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For simultaneous translation, hit the "closed caption" button and then turn on "auto translate." This Soviet space program film shows some of the highlights circa 1965, including satellite systems and lunar probes and landers. This includes communications satellites for broadcast of television and radio. At 5:39, a lunar explorer is seen (in animation) headed towards the Moon. A mission involving a lander is seen at 8:15. At 11 minutes, a prototype rover / lander is seen testing. At 18:40, a mission is seen to Mars. The moon rover shown is likely the Lunokhod 1 (Луноход, moon walker in Russian; Аппарат 8ЕЛ № 203, vehicle 8ЕЛ№203). This was the first of two unmanned lunar rovers landed on the Moon by the Soviet Union as part of its Lunokhod program. The Luna 17 spacecraft carried Lunokhod 1 to the Moon in 1970. Lunokhod 1 was the first remote-controlled robot "rover" to freely move across the surface of an astronomical object beyond the Earth. Lunokhod 0 (No.201), the previous and first attempt to do so, launched in February 1969 but failed to reach orbit. We'd love a translation of this film and more information about it. Motion picture films don't last forever; many have already been lost or destroyed. For almost two decades, we've worked to collect, scan and preserve the world as it was captured on 35mm, 16mm and 8mm movies -- including home movies, industrial films, and other non-fiction. If you have endangered films you'd like to have scanned, or wish to donate celluloid to Periscope Film so that we can share them with the world, we'd love to hear from you. Contact us via the weblink below. This film is part of the Periscope Film LLC archive, one of the largest historic military, transportation, and aviation stock footage collections in the USA. Entirely film backed, this material is available for licensing in 24p HD, 2k and 4k. For more information visit http://www.PeriscopeFilm.com We encourage viewers to add comments and, especially, to provide additional information about our videos by adding a comment! See something interesting? Tell people what it is and what they can see by writing something for example: "01:00:12:00 -- President Roosevelt is seen meeting with Winston Churchill at the Quebec Conference."

In this episode recorded on the 11th April 2019, we discuss the recent stolen election in Israel, Carlos Slim turning a new card, fake space probes, has Turkey left NATO? and much, much more.Also, we've clearly hit a nerve with some groups and our interview was disrupted when my router was attacked just as Benjamin was about to reveal the real reasons for distractions. It's within milliseconds of him about to say something and is extremely abnormal. I am going with ALICE the AI, but it could easily be Mossad or another group. It took some time to fault find the problem and it ended the interview early.The old system IS collapsing and we're seeing the death throes of the old guard. Until we're finally fully liberated, we must keep applying pressure to the old system.For previous releases in this long-running series of interviews:https://prepareforchange.net/category...Let's take our cue from Benjamin Fulford and turn our world into a wonderful place!As Benjamin says, don't just sit on the sidelines, pick up the phone and call your elected officials and respectfully demand answers to these gross atrocities that have plagued our way of life for far too long. The stronger our collective voice, the quicker we affect change.Please consider a donationWe are an all-volunteer organization. We do set aside a little money to support our website, but nearly all of your donations to PrepareForChange.net support about 460 children in an orphanage we funded in Malawi, Africa.Think about donating to these children, who have lost their parents. You can donate:https://prepareforchange.net/donationsPrepare For Change would also like to thank Miss Merrilee for providing our interview announcements, such a gracious and wonderful lady! To see her own shows please check out themerrileeshow.comAs always try to raise your vibration and remain loving to one another, we're all one, and we're all going to bring about a new world!Victory of the Light

THE RESULTS ARE GIVEN FOR INVESTIGATIONS OF 25 METEORITES THAT HAVE FALLEN IN THE PAST 15 YEARS. THE ROLE OF METEOROIDS AS INTERPLANETARY SPACE PROBES IS EXPLAINED AND THE MANNER IN WHICH METEOROIDS HAVE PROVIDED THE BOUNDARY BETWEEN THE GALACTIC AND SOLAR MAGNETIC FIELDS IS DISCUSSED.

THE RESULTS ARE GIVEN FOR INVESTIGATIONS OF 25 METEORITES THAT HAVE FALLEN IN THE PAST 15 YEARS. THE ROLE OF METEOROIDS AS INTERPLANETARY SPACE PROBES IS EXPLAINED AND THE MANNER IN WHICH METEOROIDS HAVE PROVIDED THE BOUNDARY BETWEEN THE GALACTIC AND SOLAR MAGNETIC FIELDS IS DISCUSSED.

