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Capstone week4

Capstone week4

Capstone week4

Capstone week4

When a real time system has a mixed set of time critical tasks, including tasks with hard headlines and tasks with soft deadlines, managing a mixed set of tasks in a timely manner becomes harder and requires a multi-level architecture. This thesis concentrates on building such an architecture. The proposed architecture is based on the current Computer Aided Prototype System (CAPS) architecture, which only deals with hard real time and non-time-critical tasks. Priority based scheduling techniques are used along with Ada tasking to schedule different levels of tasks. Periodic hard real time polling tasks are used to insert sporadic soft real time tasks into the system. A method is developed to assign deadlines to soft real time tasks dynamically. Two tasking packages are added to the system for scheduling and execution of soft real time tasks. The Earliest Deadline First (EDF) algorithm is used dynamically to schedule soft real time tasks. A pilot prototype is developed to test the proposed architecture via a run time monitoring package. The results show that the proposed system guarantees that all hard real time tasks meet their deadlines and an acceptably small percentage of soft real time tasks miss their deadlines.

The design of a flexible, real-time software architecture for trajectory planning and automatic control of redundant manipulators is described. Emphasis is placed on a technique of designing control systems that are both flexible and robust yet have good real-time performance. The solution presented involves an artificial intelligence algorithm that dynamically reprograms the real-time control system while planning system behavior.

This Final Technical Report for the Software and Systems Test Track (SWTT) Architecture and Concept Definition Phase I effort provides documentation on the work accomplished by a Boeing-led team in developing a user Concept of Operations (CONOPS) and Architecture for the emerging SWTT. The objective of the SWTT is to provide an open collaborative research and development environment to demonstrate, evaluate and document the ability of novel tools, methods, techniques and run-time technologies to yield affordable and more predictable software intensive systems.

To implement the capabilities conceptualized in the National Military Strategy complex secure networks of weapon systems intelligence platforms and command-and-control mechanisms must be seamlessly integrated and maintained over time. Accurate and timely information will enable National Military Strategy key tenets to be realized. These networks are central warfighting platforms in the information age. As these capabilities are developed over time in an evolutionary manner interoperability on the Net-Centric Warfare (NCW) networks is essential and both hardware and software systems must be designed in an Open-systems Architecture (QA) fashion to accommodate the vast number of changes anticipated. Professional Program Management will be needed to successfully develop these key warfighting platforms. Materiel Developers will need to recognize the relatively immature nature of the software engineering domains and actively compensate for this immaturity. System software performance capabilities must be much more detailed than typical hardware-centric systems as the current state of software engineering disciplines is unlikely to satisfy implied yet critical performance requirements. Essential QA performance characteristics including Maintainability Upgradability lnterfaces/lnteroperability Reliability Safety and Security (MUIRSS) must be fully analyzed and clearly communicated to the software developer to ensure the DoD obtains the flexibility and longevity desired from NCW systems.

A centralized (or even distributed) system admits only one correct answer to a question at a time. In contrast, a decentralized one allows several agents to hold different opinions, all equally valid. While the term decentralization is familiar from political and economic contexts, it has been applied extensively, if indiscriminately, to describe recent trends in software architecture towards integrating services across organizational boundaries. This technical report investigates how decentralization can be defined in the context of software architecture; provides a formal model of two causes of decentralization (latency and agency); reviews historical trends forcing decentralization in software; and designs, implements, and evaluates a proposed software architectural style called DECentralized Event Notification Transfer (DECENT). The author believes its principal contributions will include the following: (1) formally exposing the often-tacit requirement for simultaneity between components; (2) novel rationales for adopting event-based communication, standardized application protocols, and stateless messaging; (3) describing application-layer internetworking of software services across several routers rather than a central bus; (4) a microkernel-like refactoring of traditional messaging middleware on top of a basic event model; (5) techniques for using consistent hashing to increase reliability, availability, and scalability of decentralized services; and (6) evaluation of the effectiveness of DECENT-style architecture for enabling 3rd and 4th parties to add properties such as security and interoperability without modifying the original services.

Software architecture is critical to the quality of a software-intensive system. For an acquisition organization, such as the Department of Defense (DoD), the ability to evaluate software architectures early in an acquisition can have a favorable impact on the delivered system. This technical note discusses the role of software architecture evaluations in a system acquisition and describes the contractual elements that are needed to accommodate architecture evaluations in an acquisition. The note then provides an example of contractual language that incorporates the Architecture Tradeoff Analysis MethodSM (ATAMSM) as a software architecture evaluation method in a system acquisition.

