Explore: Aircraft Approach Spacing

instrument approach procedure (IAP) associated with it and allows the pilot to visually identify the runway environment and align the aircraft with the

of pulse-pairs. The DME receiver in the aircraft searches for reply pulse-pairs (X-mode = 12-microsecond spacing) with the correct interval and reply pattern

the CTAS tools are: traffic management advisor (TMA), passive final approach spacing tool (pFAST), collaborative arrival planning (CAP), direct-to (D2)

all aircraft flying above FL195 are required to have communication equipment for this channel spacing. The introduction of 8.33 kHz channel spacing has

of the relevant recommended spacing and are expected to maintain their separation. During takeoff and landing, an aircraft's wake sinks toward the ground

commercial aircraft. It does not include fatalities due to accidents and incidents solely involving private aircraft or military aircraft. All occurrences

McDonnell Douglas MD-88 aircraft struck the approach light structure and the vertical edge of the concrete landing deck during its approach to land on Runway

system for aircraft, enabling aircraft with a VOR receiver to determine the azimuth (also radial), referenced to magnetic north, between the aircraft to/from

under PBN. When separation minima and route spacing are determined using a conventional sensor-based approach, the navigation performance data used to determine

and spacing Self-separation or station keeping Enhanced visual approaches; Closely spaced parallel approaches; Reduced spacing on final approach; Reduced