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A study to investigate whether memory misinformation can occur during jury deliberations to effect judgments made by (mock) jurors.

A study to investigate whether memory misinformation can occur during jury deliberations to effect judgments made by (mock) jurors.

A study to investigate whether memory misinformation can occur during jury deliberations to effect judgments made by (mock) jurors.

A study to investigate whether memory misinformation can occur during jury deliberations to effect judgments made by (mock) jurors.

This article is from Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience , volume 7 . Abstract Medical decisions will often entail a broad search for relevant information. No sources alone may offer a complete picture, and many may be selective in their presentation. This selectivity may induce forgetting for previously learned material, thereby adversely affecting medical decision-making. In the study phase of two experiments, participants learned information about a fictitious disease and advantages and disadvantages of four treatment options. In the subsequent practice phase, they read a pamphlet selectively presenting either relevant (Experiment 1) or irrelevant (Experiment 2) advantages or disadvantages. A final cued recall followed and, in Experiment 2, a decision as to the best treatment for a patient. Not only did reading the pamphlet induce forgetting for related and unmentioned information, the induced forgetting adversely affected decision-making. The research provides a cautionary note about the risks of searching through selectively presented information when making a medical decision.

In the form of lottery games, this experiment will further explore the potential mechanisms underlying how self-referential episodic memory affects value-based decision making. We will manipulate participants' attention (full attention/divided attention) and the relationship between the two participants (cooperation/competition) to examine the roles of attention and social relationship on memory guided decision-making. The experiment consists of three phases: a reward task where the self or another person draws lottery tickets, a memory task, and a decision-making task as in previous experiments. Before the experiment, participants will be randomly assigned to the Cooperation group or the Competition group. Then, during the reward task, participants will be randomly assigned to the full attention or divided attention group.

In the form of lottery games, this experiment will further explore the potential mechanisms underlying how self-referential episodic memory affects value-based decision making. We will manipulate participants' attention (full attention/divided attention) and the relationship between the two participants (cooperation/competition) to examine the roles of attention and social relationship on memory guided decision-making. The experiment consists of three phases: a reward task where the self or another person draws lottery tickets, a memory task, and a decision-making task as in previous experiments. Before the experiment, participants will be randomly assigned to the Cooperation group or the Competition group. Then, during the reward task, participants will be randomly assigned to the full attention or divided attention group.

Recent evidence suggests that prosociality increases in adulthood. However, little is known about the impact of prosocial motivation on cognitive function. The current experiment will investigate the effect of prosocial reward on episodic memory in younger and older adults. Younger and older participants will first complete a financial choice task featuring a series of hypothetical transfers between their own account and a food bank charity. Prosocial reward is operationalized as the charity gain, i.e., the amount transferred to the charity on each trial. On each choice trial, the charity is represented by the face of a food bank client. After a filled retention interval, participants receive a surprise old-new face recognition test. To examine the hypothesis that prosocial reward has a greater effect on older adults’ memory than on younger adults’ memory, we will examine whether successful face recognition depends on the size of the prosocial reward when the face was first encountered. We will also explore the impact of other decision parameters, such as the costliness of the transfers and whether the choices were voluntary or mandatory. In addition to the memory outcomes, we will analyze behaviour in the choice task in terms of transfer acceptance rate (in the voluntary condition) and satisfaction with transfers. These measures will index younger and older adults’ sensitivity to the parameters of the choice task (charity gain, self loss, and voluntary/mandatory nature of the transfer).

Ruth Haran from Kibbutz Be’eri survived the Holocaust. She also survived the October 7th massacre. Tomorrow as we mark International Holocaust Remembrance Day, we dedicate ourselves to the memory of the victims and to making sure that never again isn’t just a slogan.

We investigated whether working memory training can alter the “short-sighted” intertemporal decision preferences of poor adolescents. Firstly, based on existing studies, we hypothesized that there is a cognitive mechanism by which poverty affects intertemporal decision preference through working memory. On the basis of testing this hypothesis, we conducted cognitive training on adolescents with low families socioeconomic status to further explore the causal relationship between working memory ability and intertemporal decision preference.

