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The study experimentally examined effects of oil spillage on the soils in Imo State, Nigeria. Data collection, six sites (Oru West &East, Ngor-Okpala, Obowo, Isiala Mbano, Ikeduru and Ezinihitte) reflecting oil spilled, and non- oil spilled areas. Soil samples collected from twelve random sample points per-plot at surface and subsurface depth of 0-15cm and 15-30cm. Fcal. generated analysed using ANOVA and Regression. Fcal.10.21 greater than F-Critical of 4.49 (F.cal>F.critical) at 0.05 level of significance, indicates that oil impacted soil are richer in soil chemical characteristics than non-impacted area. Multiple linear regression with correlation coefficient (r= 0.941) between depth at Orlu zone, Ngor-Okpalla (r= 0.845),Obowo(r=0.918),indicates strong and positive correlation between the two areas in terms of depth. Study revealed, the soils found in the area have high composition of silt, acidic and contains high amount of carbon. Organic carbon in oil impacted soil and at non-impacted area was lower and total hydrocarbon content (THC) value higher in comparison with the value at non- impact. Hypothesis shows oil impacted soils were richer in soil chemical characteristics than non-impacted soils with a calculated value 0.025.Study recommends frequent inspection of pipelines and replacement of worn-out pipes to avoid future oil spillages in the area.

This report contains an extensive review on the nature of soil- pesticide interactions. Included are discussions on (1) the unique properties of the sorbing soil surfaces, (2) exchangeable cations on clay surfaces, (3) hydration status of soils, (4) properties of pesticides, (5) organic matter content of soils, (6) photolysis of organophosphorus pesticides, and (7) microbial degradation of organophosphorus pesticides. From the above information, the potential interactions of chemical warfare agents and soils were evaluated and discussed. This report also contains an evaluation and discussion of available models for predicting evaporation of organic chemicals from soil. The evaporation models presented include approaches taken by soil scientists and those taken by the chemical warfare community. Keywords: Toxic chemicals; Chemical warfare agents; Degradation of chemicals; Sorption- desorption isotherms; Diffusion of chemicals in soil; Pesticide-type chemicals; Organophosphorus compounds; Biodegradation of CW agents; Soil organic matter; Evaporation of pesticides & CW agents; Photolysis.

This report contains an extensive review on the nature of soil- pesticide interactions. Included are discussions on (1) the unique properties of the sorbing soil surfaces, (2) exchangeable cations on clay surfaces, (3) hydration status of soils, (4) properties of pesticides, (5) organic matter content of soils, (6) photolysis of organophosphorus pesticides, and (7) microbial degradation of organophosphorus pesticides. From the above information, the potential interactions of chemical warfare agents and soils were evaluated and discussed. This report also contains an evaluation and discussion of available models for predicting evaporation of organic chemicals from soil. The evaporation models presented include approaches taken by soil scientists and those taken by the chemical warfare community. Keywords: Toxic chemicals; Chemical warfare agents; Degradation of chemicals; Sorption- desorption isotherms; Diffusion of chemicals in soil; Pesticide-type chemicals; Organophosphorus compounds; Biodegradation of CW agents; Soil organic matter; Evaporation of pesticides & CW agents; Photolysis.

Book chapter

XII Seiten, Seite 444-968. :

205 p. 23 cm

205 p. 23 cm

205 p. 23 cm

205 p. 23 cm

In this study, the supply of and demand for carbon storage and sequestration of woody biomass in the socio-ecological environment of the Wabe River catchment in Gurage Mountains, Ethiopia, were estimated. This information was subsequently integrated into a map that showed the balance between supply capacities and demand in a spatially explicit manner to inform planners and decision makers on methods used to manage local climate change. Field data for wood biomass and soil were collected, satellite images for land use and land cover (LULC) were classified, and secondary data from statistics and studies for estimation were obtained. Carbon storage, the rate of carbon sequestration and the rate of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from diverse sources at different LULCs, was estimated accordingly by several methods. Even though a large amount of carbon was stored in the catchment, the current yearly sequestration was less than the CO2-eq. GHG emissions. Forest and Enset-based agroforestry emissions exhibited the highest amount of woody biomass, and cereal crop and wetland exhibited the highest decrease in soil carbon sequestration. CO2-eq. GHG emissions are mainly caused by livestock, nitrogenous fertilizer consumption, and urban activities. The net negative emissions were estimated for the LULC classes of cereal crop, grazing land, and urban areas. In conclusion, without any high-emission industries, GHG emissions can be greater than the regulatory capacity of ecosystems in the socio-ecological environment. This quantification approach can provide information to policy and decision makers to enable them to tackle climate change at the root level. Thus, measures to decrease emission levels and enhance the sequestration capacity are crucial to mitigate the globally delivered service in a specific area. Further studies on the effects of land use alternatives on net emissions are recommended to obtain in-depth knowledge on sustainable land use planning.

