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Young adults with developmental language disorder (DLD) are increasingly entering postsecondary education, yet little is known about their language development compared to children with DLD, which increases the difficulty of legally mandated disability inclusion. A survey of available research shows that adolescents and adults with DLD have atypical language use across multiple domains, and atypical cognitive and social features. Yet, most research to date has used broad metrics of language, which might be less sensitive to specific features of DLD. Our previous exploratory study conducted at the University of Iowa offered preliminary data that reported speech use in particular might be atypical in the speech of college students with DLD – specifically, students with DLD seem to strongly favor direct as opposed to indirect reported speech constructions. Indirect reported speech is syntactically more complex in English, and there has been some evidence from French that adolescents with DLD avoid complex syntax. But can our observed difference be simply due to syntactic complexity avoidance, or is the effect specific to reported speech? We seek to quantify this observed difference and investigate the production and comprehension of reported speech further. Students with DLD and controls will perform an adult-appropriate narrative retelling task (a video adaptation of Nippold’s Peer Conflict Task), and a sentence elicitation task where they are instructed to report sentences from the videos using direct or indirect constructions. We expect that students with DLD will choose more direct constructions in the Peer Conflict Task and will have more difficulty with indirect constructions in the sentence elicitation task. Reported speech has the potential to become a more focused intervention and support target for this population.

An abridgment of L. Murray's English grammar. With an appendix, containing an exemplification of the parts of speech, and exercises in syntax. Designed for the use of the younger class of learners. By Lindley Murray. 1798.. Digitized from IA40313507-53 . Previous issue: bim_eighteenth-century_brachygraphy-or-an-easy_gurney-thomas_1778 . Next issue: bim_eighteenth-century_the-accidence-or-first-_devis-ellin_1775 .

The English grammar epitomis'd; wherein the parts of speech are made clear and easy. ... to which are added the several rules of syntax, in promiscuous examples of good and bad English. ... By J. Bettesworth. 1778.. Digitized from IA40313307-14 . Previous issue: bim_eighteenth-century_the-accidence-or-first-_devis-ellin_1777 . Next issue: bim_eighteenth-century_the-easiest-introduction_ash-john_1768 .

The English grammar epitomis'd; wherein the parts of speech are made clear and easy. ... to which are added the several rules of syntax, in promiscuous examples of good and bad English. ... By J. Bettesworth. 1778.. Digitized from IA40313307-14 . Previous issue: bim_eighteenth-century_the-accidence-or-first-_devis-ellin_1777 . Next issue: bim_eighteenth-century_the-easiest-introduction_ash-john_1768 .

The English grammar epitomis'd; wherein the parts of speech are made clear and easy. ... to which are added the several rules of syntax, in promiscuous examples of good and bad English. ... By J. Bettesworth. 1778.. Digitized from IA40313307-14 . Previous issue: bim_eighteenth-century_the-accidence-or-first-_devis-ellin_1777 . Next issue: bim_eighteenth-century_the-easiest-introduction_ash-john_1768 .

A short and compendious method for learning to speak, read, and write, the English and Spanish languages. In which each part of speech is separately treated of, in a new manner. With a syntax: ... By Peter Pineda, ... 1762.. Digitized from IA40312804-61 . Previous issue: bim_eighteenth-century_prcis-historique-des-ca_observateur-impartial_1791 .

A short and compendious method for learning to speak, read, and write, the English and Spanish languages. In which each part of speech is separately treated of, in a new manner. With a syntax: ... By Peter Pineda, ... 1762.. Digitized from IA40312804-61 . Previous issue: bim_eighteenth-century_prcis-historique-des-ca_observateur-impartial_1791 .

The Hearsay II speech understanding system being developed at Carnegie-Mellon University has an independent knowledge source module for each type of speech knowledge. Modules communicate by reading, writing, and modifying hypotheses about various constituents of the spoken utterance in a global data structure. The syntax and semantics module uses rules (productions) of four types: (1) recognition rules for generating a phrase hypothesis when its needed constituents have already been hypothesized; (2) prediction rules for inferring the likely presence of a word or phrase from previously recognized portions of the utterance; (3) respelling rules for hypothesizing the constituents of a predicted phrase; and (4) postdiction rules for supporting an existing hypothesis on the basis of additional confirming evidence. The rules are automatically generated from a declarative (i.e., non-procedural) description of the grammar and semantics, and are embedded in a parallel recognition network for efficient retrieval of applicable rules. The current grammar uses a 450- word vocabulary and accepts simple English queries for an information retrieval system. (Author)