This project will explore the impact of type of misinformation (pro-defendant vs. pro-complainant) and judicial warning about misinformation exposure (warning vs. no warning) on juror memory and decision-making in a sexual assault trial.

This project will explore the impact of type of misinformation (pro-defendant vs. pro-complainant) and judicial warning about misinformation exposure (warning vs. no warning) on juror memory and decision-making in a sexual assault trial.

This project will explore the impact of type of misinformation (pro-defendant vs. pro-complainant) and judicial warning about misinformation exposure (warning vs. no warning) on juror memory and decision-making in a sexual assault trial.

Episodic memory plays an important role in guiding decision-making (Gershman & Daw, 2017). Our previous research showed that false memory goes hand by hand with decision-making preferences in a reinforcement task (Wang et al., 2023), showing that false memory might be one mechanism guiding decision-making for novel options. However, there is no evidence that has directly manipulated false memory and demonstrated the causal effect of false memory on decision-making. In a pre-registered experiment, we manipulated the false memory types (reward or no-reward) and examine whether false memory can directly influence people's decision-making preferences. We found that participants had higher preferences for lures that they formed false rewarding memories relative to lures with no false rewarding memories. Here, in a follow-up experiment, we will manipulate the rewarded value as high versus low to see if such effects can still be found.

Implementation intentions (Gollwitzer, 1999) are an effective self-regulation strategy that foster goal achievement. Implementation intentions are if-then plans that – in order to work - need to be recalled when the situation to act on the plan arises. Thus, good encoding of the implementation intention is a necessary prerequisite for its effectiveness. To find an effective encoding mode for implementation intentions is particularly important in non-laboratory settings when people need to remember their plans despite being distracted by their daily-life activities. Further, educational technologies could prompt people to memorize a different implementation intention each day depending on the particular goals and obstacles that users are likely to encounter on that day. Such an application, thus, needs to be user-friendly on top of aiding memory for the plan. We will test the effects of different encoding modes for implementation intentions on delayed recall performance. The encoding modes are derived from the ICAP model (Chi & Wylie, 2014), which describes different ways in which learners can engage with information. We compare a passive (reading the implementation intention), an active (repeating the implementation intention with a word puzzle), and a constructive encoding mode (representing the implementation intention with emojis).

233 p. 24 cm

233 p. 24 cm

233 p. 24 cm

"The Truth about the Desert explores the living conditions under which Tuareg refugees from northern Mali rebuild their lives in the Nigerien diaspora and how these conditions affect their self-understandings and cultural practices, established status hierarchies, and religious identity formation. The book counterbalances an earlier scholarly preoccupation with Tuareg nobility by zoning in on two inferior social status groups, the Bellah-Iklan and free-born vassals, which have been neglected in conventional accounts of Tuareg society. By offering a multi-layered analysis of social status and identity formation in the diaspora, it pleads for a more dynamic understanding of Tuareg socio-political hierarchies. Analyzing in detail how both status groups rely on moralizing labels and racial stereotyping to reformulate their own social and ethnic identity, the study highlights refugees’ aspirations and capacities to remake their imaginary and material worlds in the face of adverse and often deeply humiliating living conditions. The book provides vital insights for refugee studies and for scholarly debates on ethnicity, social identity formation, and memory politics. Souleymane Diallo earned his PhD in socio-cultural anthropology from the University of Cologne. His research interests include forceful migrations and memory politics; Islam, spiritual authority, and power in the Sahara; and the theory and practice of anthropological filmmaking."

