’s commitment to the global control of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including cancer, and promoted the new initiatives for the control of cervical cancer, one of the commonest and deadliest cancers in adult Africans. AU representative proffered the principles of ‘demographic dividends’ for Africa to be able to tackle its burden of NCDs. UICC, represented by its President, provided guidelines for cancer diagnosis and staging, and advised on its effort to improve global access to radiotherapy, especially in Africa, while IPOS led the discussions on mitigating the suffering that is associated with the late presentation of cancer in the region. Oral and poster presentations from various parts of the continent indicate the growth of basic science of cancer in the region, with studies revealing regional diversity in the frequencies of the triple-negative breast cancer. They also suggest a need for genome-wide association studies as well as the evaluation of single nucleotide polymorphisms that may be responsible for variable susceptibility in breast and prostate cancer in people of African descent. Finally, the AORTIC leadership announced its plan for the advancement of cancer control by intensifying cancer advocacy at all levels of governance in the region.

This article is from ecancermedicalscience , volume 8 . Abstract The objectives of the African Organisation for Research and Training in Cancer (AORTIC), both at its inception in the early 1980s, and at its reactivation in 2000 following a decade of inactivity, included bringing the products of decades of advances in cancer research to African populations through international collaboration. The historical perspective provided in this report illustrates progress in achieving these objectives through successive continent-wide activities over a period of 30 years, culminating in the organisation’s most recent conference held in Durban, South Africa, 21–24 November 2013. The constant growth in the number of attendants and increasing diversity of the nations of their origin are consistent with advances, whereby the number of participants and the nations of their origin have grown from 24 in 1983 to almost 1000 in 2013, and from 14 to 70, respectively. While earlier AORTIC conferences used to assume the atmosphere of ‘jamborees’, more recent ones have morphed to problem-solving events, with the concerted collaboration of international organisations, including the World Health Organisation (WHO), International Union Against Cancer (UICC), the Africa Union (AU), the US National Cancer Institute (NCI), the International Psycho-Oncology Society (IPOS), and others. The topics of discussion at the Ninth AORTIC International Conference on Cancer in Africa in Durban were those of paramount importance for low- and middle-income countries: childhood cancers, cancers of the cervix, breast, and prostate, as well as cancer care challenges resulting from ignorance, neglect, and economic deprivation. The role of environmental factors that underlie Burkitt’s lymphoma was the subject of the Epidemiology of Burkitt Lymphoma in East-AfricanChildren and Minors Workshop, highlighting the NCI research programme in East Africa, while the Workshop on Cost Effectiveness of Treatment of Cancer in Africa surmised that treating childhood cancers is affordable in Africa in spite of widespread economic deprivation. WHO representatives emphasised the organisation’s commitment to the global control of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including cancer, and promoted the new initiatives for the control of cervical cancer, one of the commonest and deadliest cancers in adult Africans. AU representative proffered the principles of ‘demographic dividends’ for Africa to be able to tackle its burden of NCDs. UICC, represented by its President, provided guidelines for cancer diagnosis and staging, and advised on its effort to improve global access to radiotherapy, especially in Africa, while IPOS led the discussions on mitigating the suffering that is associated with the late presentation of cancer in the region. Oral and poster presentations from various parts of the continent indicate the growth of basic science of cancer in the region, with studies revealing regional diversity in the frequencies of the triple-negative breast cancer. They also suggest a need for genome-wide association studies as well as the evaluation of single nucleotide polymorphisms that may be responsible for variable susceptibility in breast and prostate cancer in people of African descent. Finally, the AORTIC leadership announced its plan for the advancement of cancer control by intensifying cancer advocacy at all levels of governance in the region.