Soviet Space Probes and Interplanetary Spacecraft Homepage: https://forum.kerbalspaceprogram.com/index.php?/topic/73686-Tantares Repository: https://github.com/Tantares/TantaresSP License(s): CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0

Twenty-one gamma-ray bursts and 68 solar flares in the hard X-ray range were detected on Venera-11 and Venera-12 space probes during the initial 50-day observation period. Major characteristics of the equipment used and preliminary data on the temporal structure and energy spectra of the gamma-ray bursts are considered. The pattern of gamma-ray burst frequency distribution vs. intensity, N(S), is established.

Twenty-one gamma-ray bursts and 68 solar flares in the hard X-ray range were detected on Venera-11 and Venera-12 space probes during the initial 50-day observation period. Major characteristics of the equipment used and preliminary data on the temporal structure and energy spectra of the gamma-ray bursts are considered. The pattern of gamma-ray burst frequency distribution vs. intensity, N(S), is established.

JPL astrophysicist Dr. Amy Mainzer and comic co-host Chuck Nice explore your questions about space probes from WISE to New Horizons. Now with a new 13-minute \"Venusian Update\" from Dr. FunkySpoon about what Venus can teach us about climate change.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Советские космические зонды-разведчики из игры Red Alert 3. К игровым моделям отношения не имеют! Дню космонавтики посвящается! Наслаждайтесь!

One-half rate convolutional encoding with sequential decoding for deep space probe telemetry links with application to Pioneer missions

Vacuum fluctuations related a massless conformally coupled scalar field in Friedman-Robertson-Walker-Lemaitre (FRWL) space-times are investigated. Point-slitting regularization is used and a specific renormalization proposal is discussed. Applications to generic black holes and FRWL form of the de Sitter space-time are presented.

Approved For RJease 2003/01/29: CIA-RDP80B01676R8013000512 S September 1962 *AbWUM T . Tiff . ENT SUBB, CT z PSblictty oa Vel a of Soviet Space Probes the request of Mr. G*ri X-ynee:. I sttacb crew + an ,ree in probWg spas. To the btst of kwwwlefte, tbaee ere the only suCk Probes they We fact boot to to be ***A obliquely b a~ Letter to b. wrm*n to dir. Webb by Mr. ~h : r : autaraUC .YaL. 6cfErre a, aid Approved For Release 2003/01/29 : CIA-RDP80BO1676R001300050030-2 r er. 25XI Approved For Release 2003/01/29 CIA-RDP80BO1676R001300050030-2 25X1 rder that the intelligence community be at least partially .:A SPADAT systom. a type of information to a normal collection responsibility bing outlined afire, it would be & ""We to make Mar shall S. Gamer UOUtm t G n ral1 A. Acting Director MSC:bec Orig & 1 - Handcarried to addressee via Mr. Kaysen 1 - DD/R w/cy attachment 1 - AD/SI w/cy attachment DDCI w/cy attachment- 1 - ER via Executive Director w/cy attachment 1 - O/DCI (Knoche)_WI 1j'_ . Approved For Release 2003/01/2 J :`CIA=RDP80B01676R001300050030-2 Approved For Release 2003/01/29: CIA-RDP80BO1676R001300050030-2 COMMENTS ON SOVIET ATTEMPTS TO SEND SPACECRAFT '.I O MARS AND VENUS The Soviet Union has pursued a vigorous but unsuccessful program to send instrumented space probes to the planets. Thus far, two attempts have been made to send spacecraft to r to Venus. Of these ciao attempts, only one probe was successfully launched on an interplanetary path, the Venus probe of 12 February 1%L. However, it was only a qualified 25X1 Approved For Release 2003/01/29 : CIA-RDP80BO1676R001300050030-2 25X1 Approved For Release 2003/01/29 : CIA-RDP80BO1676R001300050030-2 Next 9 Page(s) In Document Exempt Approved For Release 2003/01/29 : CIA-RDP80BO1676R001300050030-2