"The Truth about the Desert explores the living conditions under which Tuareg refugees from northern Mali rebuild their lives in the Nigerien diaspora and how these conditions affect their self-understandings and cultural practices, established status hierarchies, and religious identity formation. The book counterbalances an earlier scholarly preoccupation with Tuareg nobility by zoning in on two inferior social status groups, the Bellah-Iklan and free-born vassals, which have been neglected in conventional accounts of Tuareg society. By offering a multi-layered analysis of social status and identity formation in the diaspora, it pleads for a more dynamic understanding of Tuareg socio-political hierarchies. Analyzing in detail how both status groups rely on moralizing labels and racial stereotyping to reformulate their own social and ethnic identity, the study highlights refugees’ aspirations and capacities to remake their imaginary and material worlds in the face of adverse and often deeply humiliating living conditions. The book provides vital insights for refugee studies and for scholarly debates on ethnicity, social identity formation, and memory politics. Souleymane Diallo earned his PhD in socio-cultural anthropology from the University of Cologne. His research interests include forceful migrations and memory politics; Islam, spiritual authority, and power in the Sahara; and the theory and practice of anthropological filmmaking."

Pre-registration for Christ Billy Aryanto's PhD project on active music-making and executive functions.

This project will investigate the effect of type of misinformation presented during deliberation (pro-prosecution, pro-defence, none) and judicial instruction about misinformation (present, absent) on mock-juror memory, perceptions and decision-making in a sexual assault trial. The findings of the study will enhance our understanding of the impact misinformation can have on memory and decision-making in high stakes environments, and could inform the use of judicial directions in criminal trials.

441 pages

This eight-week action research project examined how art can be a possible intervention to memory loss. Five octogenarians with dementia participated in a qualitative phenomenological case study exploring the connections between memory and making art. Various methods of data collection were employed, including survey, interview, artifacts, journals, note-taking, and video recordings. As the participants shared stories of favorite desserts and treats, they created Pop Art sculptural works of those desserts, which activated memories of songs, images, and events from their pasts. The findings section elucidates specific successful strategies and outcomes. Everyone reported enjoying the experience, and for some participants, new memories were created regarding working with the sculptural material, understanding color mixing techniques, and subsequent identification of their artworks. The following are appended: (1) Consent Form; (2) Eight-Week Lesson Plan; (3) Rubric; (4) Survey 1; (5) Survey 2; and (6) Follow-up Survey.

This eight-week action research project examined how art can be a possible intervention to memory loss. Five octogenarians with dementia participated in a qualitative phenomenological case study exploring the connections between memory and making art. Various methods of data collection were employed, including survey, interview, artifacts, journals, note-taking, and video recordings. As the participants shared stories of favorite desserts and treats, they created Pop Art sculptural works of those desserts, which activated memories of songs, images, and events from their pasts. The findings section elucidates specific successful strategies and outcomes. Everyone reported enjoying the experience, and for some participants, new memories were created regarding working with the sculptural material, understanding color mixing techniques, and subsequent identification of their artworks. The following are appended: (1) Consent Form; (2) Eight-Week Lesson Plan; (3) Rubric; (4) Survey 1; (5) Survey 2; and (6) Follow-up Survey.

Switches having an in situ grown carbon nanotube as an element thereof, and methods of fabricating such switches. A carbon nanotube is grown in situ in mechanical connection with a conductive substrate, such as a heavily doped silicon wafer or an SOI wafer. The carbon nanotube is electrically connected at one location to a terminal. At another location of the carbon nanotube there is situated a pull electrode that can be used to elecrostatically displace the carbon nanotube so that it selectively makes contact with either the pull electrode or with a contact electrode. Connection to the pull electrode is sufficient to operate the device as a simple switch, while connection to a contact electrode is useful to operate the device in a manner analogous to a relay. In various embodiments, the devices disclosed are useful as at least switches for various signals, multi-state memory, computational devices, and multiplexers.

Episodic memory guides decision-making through reward learning and flexible recombination of past experiences. However, reconstructive errors in memory can bias decisions. Previous studies show that false memories can alter decision preferences, but direct manipulation of false reward memories and ecological validity of time intervals remain unexplored. This study aims to address these issues and further clarify the role of false memory in decision-making performance.

Episodic memory guides decision-making through reward learning and flexible recombination of past experiences. However, reconstructive errors in memory can bias decisions. Previous studies show that false memories can alter decision preferences, but direct manipulation of false reward memories and ecological validity of time intervals remain unexplored. This study aims to address these issues and further clarify the role of false memory in decision-making performance.