Water Hour with the South African Water Chamber - A CONDENSED VERSION About the Show South Africa's economic hub in Gauteng is experiencing an unprecedented water crisis with dire results to residents and businesses. A perfect storm along with the energy crisis.  This episode digs deep into the cause of the current water crisis and breaks it down. We have the technical skills to fix this, but what's missing? The South African Water Chamber (SAWC) mission is redistribution of privilege through dignified employment and inclusive economic growth enabled by water. SA Water Chamber is represented by: Prof Hamanth Kasan, PhD Fred Platt Benoit Le Roy Dr Anthony Turton In this episode commentary by Prof Hamanth Kasan and CEO Benoit Le Roy WATCH THE ORIGINAL LIVESTREAMED BROADCAST HERE: Amazon Live: https://amazon.com/live/broadcast/dfa9e953-85c8-4bb9-b614-9f15c5d9deac?tag=blivemedia03-20&linkCode=ilv&ref_=social YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SjjiZkUtqNY?sub_confirmation=1 Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/events/3396205837370883 Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/video/event/urn:li:ugcPost:6988760204381143040/ #BLiveMedia #SAWaterChamber #WaterHour #Water #WaterEnergyNexus #SouthAfrica #CircularEconomy #DigitalWater #DayZero #WaterRegulation #journalrequest #SewerageCrisis --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/blivemedia/message

Anemia is a major public health concern in East Africa, with hemoglobinopathies and red blood cell (RBC) disorders contributing significantly to its burden. Sickle cell disease (SCD), thalassemias, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency are the most prevalent genetic disorders affecting hemoglobin structure and function, leading to chronic anemia and severe health complications. The high prevalence of these disorders in East Africa is driven by evolutionary selection pressures, particularly due to malaria endemicity. Despite their significant impact, hemoglobinopathies remain underdiagnosed and poorly managed due to limited healthcare infrastructure, inadequate genetic screening programs, and high treatment costs. This review explores the genetic basis, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical manifestations of hemoglobinopathies in East Africa. It also examines current diagnostic and treatment strategies, highlights public health interventions, and discusses challenges in managing these disorders. Improved genetic screening, newborn screening programs, enhanced healthcare accessibility, and policy interventions are essential to mitigating the burden of hemoglobinopathies and improving health outcomes in affected populations. Addressing these challenges requires a multidisciplinary approach integrating genetic research, public health initiatives, and community-based interventions to enhance early diagnosis, treatment access, and disease prevention. 

Anemia is a major public health concern in East Africa, with hemoglobinopathies and red blood cell (RBC) disorders contributing significantly to its burden. Sickle cell disease (SCD), thalassemias, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency are the most prevalent genetic disorders affecting hemoglobin structure and function, leading to chronic anemia and severe health complications. The high prevalence of these disorders in East Africa is driven by evolutionary selection pressures, particularly due to malaria endemicity. Despite their significant impact, hemoglobinopathies remain underdiagnosed and poorly managed due to limited healthcare infrastructure, inadequate genetic screening programs, and high treatment costs. This review explores the genetic basis, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical manifestations of hemoglobinopathies in East Africa. It also examines current diagnostic and treatment strategies, highlights public health interventions, and discusses challenges in managing these disorders. Improved genetic screening, newborn screening programs, enhanced healthcare accessibility, and policy interventions are essential to mitigating the burden of hemoglobinopathies and improving health outcomes in affected populations. Addressing these challenges requires a multidisciplinary approach integrating genetic research, public health initiatives, and community-based interventions to enhance early diagnosis, treatment access, and disease prevention. 

The diverse nature of many African societies is a major cause of discrimination, stigmatisation and inter-ethnic violence across the continent. Studies have shown that empathy and compassion both lead to a better understanding of others’ sufferings, and thus efforts to reduce it. One way this works is through perspective-taking which is a major characteristic of Virtual Reality (VR). In the immersive virtual reality (VR) experience, participants will (through perspective-taking) walk in the shoes of people in ethnic groups different from theirs, helping them appreciate their identity and share in their sufferings. We, therefore, propose that teaching adolescents empathy and compassion through virtual reality can help to reduce ethnic discrimination. The aim of this project is to use first, the process of brainstorming on identity, conceptualisation and design of a VR game; and second, the process of playing a VR game to increase empathy and compassion in adolescents.