Release 2006/07120 C1A-RDP80B01676R003000070011-2 apex to public discvasioz6 highly stasitive information let duet th a guard access to truth. I am fen rfal that this Will occur in this last ce entire box of tricks will be ssl-jsct.to the vooot careful and pai ag scrutiny by plc is rmAtion Via. all concerned will . In order t1+ t the intelligence cols ty be relieved of the probing oatlIned above. clear that this typ. of information to a *or of the N AD SPADAT system. Attachment MSC: be c Orig & 1 - Handcarried to addressee via Mr. Kaysen I - DD/R w/cy attachment I - AD/SI w/cy attachment I - DDCI wlcy attachment 1 , ER via Executive Director w/cy attachment O/DCI (Knoche)- 40. proved For Release 2006/07/20: CIA-RDP80BO 1676R00300007001.1-2 COMMENTS ON SOVIET ATTEMPTS TO SEND SPACECRAFT TO MARS AND VENUS The Soviet Union has paireued a vigorous but unsuccessful program to send instrumented space probes to the planets. Thus lar, two attempts have been made to send spacecraft to Mars, and four to Venus. Of these six attempts, only one probe was successfully launched on an interplanetary path, the Venus only a qualified success because its radio transmission failed after several days, long before it reached Venue. Nuns of the five remaining attempts achieved a successful trajectory because of rocket vehicle mal- functions of one sort or another. The same mission-planning philosophy and vehicle combina- tions were used on each of the Soviet interplanetary series. A parking orbit technique is consisteritty exploited, whereby the payload probe and its ejection stage are launched into a low earth satellite orbit, as in the US Mariner program. After one passage around the earth, the fourth or ejection stage is fired over Africa or the Soviet Union. U successful, this sends the instrumented probe on a ballistic Voth to the its. Had the launching bean successful in each of the six cases listed below, the probe would have arrived at Venus or Mars with too high a proved For Release 2006/07/20: CIA-R0P80B01676R003000070011-2 velocity to have been orbited arc *d either planet. Optimum conditions were chosen for each launching attempted thus far ~, c : /, ` ' Y lI:tG /sac' ( et so as toA simplify the task of *dmv guidance erA peso. - AMMb"bu 1. 10 October 1960: An unannounced attempt to send a probe to Mars failed before a parking orbit was achieved. Had this probe been successful, it would have reached Marv in about 230 days. 2. 14 October 1960: A second attempt to send a probe to Mars, using virtually the same trajectory, also failed before a parking orbit was achieved. 3. 4 February 1961: The first attempt to send a space- craft to Venus was successfully placed in its earth parking orbit, but could not be ejected into its planned Venus trajectory. s a successful earth satellite Sputnik VII and claimed for it a new weight in orbit record of 14, 300 lbs. Had this probe been successfully ejected, it would have taken about 105 days to reach Venus. 4. 12 February 1961: A partially successful attempt to sand a 1, 400-lb. spacecraft to Venus was made on this date. All vehicle stages functioned normally, and the probe was pproved For Release 2006/07/20: CIA-RDP80BO1676R003000070011-2 correctly placed on its interplanetary path. The Soviet Union correctly announced that this was the first time that a spacecraft was successfully ejected outward from orbit. The probe took 97 days to reach the vicinity of Venus. The Soviets - eye ~r failure in the power supply or radio transmitter, and the probe was last heard from at a distance of 4. 5 million miles from the earth. 5. 25 August 1962: A third attempt to send a probe to Venus was made on this date. The payload was successfully placed into its satellite parking orbit, but apparently could not be ejected. I-lad this shot been successful, the probe would have arrived at Venus on about 7 December 1962, ahead of the US Mariner II. It appears that the normal flight time of 112 days for this date was intentionally shortened to 104 days by sacrificing spacecraft weight. This launching attempt has not yet been announced by the Soviet Union. 6. 1 September 1962: The fourth attempt to reach Venus was also successfully placed into a satellite parking orbit, but could not be ejected. The Soviet Union has not yet announced this attempt nor the presence of the unused components in orbit. ?3- Approved For Release 2006/07/20: CIA-RDP80BO1676R003000070011-2 Approved For Release 2006/07/20: CIA-RDP80BO1676R003000070011-2

The Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 space probes and their missions to Jupiter are discussed along with the experiments and investigations which will be conducted onboard. Jupiter's atmosphere, its magnetic fields, radiation belts, the spacecraft instruments, and the Jovian system will be investigated. Educational study projects are also included.

Space Faq 11/15 Upcoming Planetary Probes.

Space Faq 11/15 Upcoming Planetary Probes.

Space Faq 11/15 Upcoming Planetary Probes.

JPL astrophysicist Dr. Amy Mainzer is back as guest host for this week's podcast, and together with comic co-host Chuck Nice she answers your questions about space probes.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

A probe is a spacecraft that travels through space to collect science information. Probes do not have astronauts. Probes send data back to Earth.