UAV systems architectures rank among the most complex ones with high safety requirements. Some new software tools have recently emerged that are worth to be known. This lecture was given to advertise four of them on the following topics : I) Static verification of real time software, to avoid run-time errors, typically what happen for Ariane V; 2) Simulation of real time architecture to optimize conception and validate the final choice; 3) edition of command and control software with interpreted properties like on-line automatic reprogramming; 4) optimization under constraints for continuous and discrete processes.

The Undersea Cooperative Cueing and Intervention (UC2I) Program objectives include a heavy emphasis on developing autonomy for both unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) and Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USVs). The mission objective is to utilize a collection of such assets, each with different sensors, range, endurance, speed, and communications capabilities to work together to rapidly search and map a minefield area on the order of 100 x 100 kilometers in five days or under. This program explores the gain achieved by utilizing assets in a coordinated manner. Working together includes not only intervehicle cueing and sharing of information, but also the transportation, launch and recovery of UUVs from USVs. The possible configurations of platform assets, sensors, sensing algorithms, navigation algorithms and autonomy algorithms is enormous. Of significant concern to the Navy and the execution of this program is the ability to explore this configuration space to find the most effective system for achieving mission objectives. Practically speaking, this not only requires that software solutions are decoupled from hardware solutions, but that the collection of software modules that comprise the sensing, navigation and vehicle autonomy algorithms are also decoupled from one another. This white paper outlines the plan and software architecture ground rules for the UC2I program to meet that objective.

Software engineers will typically spend 50% or more of the total software development time designing software architecture, and that architecture may provide up to 80% of a modern weapon system's functionality. Increasingly, these systems will operate within a network or other system-of-systems architecture. Obviously, the requirements driving that architectural design effort and the process for tracing requirement to functions, insight into the process, and control of the effort are critical for the successful development of the capability needed by the warfighter. The DoD typically monitors and controls system technical development through implementation of the Baselines, Audits and Technical Reviews within an overarching Systems Engineering Process (SEP) (Defense Acquisition University, 2004, December, chap. 4). Because of the relatively immature software engineering environment, significantly more analysis and development of the requirements is required. In addition, the software architectural design effort is dependent on in-depth requirements analysis, is resource intensive, and must occur very early in the process. Effective management and implementation of design metrics is essential in developing software that meets the warfighters' needs. This management and metrics effort supplements and supports the system technical development through the Baselines, Audits and Technical Reviews.

The Space Telecommunications Radio System (STRS) project investigated various Software Defined Radio (SDR) architectures for Space. An STRS architecture has been selected that separates the STRS operating environment from its various waveforms and also abstracts any specialized hardware to limit its effect on the operating environment. The design supports software evolution where new functionality is incorporated into the radio. Radio hardware functionality has been moving from hardware based ASICs into firmware and software based processors such as FPGAs, DSPs and General Purpose Processors (GPPs). Use cases capture the requirements of a system by describing how the system should interact with the users or other systems (the actors) to achieve a specific goal. The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is used to illustrate the Use Cases in a variety of ways. The Top Level Use Case diagram shows groupings of the use cases and how the actors are involved. The state diagrams depict the various states that a system or object may be in and the transitions between those states. The sequence diagrams show the main flow of activity as described in the use cases.

The Space Telecommunications Radio System (STRS) project investigated various Software Defined Radio (SDR) architectures for Space. An STRS architecture has been selected that separates the STRS operating environment from its various waveforms and also abstracts any specialized hardware to limit its effect on the operating environment. The design supports software evolution where new functionality is incorporated into the radio. Radio hardware functionality has been moving from hardware based ASICs into firmware and software based processors such as FPGAs, DSPs and General Purpose Processors (GPPs). Use cases capture the requirements of a system by describing how the system should interact with the users or other systems (the actors) to achieve a specific goal. The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is used to illustrate the Use Cases in a variety of ways. The Top Level Use Case diagram shows groupings of the use cases and how the actors are involved. The state diagrams depict the various states that a system or object may be in and the transitions between those states. The sequence diagrams show the main flow of activity as described in the use cases.