The diverse nature of many African societies is a major cause of discrimination, stigmatisation and inter-ethnic violence across the continent. Studies have shown that empathy and compassion both lead to a better understanding of others’ sufferings, and thus efforts to reduce it. One way this works is through perspective-taking which is a major characteristic of Virtual Reality (VR). In the immersive virtual reality (VR) experience, participants will (through perspective-taking) walk in the shoes of people in ethnic groups different from theirs, helping them appreciate their identity and share in their sufferings. We, therefore, propose that teaching adolescents empathy and compassion through virtual reality can help to reduce ethnic discrimination. The aim of this project is to use first, the process of brainstorming on identity, conceptualisation and design of a VR game; and second, the process of playing a VR game to increase empathy and compassion in adolescents.

To map the available literature on antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli in Africa based on the One Health approach.

To map the available literature on antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli in Africa based on the One Health approach.

To map the available literature on antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli in Africa based on the One Health approach.

To map the available literature on antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli in Africa based on the One Health approach.

To map the available literature on antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli in Africa based on the One Health approach.

To map the available literature on antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli in Africa based on the One Health approach.

The end of the Cold War changed the international security environment. It created an international environment plagued by wide spread human rights violations, the proliferation of violence, and an increase in the potential use of weapons of mass destruction, resulting in the increased involvement of the U.S. in the region. U.S. involvement in Sub-Saharan Africa has consisted of humanitarian assistance operations, peacekeeping and peace enforcement operations, security assistance, Joint Combined Exchange Training, Combined Medical Exercises, international Military Education and Training (IMET), and Exercise-related Construction projects. This monograph measures the effectiveness of these programs against the degree to which they promote and develop stability in Sub-Saharan Africa. IMET programs must be linked to the National Security Strategy (NSS) and the National Military Strategy (NMS). Failure to do so will result in a waste of Department of Defense resources. This monograph (1) defines the geographical area and its challenges to the U.S. military; (2) identifies and discusses the National Security Strategy and National Military Strategy towards Sub-Saharan Africa to include the identification of U.S. interest in the area; (3) provides a legislative overview of IMET programs; (4) identifies the combatant commands responsible for the region and what IMET programs they conduct; and (5) assesses the effectiveness of IMET programs in Sub-Saharan Africa.

The end of the Cold War changed the international security environment. It created an international environment plagued by wide spread human rights violations, the proliferation of violence, and an increase in the potential use of weapons of mass destruction, resulting in the increased involvement of the U.S. in the region. U.S. involvement in Sub-Saharan Africa has consisted of humanitarian assistance operations, peacekeeping and peace enforcement operations, security assistance, Joint Combined Exchange Training, Combined Medical Exercises, international Military Education and Training (IMET), and Exercise-related Construction projects. This monograph measures the effectiveness of these programs against the degree to which they promote and develop stability in Sub-Saharan Africa. IMET programs must be linked to the National Security Strategy (NSS) and the National Military Strategy (NMS). Failure to do so will result in a waste of Department of Defense resources. This monograph (1) defines the geographical area and its challenges to the U.S. military; (2) identifies and discusses the National Security Strategy and National Military Strategy towards Sub-Saharan Africa to include the identification of U.S. interest in the area; (3) provides a legislative overview of IMET programs; (4) identifies the combatant commands responsible for the region and what IMET programs they conduct; and (5) assesses the effectiveness of IMET programs in Sub-Saharan Africa.

The end of the Cold War changed the international security environment. It created an international environment plagued by wide spread human rights violations, the proliferation of violence, and an increase in the potential use of weapons of mass destruction, resulting in the increased involvement of the U.S. in the region. U.S. involvement in Sub-Saharan Africa has consisted of humanitarian assistance operations, peacekeeping and peace enforcement operations, security assistance, Joint Combined Exchange Training, Combined Medical Exercises, international Military Education and Training (IMET), and Exercise-related Construction projects. This monograph measures the effectiveness of these programs against the degree to which they promote and develop stability in Sub-Saharan Africa. IMET programs must be linked to the National Security Strategy (NSS) and the National Military Strategy (NMS). Failure to do so will result in a waste of Department of Defense resources. This monograph (1) defines the geographical area and its challenges to the U.S. military; (2) identifies and discusses the National Security Strategy and National Military Strategy towards Sub-Saharan Africa to include the identification of U.S. interest in the area; (3) provides a legislative overview of IMET programs; (4) identifies the combatant commands responsible for the region and what IMET programs they conduct; and (5) assesses the effectiveness of IMET programs in Sub-Saharan Africa.