Approved for Release 2000/08/28 :.CIA-RDP66R00638R0001.00140004-4 /11/62 9/5/621 4 1 TO Hmorafd for the tresident FROM YArshall J. Carter SUBJ. Publicity on Failure of Soviet -90we Probev 1 cop att Matt CoA- [NCE OR ICING OAT SENT, Approved For Release 2000/08/28 : CIA-RDP66R00638R000100140004-4

At present, rockets are used to change the trajectory of space ships and probes. This method is very expensive and requires a lot of fuel, which limits the feasibility of space stations, interplanetary space ships, and probes. Sometimes space probes use the gravity field of a planet. However, there are only 9 planets in our solar system and they are separated by great distances. There are tens of millions of asteroids in outer space. The author offers a revolutionary method for changing the trajectory of space probes. This method uses the kinetic or rotary energy of asteroids, meteorites or other space bodies (small planets, natural planet satellites, etc.). to increase (to decrease) ship (probe) speed up to 1000 m/sec (or more) and to get any new direction in outer space. The flight possibilities of space ships and probes are increased by a factor of millions.

Soviet Space Probes and Interplanetary Spacecraft Homepage: https://forum.kerbalspaceprogram.com/index.php?/topic/73686-Tantares Repository: https://github.com/Tantares/TantaresSP License(s): CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0

We present the results of a Hubble Space Telescope NICMOS imaging survey of 22 T-type field brown dwarfs. Five are resolved as binary systems with angular separations of 0"05-0"35, and companionship is established on the basis of component F110W-F170M colors (indicative of CH4 absorption) and low probabilities of background contamination. Prior ground-based observations show 2MASS 1553+1532AB to be a common proper motion binary. The properties of these systems - low multiplicity fraction (11[+7][-3]% resolved, as corrected for sample selection baises), close projected separations (a = 1.8-5.0 AU) and near-unity mass ratios - are consistent with previous results for field brown dwarf binaries. Three of the binaries have components that span the poorly-understood transition between L dwarfs and T dwarfs. Spectral decomposition analysis of one of these, SDSS 1021-0304AB, reveals a peculiar flux reversal between its components, as its T5 secondary is ~30% brighter at 1.05 and 1.27 micron than its T1 primary. This system, 2MASS 0518-2828AB and SDSS 1534+1615AB all demonstrate that the J-band brightening observed between late-type L to mid-type T dwarfs is an intrinsic feature of this spectral transition, albeit less pronounced than previously surmised. We also find that the resolved binary fraction of L7 to T3.5 dwarfs is twice that of other L and T dwarfs, an anomaly that can be explained by a relatively rapid evolution of brown dwarfs through the L/T transition, perhaps driven by dynamic (nonequilibrium) depletion of photospheric condensates.

47 p. : 28 cm

47 p. : 28 cm

47 p. : 28 cm

Soviet Space Probes and Interplanetary Spacecraft Homepage: https://forum.kerbalspaceprogram.com/index.php?/topic/73686-Tantares Repository: https://github.com/Tantares/TantaresSP License(s): CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0

This report results from a contract tasking Bulgarian Academy of Sciences as follows: The Grantee will investigate the development of Langmuir probes for measuring space plasma. Tasks include: - Integration tests of the Langmuir probes with the Hungarian Data Acquisition and Control Unit (in Budapest) - Complex tests of the engineering models of the instruments with imitation signals fed to the sensors (in RKK) - Updating of the technological instruments (if proved necessary based on the results of the tests) - Elaboration of two flight instruments - Elaboration of Control Test System for the flight instruments - Control tests of the flight instruments in Bulgaria - Integrated tests of the flight instruments on the PWC - Data processing and interpretation

This report deals with the feasibility of using the Space Shuttle to conduct global geomagnetics surveys in support of the global geomagnetic charts published by the Defense Mapping Agency every five years. The study revealed that it is technically feasible and practical to conduct global geomagnetic surveys from the Shuttle. Keywords; Charting; Mapping; Geodesy.

Disturbance of the Maxwellian plasma may occur in the vicinity of a spacecraft due to photoemission, interactions between the spacecraft and thermospheric gases, or electron emissions from other devices on the spacecraft. Significant non-maxwellian plasma distributions may also occur in nature as a mixture of ionospheric and magnetospheric plasmas or secondaries produced by photoionization in the thermosphere or auroral precipitation. The general formulas for current collection (volt-ampere curves) by planar, cylindrical, and spherical Langmuir probes in isotropic and anisotropic non-maxwellian plasmas are examined. Examples are given of how one may identify and remove the non-maxwellian components in the Langmuir probe current to permit the ionospheric parameters to be determined. Theoretical volt-ampere curves presented for typical examples of non-maxwellian distributions include: two-temperature plasmas and a thermal plasma with an energetic electron beam. If the non-ionospheric electrons are Maxwellian at a temperature distinct from that of the ionosphere electrons, the volt-ampere curves can be fitted directly to obtain the temperatures and densities of both electron components without resorting to differenting the current. For an arbitrary isotropic distribution, the current for retarded particles is shown to be identical for the three geometries. For anisotropic distributions, the three probe geometries are not equally suited for measuring the ionospheric electron temperature and density or for determining the distribution function in the presence of non-maxwellian back-round electrons.