The quality of computer generated speech keeps getting better but people are still able to identify whether speech is produced by a human or not (Bruder & Larrouy-Maestri, 2023). The lack of humanness in synthetic speech might be linked to the naturalness or quality of its prosody. In order to understand this issue we focus on the role of syntactic and semantic aspects of language (which are known to be intrinsically linked to prosody (Cutler et al., 1997)) on the perception of humanness in speech. To do so, we propose an experiment testing the effects of voice type (natural versus synthetic) and of syntactic and semantic information on humanness perception. We created German sentences that were then manipulated to obtain three more conditions conveying syntactic but no semantic information (jabberwocky sentences), no syntactic but semantic information (wordlists), and no syntactic or semantic information (jabberwocky wordlists). This material was generated by text-to-speech tools (Microsoft, Elevenlabs, Murf, and Listnr) and recorded by human speakers. We will ask participants to rate these synthetic and natural spoken sentences on how human the voice sounds to them. Whether syntactic and semantic information interacts with voice category will inform us about the potential differences in processing synthetic and natural speech.

The paper attempts to provide an introduction to the techniques and results which have come out of work in computational linguistics which have special relevance to the design of speech understanding systems. The author attempts to trace the development of several important ideas and trends in parsing and syntax and in semantic interpretation.

A study examined whether written language in general and dialog journal writing in particular is the preferred vehicle for syntactic acquisition of some adult learners. Subjects were five adult English-as-second-language (ESL) students, all literate in their first language, which was Spanish. Subjects were observed over a period of 16 weeks. Interviews, questionnaires, and a variety of paired oral and written tasks were used to elicit language data. The samples were analyzed for a variety of English morpho-syntactic features in an attempt to determine which of three production modalities (speech, academic writing, or dialog journal writing) served as the primary medium for syntactic innovation and the development of syntactic accuracy. Results indicated that individual subjects demonstrated notable differences in their patterns of syntactic development across writing and speech. Findings suggest that writing in general, especially dialog journal writing, is the modality favored by most of the subjects for both syntactic innovation and accuracy. (Contains 4 tables of data and 15 references.) (Author/CR)

An abridgment of L. Murray's English grammar. With an appendix, containing an exemplification of the parts of speech, and exercises in syntax. Designed for the use of the younger class of learners. By Lindley Murray. 1800.. Digitized from IA40310416-07 . Previous issue: bim_eighteenth-century_the-life-and-death-of-do_mountfort-william_1735 . Next issue: bim_eighteenth-century_the-museum-of-wit-being_1800 .

Contents: Parsers; Grammars; and Prosodics.

Contents: Parsers; Grammars; and Prosodics.

THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO COMPARE SENTENCE-COMBINING TECHNIQUES OF PUPILS USING THE INITIAL TEACHING ALPHABET (I.T.A.) WITH THE TECHNIQUES OF PUPILS USING TRADITIONAL ORTHOGRAPHY (T.O.). THE INVESTIGATION CONSIDERED--(1) WHETHER I.T.A. PROVIDES A LINGUISTIC ADVANTAGE IN THE WAY PUPILS ADD GRAMMATICALLY TO THEIR SENTENCES, (2) WHETHER THERE IS EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT HOW THE BASIC TEXTS READ BY PUPILS MAY INFLUENCE THEIR CORRECT USE OF GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURES, (3) WHAT THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ORAL AND WRITTEN RESPONSES SUGGEST ABOUT PUPILS' ACQUISITION OF SYNTACTIC CONTROL, AND (4) WHETHER BOYS' AND GIRLS' RESPONSES DIFFER SIGNIFICANTLY. ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-SIX FIRST-GRADE, WHITE STUDENTS OF ABOVE-AVERAGE INTELLIGENCE, ACHIEVEMENT, AND SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS WERE SUBJECTS IN THE STUDY. APPROXIMATELY 300 WORDS WERE COLLECTED FROM THE WRITING OF EACH PUPIL, AND AN APPROXIMATELY EQUAL NUMBER OF WORDS WAS COLLECTED FROM THE ORAL RESPONSES OF 60 RANDOMLY-SELECTED STUDENTS AMONG THESE SUBJECTS. TRANSFORMATIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE ORAL RESPONSES INDICATED NO SIGNIFICANT VARIATION BETWEEN THE I.T.A. AND T.O. GROUPS IN THE USE OF SENTENCE-COMBINING TRANSFORMATIONS. HOWEVER, ANALYSIS OF THE I.T.A. GROUP'S WRITTEN RESPONSES REVEALED ADVANTAGES IN SENTENCE COMBINING--(1) FEWER SENTENCES CONJOINED AND "AND," (2) SLIGHTLY MORE EMBEDDINGS OF TRANSFORMS WITH DELETIONS, AND (3) SIGNIFICANTLY FEWER FAILURES PER 100 SENTENCE-COMBINING TRANSFORMATIONS. THE GREATER GRAMMATICAL DENSITY OF CLAUSES IN THE TEXTS USED BY THE I.T.A. GROUP PROBABLY AIDED BY PUPILS IN ACQUIRING THE LATTER TWO ADVANTAGES. MODIFIERS, PREDICATES, T-UNITS CONNECTED BY "AND," GENITIVES AND COORDINATES OF NOUNS WERE USED MOST FREQUENTLY IN BOTH THE SPEECH AND WRITING RESPONSES OF BOTH GROUPS, INDICATING EARLY ACQUISITION AND MASTERY OF THESE FORMS. NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES IN SENTENCE-COMBINING TECHNIQUES WERE FOUND BETWEEN THE BOYS' AND THE GIRLS' RESPONSES. (RD)