The end of the Cold War changed the international security environment. It created an international environment plagued by wide spread human rights violations, the proliferation of violence, and an increase in the potential use of weapons of mass destruction, resulting in the increased involvement of the U.S. in the region. U.S. involvement in Sub-Saharan Africa has consisted of humanitarian assistance operations, peacekeeping and peace enforcement operations, security assistance, Joint Combined Exchange Training, Combined Medical Exercises, international Military Education and Training (IMET), and Exercise-related Construction projects. This monograph measures the effectiveness of these programs against the degree to which they promote and develop stability in Sub-Saharan Africa. IMET programs must be linked to the National Security Strategy (NSS) and the National Military Strategy (NMS). Failure to do so will result in a waste of Department of Defense resources. This monograph (1) defines the geographical area and its challenges to the U.S. military; (2) identifies and discusses the National Security Strategy and National Military Strategy towards Sub-Saharan Africa to include the identification of U.S. interest in the area; (3) provides a legislative overview of IMET programs; (4) identifies the combatant commands responsible for the region and what IMET programs they conduct; and (5) assesses the effectiveness of IMET programs in Sub-Saharan Africa.

The end of the Cold War changed the international security environment. It created an international environment plagued by wide spread human rights violations, the proliferation of violence, and an increase in the potential use of weapons of mass destruction, resulting in the increased involvement of the U.S. in the region. U.S. involvement in Sub-Saharan Africa has consisted of humanitarian assistance operations, peacekeeping and peace enforcement operations, security assistance, Joint Combined Exchange Training, Combined Medical Exercises, international Military Education and Training (IMET), and Exercise-related Construction projects. This monograph measures the effectiveness of these programs against the degree to which they promote and develop stability in Sub-Saharan Africa. IMET programs must be linked to the National Security Strategy (NSS) and the National Military Strategy (NMS). Failure to do so will result in a waste of Department of Defense resources. This monograph (1) defines the geographical area and its challenges to the U.S. military; (2) identifies and discusses the National Security Strategy and National Military Strategy towards Sub-Saharan Africa to include the identification of U.S. interest in the area; (3) provides a legislative overview of IMET programs; (4) identifies the combatant commands responsible for the region and what IMET programs they conduct; and (5) assesses the effectiveness of IMET programs in Sub-Saharan Africa.

This book investigates the life experiences of youth in South Africa, considering whether contemporary youth have benefitted from the socioeconomic reconstruction of post-apartheid society. Student protests against apartheid drove transformative change in South Africa, and the subsequent new constitution promised positive change for the nation’s youth across a range of sectors. Adopting a sociological perspective, this book uses primary and secondary data sources to illustrate the myriad ways post-apartheid socioeconomic developments have impacted the life experiences of the country’s youth across areas including health, education, family life, economic activity, technology, substance use, and politics. The book considers the historical legacy of colonialism, racism and immigration in shaping the context in which youth experiences in the country have evolved. The book argues that in 1976 South Africa’s youth became the conscience of the nation when they brought the apartheid regime to its knees during the Soweto uprising. What happens to them now will continue to define the nation’s future. This book will be of interest to researchers across the social sciences, most especially in the fields of Sociology, Demography, Development Studies, and Psychology.

From the beginning of European involvement in Africa and the Middle East to the present, working with indigenous irregular forces has been, and remains, an integral part of engagement in these regions. This article examines one aspect of this relationship: the command pathways that allowed these relationships to function. By comparing the command pathways of cases in Palestine Mandate and the Horn of Africa during the Second World War, the author explores the structures that led to success and shows the importance of such cooperation. He then applies the lessons gained to suggest a way forward for contemporary operations.

