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Of concern in the problem-based learning process in medical student education is the effect of allowing students to generate their own learning issues while discussing cases and problems. This study considered learning issues in problem-based learning, studying faculty and student overlap and consistency across learning groups while adding the perspective of analyzing learning issues developed by students without the assistance of a tutor. Lists of students' learning issues, interviews with the course director and course writer, and final examination scores were collected for 4 of 12 tutorial groups, representing 52 students, and 4 cases prepared by students. The mean case overlap in issues and content covered was somewhat lower for this study than for previous studies using staff tutors. Not having a tutor present during the initial case discussion may slightly reduce the amount of case overlap between faculty-intended learning objectives and the learning issues generated by students for the purposes of self-study. Only one-quarter of the 77 faculty objectives were identified by all 4 groups as learning issues. Results suggest that reliance on a tutorless format may not be appropriate when other sources of structure are absent from the curriculum. (Contains three tables and seven references.) (SLD)

Of concern in the problem-based learning process in medical student education is the effect of allowing students to generate their own learning issues while discussing cases and problems. This study considered learning issues in problem-based learning, studying faculty and student overlap and consistency across learning groups while adding the perspective of analyzing learning issues developed by students without the assistance of a tutor. Lists of students' learning issues, interviews with the course director and course writer, and final examination scores were collected for 4 of 12 tutorial groups, representing 52 students, and 4 cases prepared by students. The mean case overlap in issues and content covered was somewhat lower for this study than for previous studies using staff tutors. Not having a tutor present during the initial case discussion may slightly reduce the amount of case overlap between faculty-intended learning objectives and the learning issues generated by students for the purposes of self-study. Only one-quarter of the 77 faculty objectives were identified by all 4 groups as learning issues. Results suggest that reliance on a tutorless format may not be appropriate when other sources of structure are absent from the curriculum. (Contains three tables and seven references.) (SLD)

1Frithiof Saga

By Ferdinand Schmidt

Iceland is the home of the Saga, a form of literature which includes the telling of the story of a hero’s life and adventures in a fixed, regular form, and which is usually intended for recitation, though the Saga is never set in the customary versified style of poetry. A large number of these Sagas, relating to Iceland, Greenland, North America, and the Norse countries, still remain, and among them the Frithiof Saga, narrating the stirring adventures of that hero of the Northland and Viking of its seas, is one of the most beautiful. Its subject is noble, heroic, and free from exaggerated description or overwrought sentiment. Frithiof is a splendid type of the old Norse hero, invincible in battle upon the land, fearless of Nature’s wrath as he sails the seas in his dragon ship, impulsive yet just, swift in punishment yet quick in forgiveness. The central motives of the Saga are his love for King Bele’s daughter, Ingeborg; the refusal of her brothers to sanction their marriage because the hero is not of royal birth; her unwilling marriage to the old King Ring; Frithiof’s exile, and his final union with Ingeborg after the death of her husband and reconciliation with her brother. Interwoven with the narrative itself, which is full of dramatic situations, are some of the old myths, than which none is more beautiful than the death of the gentle god Balder. The very breath of the North sweeps through the stately story which the German author has told with so much skill. Those who wish to come in closer contact with the Saga itself can do so by consulting Bishop Tegner’s masterly translation. - Summary by George Upton

2Gudrun

By Ferdinand Schmidt

The charming story of “Gudrun” is a romance of the old heroic period, written by some unknown poet of Austria or Bavaria in the thirteenth century. Next to the "Nibelungen Lied," it is the most important of the German epic poems...The same elemental passions are depicted. The men are brave, vigorous heroes, rejoicing in battle and feats of prowess; the women are beautiful, constant, and courageous. There are many fine delineations of character in the original, as well as vigorous sketches of northern scenery. The figure of Gudrun stands out in bold relief among the maidens. There are few more beautiful characters, indeed, in the poems of the old heroic period...Gudrun’s name is always spoken by her people with reverence. "Her courage and constancy were extolled by them, and in after days her fame was as radiant as the stars in the heavens." (George P. Upton, Translator's Preface)

3George Washington

By Ferdinand Schmidt

Among all the numerous life stories written by Ferdinand Schmidt for the delectation and education of German youth, none surpasses that of Washington. The author has condensed his material, drawn from the most authoritative sources, in a masterly manner, and presents it in a very attractive form. He has accompanied it by moralization which is pertinent, but never becomes tedious. It is questionable, indeed, whether any story of Washington’s life written for young people excels Schmidt’s in accuracy, conciseness, and general interest. As such this sketch of the Father of his Country from a German point of view is commended to American youth. -- Translator's Preface - Summary by George P. Upton