A Practical Grammar of the Dutch Language : containing: an explanation of the different parts of speech; all the rules of Syntax, and a great number of practical exercises , by Roelof van der Pijl. 7th Edition Rotterdam: Widow Krap & Van Duym , 1893

A Practical Grammar of the Dutch Language : containing: an explanation of the different parts of speech; all the rules of Syntax, and a great number of practical exercises , by Roelof van der Pijl. 7th Edition Rotterdam: Widow Krap & Van Duym , 1893

This practical booklet, intended for those who are transcribing oral interviews into manuscript form, provides transcribing and editing guidelines that are particularly pertinent to oral history interviews. The major factor involved in a transcription is its editing. Editing is defined as making the material suitable for use by researchers and the general public. The guidelines presented in this booklet are based on the assumption that the transcript will be edited in an accepted manuscript format. Obtaining a good transcriber/editor is emphasized. Before beginning to transcribe, basic elements of editorial policy should be set in order to maintain uniformity in transcribing. Individual interviews may be transcribed and edited with slight variations according to the nature of the interview. Examples of editing styles are provided for overlapping speech, syntax, inaccuracies, false starts, dangling sentences, fuzzy thinking, and paragraphing. Suggestions are made for performing the audit check as a quality control and for making interviewee corrections of the transcript as accountability. Instructions for putting the final text together cover the table of contents, headings, and indexing. Samples of transcribing and editing guidelines, an audit check sheet, the title page, and a transcript page conclude the document. (ND)

This article presents a probabilistic generative model for text based on semantic topics and syntactic classes called Part-of-Speech LDA (POSLDA). POSLDA simultaneously uncovers short-range syntactic patterns (syntax) and long-range semantic patterns (topics) that exist in document collections. This results in word distributions that are specific to both topics (sports, education, ...) and parts-of-speech (nouns, verbs, ...). For example, multinomial distributions over words are uncovered that can be understood as "nouns about weather" or "verbs about law". We describe the model and an approximate inference algorithm and then demonstrate the quality of the learned topics both qualitatively and quantitatively. Then, we discuss an NLP application where the output of POSLDA can lead to strong improvements in quality: unsupervised part-of-speech tagging. We describe algorithms for this task that make use of POSLDA-learned distributions that result in improved performance beyond the state of the art.

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1Last of the Mohicans - A Narrative of 1757 (version 2)

By James Fenimore Cooper

This story is set in the British province of New York during the French and Indian War, and concerns a Huron massacre (with passive French acquiescence) of from 500 to 1,500 unarmed Anglo-American troops, who had honorably surrendered at Fort William Henry, plus some women and servants; the kidnapping of two sisters, daughters of the British commander; and their rescue by Hawkeye, the last two Mohicans, and others. Parts of the story may have been derived from the capture and death of Jane McCrea in July 1777 near Fort Edward, New York, by members of an Algonquian tribe. (Summary from Wikipedia)

2Spy

By James Fenimore Cooper

James Fenimore Cooper's second novel, <em>The Spy</em> (1821), is based on Sir Walter Scott's Waverly series, and tells an adventure tale about the American Revolution. The protagonist is Harvey Birch, a supposed loyalist who actually is a spy for George Washington, disguised as 'Mr Harper.' The book brought Cooper fame and wealth, and is regarded as the first great success in American fiction.<br /> (Summary by Gord MacKenzie)

3Last Of The Mohicans - A Narrative of 1757

By James Fenimore Cooper

The Last of the Mohicans is an epic novel by James Fenimore Cooper, first published in January 1826. It was one of the most popular English-language novels of its time, and helped establish Cooper as one of the first world-famous American writers.The story takes place in 1757 during the French and Indian War, when France and Great Britain battled for control of the American and Canadian colonies. During this war, the French often allied themselves with Native American tribes in order to gain an advantage over the British, with unpredictable and often tragic results.<br />(Wikipedia Excerpt)