At present, rockets are used to change the trajectory of space ships and probes. This method is very expensive and requires a lot of fuel, which limits the feasibility of space stations, interplanetary space ships, and probes. Sometimes space probes use the gravity field of a planet. However, there are only 9 planets in our solar system and they are separated by great distances. There are tens of millions of asteroids in outer space. The author offers a revolutionary method for changing the trajectory of space probes. This method uses the kinetic or rotary energy of asteroids, meteorites or other space bodies (small planets, natural planet satellites, etc.). to increase (to decrease) ship (probe) speed up to 1000 m/sec (or more) and to get any new direction in outer space. The flight possibilities of space ships and probes are increased by a factor of millions.

The variation of the 5 to 500 MeV/nuc cosmic ray helium component was studied between 1 and 9 A.U. using essentially identical detector systems on Pioneer 10 and 11 and Helios I. Between 100 and 200 MeV/nuc a radial gradient of 3.3?1.3%/A.U. is found. At 15 MeV/nuc this value increases to 20?4%/A.U. Between 4 and 9 A.U. a well defined intensity maximum is observed at approximately 17 MeV/nuc. The average adiabatic energy loss between 1 and 9 A.U. is approximately 4 MeV/nuc/A.U. The observed radial variation between 1 and 9 A.U. is well described by the Gleeson-Axford force field solution of the modulation equations over an energy range extending from 15 to 500 MeV/nuc and is in good agreement with the results reported by other Pioneer experiments. These values are much smaller than had been theoretically predicted.

The variation of the 5 to 500 MeV/nuc cosmic ray helium component was studied between 1 and 9 A.U. using essentially identical detector systems on Pioneer 10 and 11 and Helios I. Between 100 and 200 MeV/nuc a radial gradient of 3.3?1.3%/A.U. is found. At 15 MeV/nuc this value increases to 20?4%/A.U. Between 4 and 9 A.U. a well defined intensity maximum is observed at approximately 17 MeV/nuc. The average adiabatic energy loss between 1 and 9 A.U. is approximately 4 MeV/nuc/A.U. The observed radial variation between 1 and 9 A.U. is well described by the Gleeson-Axford force field solution of the modulation equations over an energy range extending from 15 to 500 MeV/nuc and is in good agreement with the results reported by other Pioneer experiments. These values are much smaller than had been theoretically predicted.

Technical facts about this news release: Back to entire collection [ http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/index/630/ ] Next release [ http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1992/02/ ] Previous release [ http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1992/12/ ] What is an American Astronomical Society Meeting release? A major news announcement issued at an American Astronomical Society meeting, the premier astronomy conference. Astronomers report today that they have found intriguing evidence that a black hole weighing over 2.6 billion times the mass of the Sun exists at the center of the giant elliptical galaxy M87, based upon images taken by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope (HST). The images show that stars become strongly concentrated towards the center of M87, as if drawn into the center and held there by the gravitational field of a massive black hole. Read more: * Release Text [ http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1992/01/text/ ]

Secret Space Volume II: Alien Invasion SSII ~ «QC'z/AR»

*Description*: Hubble Space Telescope in orbit as seen from the Space Shuttle. Technical facts about this news release: Back to entire collection [ http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/index/634/ ] Next release [ http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1992/03/ ] Previous release [ http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1992/10/ ] What is an American Astronomical Society Meeting release? A major news announcement issued at an American Astronomical Society meeting, the premier astronomy conference. Using a unique capability of NASA's Hubble Space Telescope (HST) astronomers announced today that they have detected the rare element boron in an ancient star. This element may be 'fossil' evidence of energetic events which accompanied the birth of our Milky Way galaxy. An alternative possibility is that this rare element may be even older, dating from the birth of our universe. If so, then the HST findings may force some modification in theories of the Big Bang itself. Read more: * Release Text [ http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1992/05/text/ ] *News Release Number:*: STScI-1992-05a

We continue our study of the global properties of the z=2 Schroedinger space-time. In particular, we provide a codimension 2 isometric embedding which naturally gives rise to the previously introduced global coordinates. Furthermore, we study the causal structure by probing the space-time with point particles as well as with scalar fields. We show that, even though there is no global time function in the technical sense (Schroedinger space-time being non-distinguishing), the time coordinate of the global Schroedinger coordinate system is, in a precise way, the closest one can get to having such a time function. In spite of this and the corresponding strongly Galilean and almost pathological causal structure of this space-time, it is nevertheless possible to define a Hilbert space of normalisable scalar modes with a well-defined time-evolution. We also discuss how the Galilean causal structure is reflected and encoded in the scalar Wightman functions and the bulk-to-bulk propagator.