HIV/AIDS continues to pose a significant public health challenge in Africa, with Sub-Saharan Africa accounting for the majority of global cases. While international donor funding has historically underpinned HIV/AIDS programs across the continent, the declining availability of external resources has emphasized the need for sustainable domestic financing. Local governments, situated at the intersection of national policies and community-level implementation, play a pivotal role in bridging this funding gap. This review examines the contributions of local governments to HIV/AIDS program funding in Africa through a comparative lens, focusing on successes, challenges, and opportunities for strengthening their role. Case studies from South Africa, Uganda, Nigeria, and Kenya highlight diverse approaches to resource mobilization, policy implementation, and community engagement. Persistent barriers, including limited fiscal capacity, donor dependency, weak governance structures, political instability, and competing priorities, are analyzed to inform strategic recommendations. The findings underscore the need for enhanced fiscal decentralization, capacity building, and innovative financing mechanisms to empower local governments in sustaining HIV/AIDS responses. By fostering greater local government participation, Africa can achieve more resilient and effective health systems, ensuring progress toward ending AIDS as a public health threat by 2030. 

African women experience numerous barriers in society due to a lack of access to education, health, property rights, and economic tools for generating income and achieving prosperity. Moreover, within the current global financial system, African women entrepreneurs are limited by their lack of financial literacy, creditworthiness, and financial institutions’ restrictive criteria for investments. By conducting a multiple case study analysis highlighting the importance of the private sector in providing key financial instruments, this chapter investigates the challenges faced by African women entrepreneurs and explores the best practices for empowering them to reach their potential that could lead to better societal outcomes in alignment with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals in a post-COVID-19 world.

African women experience numerous barriers in society due to a lack of access to education, health, property rights, and economic tools for generating income and achieving prosperity. Moreover, within the current global financial system, African women entrepreneurs are limited by their lack of financial literacy, creditworthiness, and financial institutions’ restrictive criteria for investments. By conducting a multiple case study analysis highlighting the importance of the private sector in providing key financial instruments, this chapter investigates the challenges faced by African women entrepreneurs and explores the best practices for empowering them to reach their potential that could lead to better societal outcomes in alignment with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals in a post-COVID-19 world.

African women experience numerous barriers in society due to a lack of access to education, health, property rights, and economic tools for generating income and achieving prosperity. Moreover, within the current global financial system, African women entrepreneurs are limited by their lack of financial literacy, creditworthiness, and financial institutions’ restrictive criteria for investments. By conducting a multiple case study analysis highlighting the importance of the private sector in providing key financial instruments, this chapter investigates the challenges faced by African women entrepreneurs and explores the best practices for empowering them to reach their potential that could lead to better societal outcomes in alignment with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals in a post-COVID-19 world.

This article comparatively examines the micro-dynamics of the internationalization of higher education at two major research universities: one in South Africa and one in the United States. It is specifically concerned with understanding the multidimensional flows: global, national, and local (gloconal)--within which international education practices are created. Focusing on study abroad and international students, the research examines the convergences and divergences in these practices, analyzing how local, national, and global contexts both enable and constrain the possibilities for internationalization. In conclusion, the research discussed here suggests the need for new research focused on understanding the consequences of the "encounters" produced by the internationalization of higher education. (Contains 65 notes.)

This article comparatively examines the micro-dynamics of the internationalization of higher education at two major research universities: one in South Africa and one in the United States. It is specifically concerned with understanding the multidimensional flows: global, national, and local (gloconal)--within which international education practices are created. Focusing on study abroad and international students, the research examines the convergences and divergences in these practices, analyzing how local, national, and global contexts both enable and constrain the possibilities for internationalization. In conclusion, the research discussed here suggests the need for new research focused on understanding the consequences of the "encounters" produced by the internationalization of higher education. (Contains 65 notes.)