4Pioneers, or The Sources of the Susquehanna

By James Fenimore Cooper

The Pioneers: The Sources of the Susquehanna; a Descriptive Tale is one of the Leatherstocking Tales, a series of five novels by American writer James Fenimore Cooper. The Pioneers was first of these books to be published (1823), but the period of time covered by the book (principally 1793) makes it the fourth chronologically. (The others are The Deerslayer, The Last of the Mohicans, The Pathfinder, and The Prairie.)<br><BR>The story takes place on the rapidly advancing frontier of New York State and features a middle-aged Leatherstocking (Natty Bumppo), Judge Marmaduke Temple of Templeton, whose life parallels that of the author's father Judge William Cooper, and Elizabeth (the author Susan Cooper), of Cooperstown. The story begins with an argument between the Judge and the Leatherstocking over who killed a buck, and as Cooper reviews many of the changes to his fictional Lake Otsego, questions of environmental stewardship, conservation, and use prevail. The plot develops as the Leatherstocking and Chingachgook begin to compete with the Temples for the loyalties of a young visitor, Oliver Effingham. For all its strange twists and turns, 'The Pioneers' may be considered one of the first ecological novels in the United States. (Summary from Wikipedia)<br /><br /> Dedicated Proof-Listeners: Annise, Mickey Reno

5Pathfinder - The Inland Sea

By James Fenimore Cooper

Natty Bumppo goes by many names: La Longue Carabine, Hawk Eye, Leatherstocking, and in this tale, The Pathfinder. Guide, scout, hunter, and when put to it, soldier, he also fills a lot of roles in pre-Revolution upstate New York. An old friend, Sergeant Dunham of the 55th Regiment of Foot, asks him to guide his daughter through the wilderness to the fort at Oswego where Dunham serves. With the French engaging native Indian allies against the British and the Yankee colonists, such a journey is far from safe. <br /><br />Dunham has a plan in mind - to see his daughter Mable married off to the most redoubtable frontiersman and marksman in the territory, who is Pathfinder himself. But as an attractive and marriageable young lady, she draws other suitors. Then a military expedition contrives to put Sgt. Dunham, Mable, Pathfinder, and two other wooers into an isolated and dangerous garrison. Here treachery raises the stakes, and with the soldiers of the detachment shot down or captured, all of them must show mettle for any of them to escape with their scalps.

6Deerslayer - The First Warpath

By James Fenimore Cooper

The Deerslayer, or The First Warpath (1841) was the last of James Fenimore Cooper’s Leatherstocking tales to be written. Its 1740-1745 time period makes it the first installment chronologically and in the lifetime of the hero of the Leatherstocking tales, Natty Bumppo. (Introduction by Wikipedia)

Written by the former skeptic, poet, and scholar, Thomas Cooper, The Bridge of History Over the Gulf of Time admirably sets forth a winsome defense of Christianity. Written as the substance of fourteen years of lectures, at the request of his hearers, Cooper leads his reader across the bridge of history, through the centuries, tracing Christianity. At last, he addresses "Leben Jesu" by Dr. David Friedrich Strauss, discusses the historicity of the four Gospels, and offers some concluding evidences for the truth of Christianity. (Introduction by tzieger)

8Prairie - A Tale

By James Fenimore Cooper

The story opens with Ishmael, his family, Ellen and Abiram slowly making their way across the virgin prairies of the Midwest looking for a homestead, just two years after the Louisiana Purchase, and during the time of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. They meet the trapper (Natty Bumppo), who has left his home in New York state to find a place where he cannot hear the sound of people cutting down the forests. In the years between his other adventures and this novel, he tells us only that he has walked all the way to the Pacific Ocean and seen all the land between the coasts (a heroic feat, considering Lewis and Clark hadn’t yet completed the same trek). (Summary by Wikipedia)

9My Lady of the Chinese Courtyard

By Elizabeth Cooper

"I hope that this book, based on letters shown me many years after they were written, will give a faint idea of the life of a Chinese lady. The story is told in two series of letters conceived to be written by Kwei-li, the wife of a very high Chinese official, [the first series were written] to her husband when he accompanied his master, Prince Chung, on his trip around the world." The second series of letters were written 25 years later to Kwei-li's mother-in-law as China faces revolution and political intrigue. "They are, therefore, the letters of the present-day Chinese woman of the old school, a woman who had by education and environment exceptional opportunities to learn of the modern world, but who, like every Eastern woman, clings with almost desperate tenacity to the traditions and customs of her race." (Summary by MaryAnn with material from the Preface)