A brief review is presented of what might result from a program of solar cosmic ray observations on 'out-of-the-ecliptic' spacecraft. The following topics are discussed: (1) The magnetic fields of the sun at high latitudes, (2) propagation of fast charged particles in the solar corona and in interplanetary space at high latitudes, (3) origin of interplanetary particle populations and the solar wind, (4) other particle phenomena in interplanetary space (e.g., acceleration of shock waves), and (5) effect of spacecraft mission characteristics on solar cosmic ray studies at high latitudes. Maps of polar coronal magnetic fields are shown.

*Description*: A picture of the barred spiral galaxy NGC 1068, taken with the 0.9-m telescope at Kitt Peak National observatory shows the bright nucleus. The inset is an HST WFPC narrow band image which shows clouds of ionized gas in the very center of the galaxy. Technical facts about this news release: Back to entire collection [ http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/index/661/ ] Next release [ http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1990/26/ ] Previous release [ http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1990/15/ ] *News Release Number:*: STScI-1990-13b

THE TOTAL PRESSURE AND THE FLOW ANGLE AT VARIOUS DISTANCES FROM THE AXIS WERE STUDIED FOR FOUR ROTOR SPEEDS. DATA OBTAINED WITH A CYLINDRICAL PROBE WHICH ROTATED WITH THE ROTOR ARE COMPARED WITH VALUES INDICATED BY THE SAME PROBE KEPT IN A FIXED POSITION. NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES CONCERNING THE MEAN TOTAL PRESSURE, OR THE FLOW ANGLE AT GREAT DISTANCES FROM THE AXIS COULD BE OBSERVED FOR BOTH PROBE POSITIONS. THERE WERE, HOWEVER, DIFFERENCES IN THE FLOW ANGLE AMOUNTING TO AS MUCH AS TWO DEG IN LOCATIONS NEAR THE AXIS.

Two topics related to the interaction of the solar wind with Venus are considered. First, a short review of the experimental evidence with particular attention to plasma measurements carried out on Mariner-5 and Mariner-10 is given. Secondly, the results of some recent theoretical work on the interaction of the solar wind with the ionosphere of Venus are summarized.

Evolution of the Voyager 1 and 2 Space Probes. Hydrogen without limits + artificial intelligence. Evoluciòn de las Sondas Espaciales Voyager 1 y 2.  Hidrògeno sin limites + inteligencia artificial. El hidrógeno es el elemento químico más abundante del universo, representando alrededor del 75% de la materia visible:  Es el primer elemento que se formó después del Big Bang.  En el espacio interestelar, el hidrógeno se encuentra junto con polvo y moléculas complejas en estado gaseoso, como el agua, el amoníaco y el metanol. Se encuentra en las estrellas y en los planetas gaseosos.  Es el combustible principal de las estrellas, donde se fusiona para producir energía y helio.  En la Tierra, el hidrógeno está combinado con otros elementos, como el oxígeno y el carbono, formando agua y compuestos orgánicos.  El hidrógeno se encuentra en el universo en forma atómica y en estado de plasma: En estado de plasma, el hidrógeno tiene una alta conductividad eléctrica y es el origen de la luz emitida por las estrellas. Bajo condiciones normales de presión y temperatura, el hidrógeno existe como gas diatómico, H2.  El hidrógeno es un elemento importante para estudiar el universo y su formación estelar: Se puede observar cómo se mueven las estrellas y el gas en las galaxias. Se puede detectar el estado del hidrógeno neutro en la época previa a la formación de las primeras estrellas. Dedicado a Aurora Lucia Cabral y a V'ger. .......