The inclination to repeat decisions based on past rewarding experiences is an inflexible form of decision-making because it fails to adapt in novel situations where direct past experiences cannot guide decisions. Cognitive graphs, which are internal models that represent relations between prior experiences, have been used to examine how flexible decisions are made, such as making inferences and generalizing to novel contexts. Studies have found that humans are able to learn complex graph structures, such as the community structure, remember them, and use them to make decisions involving inference and generalization. However, no study has investigated how reward might alter the memory representation of and/or use of the cognitive graph to make decisions. Prior research has found that reward spreads to unrewarded items in memory in a graded manner (i.e., items closer to reward are remembered better than items further from reward), but it is unclear how reward spreads across cognitive graphs. Consequently, this study aims to investigate how reward might change the associations between experiences in memory and in turn affect decision-making.

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Buy the book: http://www.ibmpressbooks.com/bookstore/product.asp?isbn=9780132755108 Kevin Maney, one of the authors of Making the World Work Better, tells the story of Bob Dennard's epiphany about storing information by putting charge on a capacitor.

In this paper, we establish the existence of optimal bounded memory strategy profiles in multi-player discounted sum games. We introduce a non-deterministic approach to compute optimal strategy profiles with bounded memory. Our approach can be used to obtain optimal rewards in a setting where a powerful player selects the strategies of all players for Nash and leader equilibria, where in leader equilibria the Nash condition is waived for the strategy of this powerful player. The resulting strategy profiles are optimal for this player among all strategy profiles that respect the given memory bound, and the related decision problem is NP-complete. We also provide simple examples, which show that having more memory will improve the optimal strategy profile, and that sufficient memory to obtain optimal strategy profiles cannot be inferred from the structure of the game.

Risky choices fill our lives, ranging from trivial choices - like buying a lottery ticket or whether to take an umbrella before going out - to significant life turning points - like career planning or marriage. Individuals learn about risk (outcomes and associated probabilities) mainly via two ways: description, which provides explicit outcomes and associated probabilities of available choice options; and experience, which refers to individuals interacting with the choice options and receiving feedback from their choices. Description and experience shape choice behavior differently, which has been referred to as the description-experience (D-E) gap (Hertwig & Erev, 2009). For example, people overweight rare events when making description-based choices (Kahneman & Tversky, 1979), while they underweight rare events when learning and making choices from experience (Barron & Erev, 2003; Hertwig et al., 2004; Ungemach et al., 2009). Previous studies (Barron & Erev, 2003; Hertwig et al., 2004; Ludvig et al., 2014) explored description and experience as two separate and contrary types of information, focusing on what causes the D-E gap. However, in real life, people may use descriptions and their experience simultaneously. For example, drivers may rely on instructions received from their instructor and personal driving experience when weather is extremely adverse. Recent studies have investigated how the concurrent availability of description and experience affects choice behavior (Lejarraga et al., 2016; Newell & Rakow, 2007; Yechiam et al., 2005). In an early study combining description and experience, choice behavior was similar to that when only experience was available, suggesting that description is heavily discounted and has little impact on behavior (Lejarraga & Gonzalez, 2011). This tendency to discount descriptive information can be mitigated when the decision context is more complex (Weiss-Cohen et al., 2018), and when individuals have little experience with the task (Weiss-Cohen et al., 2021). This study aims to investigate whether and how providing descriptions of the choice options at the same time as learning from experience will influence memory-related effects usually observed in experience-based risky choice. In description-based choice, people demonstrate the reflection effect, that is, they show more risk aversion in the gains domain than in the losses domain (Kahneman & Tversky, 1979); on the other hand, individuals show more risk seeking in gains than losses when they make experience-based choices, showing a reversed-reflection effect (Ludvig & Spetch, 2011). Such a reversal of risk preference in experience-based choice has been attributed to the salience of extreme outcomes (and their impact on memory) within decision contexts. Previous studies have suggested that individuals tend to recall extreme outcomes of their decisions more frequently, which in turn shapes their behavior (Madan et al., 2014; Ludvig et al., 2014). However, it remains unclear whether this memory bias, where people remember extreme outcomes more frequently, remains even when people have access to descriptive summaries of the available options. We will investigate whether the reversed-reflection effect persists when participants have access to descriptions in addition to their experience. Additionally, we will use memory tests to determine whether the salience of extreme outcomes could explain the reversed-reflection effect.