Wastewater from oil fields may be an option for irrigation, especially in regions which have low rainfall with high variability. The aim was to evaluate the composition and decomposition of shoot biomass from sunflower plants irrigated with water from oil wells,which had been subjected to filtering (FPW) and reverse osmosis (OPW), using groundwater (UGW) as a reference.Two tests were then carried out to evaluate decomposition of the residue. In the first test, residues produced with FPW, OPW and UGWwere incubated in soil and irrigated with groundwater (UGW). In the second test, residues from plants irrigated with UGW were also incubated,but irrigated with FPW, OPW and UGW. Significant differences were seen in the levels of Na, Mg and lignin in the residues with the use of FPW, showing greater levels for Na, and lower levels for Mg and lignin. The loss in biomass of the incubated residues was not significant in either test; this was not seen in the Mg e Nwith smaller losses than the biomass, or theNa, K e S with greater losses, especially when produced with FPW and OPW respectively. In the residue produced with UGW, differences were identified for Ca and Na, with the order of losses for type of water being UGW=FPW> OPW and OPW=UGW>FPW respectively. Irrigation using water from oil extraction alters the chemical characteristics of the soil and the composition of cultivated plants at a level sufficient to influence the rate of decomposition of the organic residue.

Evaluating the soil evaporation loss rate in a gravel-sand mulching environment based on stable isotopes data 作者： YANG Ye ZHANG Mingjun ZHANG Yu WANG Shengjie WANG Jiaxin 作者单位： 1. College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; 提交时间： 2022-10-13 soil evaporation loss rate gravel-sand mulching stable isotopes line-conditioned excess coupled Rayleigh fractionation model Craig-Gordon model 期刊： Journal of Arid Land 分类： 农、林、牧、渔 >> 农业基础学科 引用： ChinaXiv:202210.00061 (或此版本 ChinaXiv:202210.00061V1 ) DOI:10.1007/s40333-022-0101-1 CSTR:32003.36.ChinaXiv.202210.00061.V1 推荐引用方式： YANG Ye,ZHANG Mingjun,ZHANG Yu,WANG Shengjie,WANG Jiaxin.(2022).Evaluating the soil evaporation loss rate in a gravel-sand mulching environment based on stable isotopes data.Journal of Arid Land.doi:10.1007/s40333-022-0101-1 版本历史 [V1] 2022-10-13 20:02:00 ChinaXiv:202210.00061V1 下载全文

Evaluating the soil evaporation loss rate in a gravel-sand mulching environment based on stable isotopes data 作者： YANG Ye ZHANG Mingjun ZHANG Yu WANG Shengjie WANG Jiaxin 作者单位： 1. College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; 提交时间： 2022-10-13 soil evaporation loss rate gravel-sand mulching stable isotopes line-conditioned excess coupled Rayleigh fractionation model Craig-Gordon model 期刊： Journal of Arid Land 分类： 农、林、牧、渔 >> 农业基础学科 引用： ChinaXiv:202210.00061 (或此版本 ChinaXiv:202210.00061V1 ) DOI:10.1007/s40333-022-0101-1 CSTR:32003.36.ChinaXiv.202210.00061.V1 推荐引用方式： YANG Ye,ZHANG Mingjun,ZHANG Yu,WANG Shengjie,WANG Jiaxin.(2022).Evaluating the soil evaporation loss rate in a gravel-sand mulching environment based on stable isotopes data.Journal of Arid Land.doi:10.1007/s40333-022-0101-1 版本历史 [V1] 2022-10-13 20:02:00 ChinaXiv:202210.00061V1 下载全文

Three different sets of tests are proposed for the NASA Spacelab experimental program. The first of tests, designed to measure the true cohesion of several different soils, would be carried out in space through use of a specially prepared direct shear apparatus. As part of this first series of tests, it is recommended that a set of drained unconfined compression tests be performed terrestrially on the same soils as tested in space. A form of the direct tension test is planned to measure the true tensile strength of the same types of soils used in the first series of tests. The direct tension tests could be performed terrestrially. The combined results of the direct shear tests, direct tension tests, and unconfined compression tests can be used to construct approximate failure envelopes for the soils tested in the region of the stress origin. Relationships between true cohesion and true tensile strength can also be investigated. In addition, the role of physio-chemical variables should be studied. The third set of tests involves using a multiaxial cubical or true triaxial test apparatus to investigate the influence of gravity induced fabric anisotropy and stress nonhomogeneities on the stress strain behavior of cohesive soils at low effective stress levels. These tests would involve both in space and terrestrial laboratory testing.