The microwave telecommunication links between the earth and deep space probes have long been used to conduct radio science experiments which take advantage of the phase coherency and stability of these links. These experiments measure changes in the phase delay of the signals to infer electrical, magnetic and gravitational properties of the solar system environment and beyond through which the spacecraft and radio signals pass. The precision oscillators, from which the phase of the microwave signals are derived, play a key role in the stability of these links and therefore the sensitivity of these measurements. These experiments have become a driving force behind recent and future improvements in the Deep Space Network and spacecraft oscillators and frequency and time distribution systems. Three such experiments which are key to these improvements are briefly discussed here and the relationship between their sensitivity and the signal phase stability is described. The first is the remote sensing of planetary atmospheres by occultation in which the radio signal passes through the atmosphere and is refracted causing the signal pathlength to change from which the pressure and the temperature of the atmosphere can be derived. The second experiment is determination of the opacity of planetary rings by passage of the radio signal through the rings. Because the signal is coherent, the diffraction effects can be removed resulting in resolutions of 10's to 100's of meters in the radial direction depending on a number of factors including the coherence time of the microwave signal. The third experiment is the search for very low frequency gravitational radiation. The fractional frequency variation of the signal is comparable to the spatial strain amplitude the system is capable of detecting. A summary of past results and future possibilities for these experiments are presented.

*Description*: In this view of the core of galaxy NGC 1068, NASA's Hubble Space Telescope reveals far more detail than has ever been seen from the ground. This picture was taken through a narrow band filter with HST's Wide Field and Planetary Camera (WF/PC). The image was then computer processed to show additional detail in the clouds of ionized gas in the nucleus of NGC 1068. Clouds as small as 10 light-years across are clearly resolved in the central 150 light-years of the core. The clouds are glowing because they are caught in a "searchlight" of radiation beamed out of the galaxy's energetic nucleus, which may contain a massive black hole. A schematic representation of this invisible cone of ionizing radiation has been artificially added to the image to illustrate how radiation is beamed from the hidden nucleus. Technical facts about this news release: Back to entire collection [ http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/index/661/ ] Next release [ http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1990/26/ ] Previous release [ http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1990/15/ ] *News Release Number:*: STScI-1990-13a

Early in calendar year 1958 Space Technology Laboratories, Inc. (STL) (then Space Technology Laboratories, a division of the Ramo-Wooldridge Corp.) developed for the Air Force Ballistic Missile Division (AFBMD) an Advanced Re-entry Test Vehicle (ARTV) for the purpose of testing ballistic missile nose cones at the full range of 5500 nautical miles. The two-stage ARTV utilized the Thor ballistic missile and the second stage propulsion system developed for the Vanguard program. In late 1957 and early 1958, STL/AFBMD prepared studies of various missile combinations which could be utilized for space testing. The Thor, in combination with the Vanguard second and third stages, was one of the vehicles considered which offered a very early capability of placing a reasonable payload in a lunar orbit. These STL/AFBMD studies were presented to various appropriate groups including the Killian, Millikan, H. J . Stewart Committees; Headquarters, Air Research and Development Command, and ARDC Centers. Subsequently the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) contacted STL relative to the availability of hardware for an early lunar shot. By utilizing existing spares already purchased for the ARTV, and by making use of the ARTV contractors already in being, it appeared feasible to launch by the third quarter of calendar year 1958 a payload which would be captured by the moon's gravitational force. On 27 March 1958, ARPA directed STL to proceed with a program of three lunar shots. As much as possible, these shots were to utilize existing ARTV spare hardware and impose no interference with the ballistic missile programs. In September this program was transferred to the direction of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). On 17 August 1958 the first launching of the Able-1 vehicle was attempted, but the flight was terminated by a propulsion failure of the first stage. Subsequent launchings were attempted on 13 October and 8 November 1958. Of these launchirigs the October attempt was the most successful. Although the payload did not reach the vicinity of the moon, a maximum altitude of 71,700 was attained, and useful scientific data was obtained from the instrumentation.

A major concern in the integration of a radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) with a spacecraft designed to explore the outer planets is the effect of the emitted radiation on the normal operation of scientific instruments. The necessary techniques and tools developed to allow accurate calculation of the neutron and gamma spectrum emanating from the RTG. The specific sources of radiation were identified and quantified. Monte Carlo techniques are then employed to perform the nuclear transport calculations. The results of these studies are presented. An extensive experimental program was initiated to measure the response of a number of scientific components to the nuclear radiation.

A major concern in the integration of a radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) with a spacecraft designed to explore the outer planets is the effect of the emitted radiation on the normal operation of scientific instruments. The necessary techniques and tools developed to allow accurate calculation of the neutron and gamma spectrum emanating from the RTG. The specific sources of radiation were identified and quantified. Monte Carlo techniques are then employed to perform the nuclear transport calculations. The results of these studies are presented. An extensive experimental program was initiated to measure the response of a number of scientific components to the nuclear radiation.