[A short treatise on the game of whist]: The polite gamester, containing, short treatises on the games of whist, with an artificial memory, quadrille, back-gammon, chess, piquet, billiards and tennis. Together with an essay towards making the doctrine of chances, easy ... To which are added, some useful tables on annuities for lives, ... By Edmond Hoyle, ... 1787.. Digitized from IA40313606-53 . Previous issue: bim_eighteenth-century_the-gazetteers-or-newsm_1718 . Next issue: bim_eighteenth-century_a-short-treatise-on-the-_hoyle-edmond_1743_0 .

[A short treatise on the game of whist]: The polite gamester, containing, short treatises on the games of whist, with an artificial memory, quadrille, back-gammon, chess, piquet, billiards and tennis. Together with an essay towards making the doctrine of chances, easy ... To which are added, some useful tables on annuities for lives, ... By Edmond Hoyle, ... 1787.. Digitized from IA40313606-53 . Previous issue: bim_eighteenth-century_the-gazetteers-or-newsm_1718 . Next issue: bim_eighteenth-century_a-short-treatise-on-the-_hoyle-edmond_1743_0 .

[A short treatise on the game of whist]: The polite gamester, containing, short treatises on the games of whist, with an artificial memory, quadrille, back-gammon, chess, piquet, billiards and tennis. Together with an essay towards making the doctrine of chances, easy ... To which are added, some useful tables on annuities for lives, ... By Edmond Hoyle, ... 1787.. Digitized from IA40313606-53 . Previous issue: bim_eighteenth-century_the-gazetteers-or-newsm_1718 . Next issue: bim_eighteenth-century_a-short-treatise-on-the-_hoyle-edmond_1743_0 .

[A short treatise on the game of whist]: The polite gamester, containing, short treatises on the games of whist, with an artificial memory, quadrille, back-gammon, chess, piquet, billiards and tennis. Together with an essay towards making the doctrine of chances, easy ... To which are added, some useful tables on annuities for lives, ... By Edmond Hoyle, ... 1787.. Digitized from IA40313606-53 . Previous issue: bim_eighteenth-century_the-gazetteers-or-newsm_1718 . Next issue: bim_eighteenth-century_a-short-treatise-on-the-_hoyle-edmond_1743_0 .

[A short treatise on the game of whist]: The polite gamester, containing, short treatises on the games of whist, with an artificial memory, quadrille, back-gammon, chess, piquet, billiards and tennis. Together with an essay towards making the doctrine of chances, easy ... To which are added, some useful tables on annuities for lives, ... By Edmond Hoyle, ... 1787.. Digitized from IA40313606-53 . Previous issue: bim_eighteenth-century_the-gazetteers-or-newsm_1718 . Next issue: bim_eighteenth-century_a-short-treatise-on-the-_hoyle-edmond_1743_0 .

[A short treatise on the game of whist]: The polite gamester, containing, short treatises on the games of whist, with an artificial memory, quadrille, back-gammon, chess, piquet, billiards and tennis. Together with an essay towards making the doctrine of chances, easy ... To which are added, some useful tables on annuities for lives, ... By Edmond Hoyle, ... 1787.. Digitized from IA40313606-53 . Previous issue: bim_eighteenth-century_the-gazetteers-or-newsm_1718 . Next issue: bim_eighteenth-century_a-short-treatise-on-the-_hoyle-edmond_1743_0 .