The assessment of n-decane concentration in the diffusion of crude oil in different soil environment was investigated by the help of experiment. Three cylindrical reactors 125cm high and 13.8cm in diameter were designed and transferred three different soils into the reactors clay soil, loamy soil and sandy soil respectively. 

The assessment of n-decane concentration in the diffusion of crude oil in different soil environment was investigated by the help of experiment. Three cylindrical reactors 125cm high and 13.8cm in diameter were designed and transferred three different soils into the reactors clay soil, loamy soil and sandy soil respectively. 

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NAS 1.26:3365 Digitized from IA1177305-10-0006 , IA1177305-10-0007 .

Soil science embraces physical, chemical, biological, physiological genetic-cartographical, and applied sciences. In order to define accurately the field of soil science, it is necessary to give an exact definition of what one means by soil. Soil is a constantly changing, living earth cover, exposed to continual change due to the effect of insolation, precipitation, and living organisms. The formation and existence of soils depend upon special circumstances and factors that may be called collectively, soil-forming factors. These factors are characteristic of all soil types. Upon these soil-forming factors depend the peculiar structure of the soil and the physical, chemical, and biological properties that differentiate soils. This report deals with the above factors in the hope that such an evaluation would be beneficial to those who may be required, at some future time, to determine interactions of chemical warfare agents and soils.

Soil science embraces physical, chemical, biological, physiological genetic-cartographical, and applied sciences. In order to define accurately the field of soil science, it is necessary to give an exact definition of what one means by soil. Soil is a constantly changing, living earth cover, exposed to continual change due to the effect of insolation, precipitation, and living organisms. The formation and existence of soils depend upon special circumstances and factors that may be called collectively, soil-forming factors. These factors are characteristic of all soil types. Upon these soil-forming factors depend the peculiar structure of the soil and the physical, chemical, and biological properties that differentiate soils. This report deals with the above factors in the hope that such an evaluation would be beneficial to those who may be required, at some future time, to determine interactions of chemical warfare agents and soils.

Release and environmental consequences of drug residues pose a major challenge for soil quality management. This review aims to synthesis the literature related to the transformations of anticancer drugs at the soil-water interphase and their ecological effects. Pharmaceutical drugs, including anticancer drugs originate form point and non-point sources of human and animal background. While detrimental effects of anticancer drug residues on human health are widely reported, a relatively little body of knowledge focuses on their persistence, decomposition and interaction with soil biological health and quality. Assessment of the potential ecotoxicological effect of the residues of anti-cancer drugs is far less frequent compared to other xenobiotics. However, a substantial concern is growing to understand the fate of these drug residues in the environment, particularly, under high environmental risk scenarios. Sewage sludge and hospital wastewaters are the primary sources of anticancer drug residues into the soil and their effects and transformations in soil depend on nature and persistence of drug residues. Depending upon their structure, anticancer drug residues can undergo biodegradation and biochemical transformations to form highly mobile molecules, which move into surface and ground waters, ultimately end up in the soil to alter microbial communities and their functions associated with flow of energy, nutrient cycling and ecosystem functions. This manuscript reviews the behavior of anticancer pharmaceutical residue in the soil environment in terms of effects on soil functions and quality by summarizing the limited available data.

14 p. ; 28 cm

The majority of field studies of Collembola and Acarina have shown that aggregations are a common feature of the distribution of these arthropods. In attempting to find the cause of these aggregations, the use of the correlation coefficient between the number of arthropods and measures of the physical environment is problematical since cause and effect cannot be established from the significance or otherwise of this coefficient. In controlled laboratory environments the location of a food source tends to be of importance in determining the site if not the size of an aggregation. Data are presented for a Scots pine (Plnus sy!vestrls) forest soil in Perthshire, Scotland. Areas of high nutrient status have different size dimensions. Aggregated distributions of arthropods are frequent, and these are divided somewhat subjectively into large (gradients) and small (distinct) aggregations. In general, it will be shown that predatory species are less strongly aggregated than detritus and fungus feeders. The distinct aggregations can be uniformly or randomly distributed or aggregated themselves. It is shown that in some species more aggregations are formed at higher population densities, whilst in other species the number of arthropods per aggregation increases with population density. The whole community is analysed by both principal component and factor analyses. The results of these two methods are not particularly different, though rotation of the axes in a factor analysis might assist in the biological interpretation. The general conclusion that can be drawn from these analyses is that the most important effect on the arthropod community is structural, a combination of depth in the soil, soil water content and pore space, but that these influences are so closely correlated that their individual effects, if any, are inseparable. There is a discussion of aggregation in soil arthropods and pattern in plant communities. The causes of both are complex and may relate to the establishment of a larger population density than in an unaggregated population. The comparative stability of the soil environment may contribute to its species richness.