This article comparatively examines the micro-dynamics of the internationalization of higher education at two major research universities: one in South Africa and one in the United States. It is specifically concerned with understanding the multidimensional flows: global, national, and local (gloconal)--within which international education practices are created. Focusing on study abroad and international students, the research examines the convergences and divergences in these practices, analyzing how local, national, and global contexts both enable and constrain the possibilities for internationalization. In conclusion, the research discussed here suggests the need for new research focused on understanding the consequences of the "encounters" produced by the internationalization of higher education. (Contains 65 notes.)

This article comparatively examines the micro-dynamics of the internationalization of higher education at two major research universities: one in South Africa and one in the United States. It is specifically concerned with understanding the multidimensional flows: global, national, and local (gloconal)--within which international education practices are created. Focusing on study abroad and international students, the research examines the convergences and divergences in these practices, analyzing how local, national, and global contexts both enable and constrain the possibilities for internationalization. In conclusion, the research discussed here suggests the need for new research focused on understanding the consequences of the "encounters" produced by the internationalization of higher education. (Contains 65 notes.)

There is a great need for healing in Africa. This need is in itself no different elsewhere in the world, but it is greatly determined by the involvement of religious communities and traditions. Faith communities and religious institutions play a major role in assisting African believers to find health, healing and completeness in everyday life.

The United States military has demonstrated difficulties in embracing strategic knowledge and perspective in its approaches to countering violent extremism and assisting with sustainable development in the Horn of Africa. This paper examines the efforts of US Africa Command (AFRICOM), the Combined Joint Task Force-Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA), and civil affairs (CA) teams in their missions to address security concerns, generate good will, promote sustainable development, and strengthen the capabilities of regional militaries. Also discussed are the efforts of the US Department of State which has adopted an indirect, but assertive approach to working with regional governments and organizations against violent extremism, particularly in Somalia.

This scoping review explores the current state of pharmacogenomics research in childhood cancers across Africa. Childhood cancer is a major public health concern, particularly in lower and middle-income countries, where cure rates lag significantly behind those of developed nations. The review aims to map the existing literature, identify key findings, and highlight research gaps concerning the role of genetic variants, such as those affecting cytochrome P450 and anticancer drug-metabolizing genes, in influencing treatment outcomes in African pediatric cancer patients. By examining this emerging field, the review seeks to promote pharmacogenomics as a tool for improving cure rates and treatment outcomes in African children with cancer.

This scoping review explores the current state of pharmacogenomics research in childhood cancers across Africa. Childhood cancer is a major public health concern, particularly in lower and middle-income countries, where cure rates lag significantly behind those of developed nations. The review aims to map the existing literature, identify key findings, and highlight research gaps concerning the role of genetic variants, such as those affecting cytochrome P450 and anticancer drug-metabolizing genes, in influencing treatment outcomes in African pediatric cancer patients. By examining this emerging field, the review seeks to promote pharmacogenomics as a tool for improving cure rates and treatment outcomes in African children with cancer.

The HIV/AIDS epidemic in Sub-Saharan Africa remains a major public health challenge, with the region accounting for approximately 68% of the global population living with HIV. This review explores the current epidemiological trends in 2024, highlighting the demographic shifts, socioeconomic factors, and public health interventions shaping the epidemic. Despite progress in reducing new infections and expanding antiretroviral therapy (ART) coverage, significant challenges remain, particularly among vulnerable populations such as women, adolescents, and key populations like men who have sex with men (MSM) and sex workers. The review also discusses the impact of public health interventions, such as the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) and the integration of HIV services with other health programs. Socioeconomic barriers, stigma, and disparities in healthcare access are critical issues that must be addressed to achieve long-term control of the epidemic. The evolving landscape of HIV/AIDS, including emerging issues like aging populations and co-infection with tuberculosis, requires innovative approaches to prevention and treatment. 