The polite gamester: containing, short treatises on the games of whist, with an artificial memory, quadrille, back-gammon, piquet and chess. Together with an essay towards making the doctrine of chances easy ... To which are added, some useful tables on annuities for lives, &c. ... By Edmund Hoyle, ... 1776.. Digitized from IA40310304-32 . Previous issue: bim_eighteenth-century_antoinette-dautriche-ou_1789 . Next issue: bim_eighteenth-century_c-crispi-sallustii-bell_sallust_1789 .

The polite gamester: containing, short treatises on the games of whist, with an artificial memory, quadrille, back-gammon, piquet and chess. Together with an essay towards making the doctrine of chances easy ... To which are added, some useful tables on annuities for lives, &c. ... By Edmund Hoyle, ... 1776.. Digitized from IA40310304-32 . Previous issue: bim_eighteenth-century_antoinette-dautriche-ou_1789 . Next issue: bim_eighteenth-century_c-crispi-sallustii-bell_sallust_1789 .

D2 of tmosafm

Ruth Haran from Kibbutz Be’eri survived the Holocaust. She also survived the October 7th massacre. Tomorrow as we mark International Holocaust Remembrance Day, we dedicate ourselves to the memory of the victims and to making sure that never again isn’t just a slogan. https://t.co/n6x1iBMP9E

Includes bibliographical references and index

Downloaded from US National Archives Youtube channel on 2025-02-04 08:42:52 https://youtube.com/watch?v=xPOZ5tZAdzg -------- How was FDR's image constructed—by himself and others—as such a powerful icon in American memory? In FDR in American Memory, author Sara Polak analyzes Roosevelt as a cultural icon in American memory, one who carefully and intentionally built his public image. Focusing on FDR's use of media and his negotiation of the world as a disabled person, she shows how he consistently aligned himself with modernity. Drawing on recent and well-known cultural artifacts—including novels, movies, documentaries, popular biographies, museums, and memorials—Polak looks at portrayals of FDR in cultural memory from the vantage point of the early 21st century. For live-only captions: https://www.streamtext.net/player/?event=JOB18423FDRinAmericanMemory

The polite gamester: containing short treatises on the games of whist, with an artificial memory, quadrille, backgammon, piquet and chess. Together with an essay towards making the doctrine of chances easy to those who understand vulgar arithmetick only. To which are added, some useful tables on annuities ... By Edmund Hoyle, ... 1761.. Digitized from IA40313304-42 . Previous issue: bim_eighteenth-century_memoirs-of-the-life-of-t_ormonde-james-butler-d_1741 . Next issue: bim_eighteenth-century_an-impartial-history-of-_boyse-samuel_1748 .

The polite gamester: containing short treatises on the games of whist, with an artificial memory, quadrille, backgammon, piquet and chess. Together with an essay towards making the doctrine of chances easy to those who understand vulgar arithmetick only. To which are added, some useful tables on annuities ... By Edmund Hoyle, ... 1761.. Digitized from IA40313304-42 . Previous issue: bim_eighteenth-century_memoirs-of-the-life-of-t_ormonde-james-butler-d_1741 . Next issue: bim_eighteenth-century_an-impartial-history-of-_boyse-samuel_1748 .

This experiment will examine the effects of stress on the representation of visual information in human working memory and decision making. Stress is induced via a socially evaluated cold pressor test (SECPT) and stress levels are measured using heart rate variability monitors and self-reported stress scales. Visual working memory and decision making are tested using a computerized behavioral task, "marble jar paradigm". The experiment will utilize a between-subject design. Subjects in the stress condition will undergo the SECPT before performing the marble jar task. Subjects in the control condition will instead submerge their hand in room-temperature water, without the social-evaluation component.

This experiment will examine the effects of stress on the representation of visual information in human working memory and decision making. Stress is induced via a socially evaluated cold pressor test (SECPT) and stress levels are measured using heart rate variability monitors and self-reported stress scales. Visual working memory and decision making are tested using a computerized behavioral task, "marble jar paradigm". The experiment will utilize a between-subject design. Subjects in the stress condition will undergo the SECPT before performing the marble jar task. Subjects in the control condition will instead submerge their hand in room-temperature water, without the social-evaluation component.