Le récit a pour théâtre l’Amérique du Nord, pendant la guerre de Sept Ans. Les affrontements entre français et anglais en forment la toile de fond. Cooper décrit notamment la bataille de Fort William Henry qui oppose, en juillet et août 1757, les troupes du général français Montcalm (et de ses alliés amérindiens) à celles du colonel britannique Munro. - Résumé de WIKIPEDIA

This is a story that is set in 16th century Germany. Characters representing the various classes of the remnants of feudalism and the rising bourgeois class struggle against each other. Placed in the light of the very recent and polarizing Protestant Reformation, the characters' tensions increase. - Summary by Joel Kindrick

12Pilot

By James Fenimore Cooper

The work, which was admired by Herman Melville and Joseph Conrad for its authentic portrayal of a seafaring life and takes place during the American Revolution, launched a whole genre of maritime fiction. It features a mysterious and almost superhuman American sea pilot (based on the American hero John Paul Jones) who fights battles off the coast of England against the British and American loyalists. One of the book’s themes is the ambiguous nature of loyalty. Although often bogged down by complicated nautical terminology and intrusive philosophical dialogue, the novel is nevertheless noted for its spiritual and moral dimensions. - Summary by The Encyclopedia Britannica

13Walnut Growing in Oregon

By Jacob Calvin Cooper

Although published to promote the business of walnut production, this short volume describes the current science and practice of growing walnuts in the early twentieth century with particular reference to the state of Oregon. - Summary by Larry Wilson

Frederic Taber Cooper, who was an editor and author, provides a superb insight into the works of some of the most popular authors of the turn of the century decade.<br> Excerpt: The subjects of the essays included in this volume differ widely in aim and in accomplishment; but all of them possess, to a considerable extent, the gift that makes them next of kin to the minstrel and troubadour, to the ancient fabulist, and to the forgotten spinner of the world s first nursery tales, the gift of holding the attention by the spell of the spoken word.<br> - Summary by Celine Major

LibriVox volunteers bring you 15 recordings of My Brigantine by James Fenimore Cooper.<br> This was the Weekly Poetry project for December 26, 2021.<br> -----<br> After a stint on a commercial voyage, James Fenimore Cooper served in the U.S. Navy as a midshipman, where he learned the technology of managing sailing vessels which greatly influenced many of his novels and other writings. Cooper, beloved though he is as a novelist, hasn't drawn much attention for his poetry. Here is one of his pieces expressing his appreciation for a beautiful ship, taken from his 1830 novel "The Water-Witch". - Summary by TriciaG

16Autobiography of a Pocket-Handkerchief

By James Fenimore Cooper

Take a fascinating journey from France to America through the "eyes" of a pocket handkerchief. She marvels at the vastness of the universe which the Creator devised and glories in her own fabrication by the young hands of a French peasant. All the while, she sees the intricacies of Providence in her life, as well as those about her. (Summary by Keith Salis)

17Voice from the South: By a Black Woman from the South

By Anna J. Cooper

Published in 1892, this is the author's first work. Its eight essays are considered a seminal text of Black feminism. Its theme is that through progress in the situation of Black women, the entire African American community would be uplifted. Cooper is one of the most well-regarded scholars in African American history. - Summary by Verla Viera

18Cross-Cut

By Courtney Ryley Cooper

A Colorado mining story dealing with an attempt by Squint Rodain and his son to wrest the Blue Poppy Silver Mine from Robert Fairchild. An engaging novel of the west. (Summary by Jim Locke)

19Ways of the Hours

By James Fenimore Cooper

Originally written shortly before Cooper's death and published posthumously, The Ways of the Hours examines the social evils of the criminal justice system. In particular, it looks at how the jury system, which acts as a check on centralized power in a monarchy, has the opposite effect in a democracy. - Summary by LynneT

Annie Oakley was without a doubt the greatest markswomen who ever lived. She was christened Phoebe Ann Mosey but was called Annie from childhood. Oakley was the stage name that she assumed when she first started to perform with Frank Butler. From obscure and impoverished beginnings, she made herself into the best known woman of her time, propelled by an indomitable spirit and an uncanny shooting ability. We learn of her enduring marriage to Frank Butler and their first meeting — a shooting match in which the seemingly delicate young girl defeated the professional marksman; her association with Buffalo Bill Cody’s Wild West Show and its triumphal tour through Europe and America; the train crash that nearly took her life and her years as an actress and teacher. Yet with all her many successes she preserved her warmth, dedication and integrity. Her story remains to this day one of the grandest to have come out of the Old West. - Summary from the jacket cover