Many theorists have argued that western Christianity and Islam affect political culture in different ways, and that western Christianity is more conducive to the rise of a democratic culture than is Islam. This paper argues that the difference between Christianity and Islam in terms of the type of political culture they encourage, is largely exaggerated. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the paper finds a significant correlation between religious diversity and democratization. It develops an argument to explain the correlation and test it on the results of a survey of Roman Catholics and Muslims in Kenya conducted during 2002. The paper finds that the effect of religious involvement on political actions and attitudes depends less on whether an individual is a Catholic or a Muslim than on where an individual is a Catholic or a Muslim. It finds that Roman Catholics and Muslims who are more religiously involved in the most religiously diverse settings are more politically active and supportive of democracy than Roman Catholics and Muslims who are just as religiously involved in less religiously diverse settings. It finds that, in religiously diverse settings, religious involvement is often a more powerful predictor of political actions and attitudes than other factors usually thought to be more important, such as gender, age, education, and income. Appended is the survey questionnaire. (Contains a 125 references, 26 notes, and 15 tables.) (Author/BT)

The HIV/AIDS epidemic in Sub-Saharan Africa remains a major public health challenge, with the region accounting for approximately 68% of the global population living with HIV. This review explores the current epidemiological trends in 2024, highlighting the demographic shifts, socioeconomic factors, and public health interventions shaping the epidemic. Despite progress in reducing new infections and expanding antiretroviral therapy (ART) coverage, significant challenges remain, particularly among vulnerable populations such as women, adolescents, and key populations like men who have sex with men (MSM) and sex workers. The review also discusses the impact of public health interventions, such as the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) and the integration of HIV services with other health programs. Socioeconomic barriers, stigma, and disparities in healthcare access are critical issues that must be addressed to achieve long-term control of the epidemic. The evolving landscape of HIV/AIDS, including emerging issues like aging populations and co-infection with tuberculosis, requires innovative approaches to prevention and treatment. 

The HIV/AIDS epidemic in Sub-Saharan Africa remains a major public health challenge, with the region accounting for approximately 68% of the global population living with HIV. This review explores the current epidemiological trends in 2024, highlighting the demographic shifts, socioeconomic factors, and public health interventions shaping the epidemic. Despite progress in reducing new infections and expanding antiretroviral therapy (ART) coverage, significant challenges remain, particularly among vulnerable populations such as women, adolescents, and key populations like men who have sex with men (MSM) and sex workers. The review also discusses the impact of public health interventions, such as the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) and the integration of HIV services with other health programs. Socioeconomic barriers, stigma, and disparities in healthcare access are critical issues that must be addressed to achieve long-term control of the epidemic. The evolving landscape of HIV/AIDS, including emerging issues like aging populations and co-infection with tuberculosis, requires innovative approaches to prevention and treatment. 

XII, 222 p. : 24 cm

XII, 222 p. : 24 cm

XII, 222 p. : 24 cm

Part of the Africana Reference Collection at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign's International & Area Studies Library.

Part of the Africana Reference Collection at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign's International & Area Studies Library.

The new democratic dispensation in South Africa (1994) was accompanied by law and policy aimed at preventing unfair exclusion from educational opportunities and promoting equal access to educational opportunities. However, feelings of unfair exclusion remain and new understandings of exclusion are emerging. This paper examines the new policy and law introduced after 1994 some emerging understandings of exclusion. The paper points out that the "new" exclusion is difficult to conceptualize and address. Addressing the challenges posed by them might be more difficult than was the case with exclusion under apartheid rule. [For the complete Volume 14, Number 1 proceedings, see ED568088.]

The place of the English language in contemporary Africa is changing. English has spread rapidly, but, at the same time, the indigenous languages have remained and have grown in strength because of an increase in population and an awakening of national consciousness. A developing country must have a national language, whether English or native, to achieve (1) national unity, (2) contacts with other nations, and (3) an effective educational system. Due to contacts with English-speaking countries and the information available in English-language books and journals, over a dozen African nations have adopted English as the major language or as a second language. The future educational and economic growth of many parts of Africa may lie in the ability of the citizens to master English thoroughly. The imposition of a new language, however, must be handled carefully, for the language native to a particular group seems to symbolize the distinctiveness of the group; its history, traditions, rituals, and politics are preserved in the richness of the language. The full expression of the African personality may require that a delicate balance be maintained between the vernacular and English. (LH)