Approved For Release.2000/08/28 : CIA-RDP66R00638R000100140002-6 asber 1962 l>r .f C l A s.~ il' sf IF - Tail" - II 7:x=1 : Publicity on Failure of Soviet Space Probes 1. `!t the request of Carl :aysen. I attach herewith a tact sheet on six viet failures in probing space. To t 9.g best of our Irnowledge, these are the only such probes they have attempted. A9 I understand it, this fact sheet is to be used obliquely by NASA in response to a letter to ten to ;`r. i ebb by _,,~r. Uoyd Ber1cner. Z. The fact sheet contains much information -ich is classified Secret. The inforAnation tron which the :fact sheet was developed has been obtaialed from r any intelligence sources, soy ;.e of them our re ost s z +it : o.. There is enough collateral infori ation available to warrant .anclassif%k;d puhlicstiu:l of this fact sheet without blowing the cover of c.c ics you know, once a Approved For Release 2000/08/28 : CIA-RDP66R00638R000100140002-6 Approved For Release 2000/08/28 : CIA-RDP66R00638R000100140002-6 subject is open to public discussion, most people having access to highly sensitive information let down their guard and blurt out the truth. I am fearful that this will occur in this instance and that our entire box of tricks will be subject to the most careful and painstaking scrutiny by public information :media. I trust that all concerned will bear this in m :mind to avoid the proliferation that could easily occur. 3. In order that the intelligence community be at least partially relieved of the probing outlined above, it would be advisable to make clear that this type of information is a normal collection responsibility of the NORAD SPADAT syster . Marshall S. Carter Lieutenant General, USA Acting Director MSC:bec Orig & 1 - Handcarried to addressee via Mr. Kaysen ,-T"- DD/R w/cy attachment 1 - AD/SI w/cy attachment 1 - DDCI w/cy attachment 1 - ER via Executive Director w/cy attachment 1 - O/DCI~ w/cy attachment SECRET Approved For Release 2000/08/28 : CIA-RDP66R00638R000100140002-6

Approved For Release.2000/08/28 : CIA-RDP66R00638R000100140002-6 asber 1962 l>r .f C l A s.~ il' sf IF - Tail" - II 7:x=1 : Publicity on Failure of Soviet Space Probes 1. `!t the request of Carl :aysen. I attach herewith a tact sheet on six viet failures in probing space. To t 9.g best of our Irnowledge, these are the only such probes they have attempted. A9 I understand it, this fact sheet is to be used obliquely by NASA in response to a letter to ten to ;`r. i ebb by _,,~r. Uoyd Ber1cner. Z. The fact sheet contains much information -ich is classified Secret. The inforAnation tron which the :fact sheet was developed has been obtaialed from r any intelligence sources, soy ;.e of them our re ost s z +it : o.. There is enough collateral infori ation available to warrant .anclassif%k;d puhlicstiu:l of this fact sheet without blowing the cover of c.c ics you know, once a Approved For Release 2000/08/28 : CIA-RDP66R00638R000100140002-6 Approved For Release 2000/08/28 : CIA-RDP66R00638R000100140002-6 subject is open to public discussion, most people having access to highly sensitive information let down their guard and blurt out the truth. I am fearful that this will occur in this instance and that our entire box of tricks will be subject to the most careful and painstaking scrutiny by public information :media. I trust that all concerned will bear this in m :mind to avoid the proliferation that could easily occur. 3. In order that the intelligence community be at least partially relieved of the probing outlined above, it would be advisable to make clear that this type of information is a normal collection responsibility of the NORAD SPADAT syster . Marshall S. Carter Lieutenant General, USA Acting Director MSC:bec Orig & 1 - Handcarried to addressee via Mr. Kaysen ,-T"- DD/R w/cy attachment 1 - AD/SI w/cy attachment 1 - DDCI w/cy attachment 1 - ER via Executive Director w/cy attachment 1 - O/DCI~ w/cy attachment SECRET Approved For Release 2000/08/28 : CIA-RDP66R00638R000100140002-6

Over the past few years the arithmetic Langlands program has proven useful in addressing physical problems. In this paper it is shown how Langlands' reciprocity conjecture for automorphic forms, in combination with a representation theoretic notion of motives, suggests a framework in which the entropy of automorphic black holes can be viewed as a probe of spacetime that is sensitive to the geometry of the extra dimensions predicted by string theory. If it were possible to produce black holes with automorphic entropy in the laboratory their evaporation would provide us with information about the precise shape of the compact geometry.