The role of software ecosystems in the development and evolution of heterogeneously-licensed open architecture systems has received insufficient consideration. Such systems are composed of components potentially under two or more licenses, open source or proprietary or both, in an architecture in which evolution can occur by evolving existing components, replacing them, or refactoring. The software licenses of the components both facilitate and constrain the system's ecosystem and its evolution, and the licenses' rights and obligations are crucial in producing an acceptable system. Consequently, software component licenses and the architectural composition of a system determine the software ecosystem niche where a systems lies. Understanding and describing software ecosystem niches is a key contribution of this work. A case study of an open architecture software system that articulates different niches is employed to this end. We examine how the architecture and software component licenses of a composed system at design-time, build-time, and run-time help determine the system's software ecosystem niche and provide insight and guidance for identifying and selecting potential evolutionary paths of system, architecture, and niches.

This document provides information regarding architectural features of the ModSAF application. Various sections discuss the basic concepts of ModSAF, the physical and behavioral models, architectural support, functional components, design methodology, and the procedures for extending ModSAF with new objects or behaviors. The last chapter steps the reader through the process of defining, building, and executing new capabilities in ModSAF.

One of the primary reasons for adopting the architecture of an existing successful computer family as the architecture for a future Military Computer Family is the potential utility of the existing support software base. As such, the evaluation of the amount of support software for each of the three finalist architectures was deemed to constitute a very important factor in the overall selection process. This paper details the software evaluation process utilized as well as the quantitative results of that process. (Author)

Data parallel languages such as Vienna Fortran and HPF can be successfully applied to a wide range of numerical applications. However, many advanced scientific and engineering applications are of a multidisciplinary and heterogeneous nature and thus do not fit well into the data parallel paradigm. In this paper we present new Fortran 90 language extensions to fill this gap. Tasks can be spawned as asynchronous activities in a homogeneous or heterogeneous computing environment; they interact by sharing access to Shared Data Abstractions (SDA's). SDA's are an extension of Fortran 90 modules, representing a pool of common data, together with a set of Methods for controlled access to these data and a mechanism for providing persistent storage. Our language supports the integration of data and task parallelism as well as nested task parallelism and thus can be used to express multidisciplinary applications in a natural and efficient way.

Data parallel languages such as Vienna Fortran and HPF can be successfully applied to a wide range of numerical applications. However, many advanced scientific and engineering applications are of a multidisciplinary and heterogeneous nature and thus do not fit well into the data parallel paradigm. In this paper we present new Fortran 90 language extensions to fill this gap. Tasks can be spawned as asynchronous activities in a homogeneous or heterogeneous computing environment; they interact by sharing access to Shared Data Abstractions (SDA's). SDA's are an extension of Fortran 90 modules, representing a pool of common data, together with a set of Methods for controlled access to these data and a mechanism for providing persistent storage. Our language supports the integration of data and task parallelism as well as nested task parallelism and thus can be used to express multidisciplinary applications in a natural and efficient way.

Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology

Abstract : Within the framework of this paper, the analysis of software systems of question-answering type and their basic architectures has been carried out. With the development of machine learning technologies, creation of natural language processing (NLP) engines, as well as the rising popularity of virtual personal assistant programs that use the capabilities of speech synthesis (text-to-speech), there is a growing need in developing question-answering systems which can provide personalized answers to users' questions. All modern cloud providers proposed frameworks for organization of question answering systems but still we have a problem with personalized dialogs. Personalization is very important, it can put forward additional demands to a question-answering system’s capabilities to take this information into account while processing users’ questions. Traditionally, a question-answering system (QAS) is developed in the form of an application that contains a knowledge base and a user interface, which provides a user with answers to questions, and a means of interaction with an expert. In this article we analyze modern approaches to architecture development and try to build system from the building blocks that already exist on the market. Main criteria for the NLP modules were: support of the Ukrainian language, natural language understanding, functions of automatic definition of entities (attributes), ability to construct a dialogue flow, quality and completeness of documentation, API capabilities and integration with external systems, possibilities of external knowledge bases integration After provided analyses article propose the detailed architecture of the question-answering subsystem with elements of self-learning in the Ukrainian language. In the work you can find detailed description of main semantic components of the system (architecture components).

Agenda: Symptoms of failure, Concepts of scale, Root-cause analysis, Architectural tactics that can help, Typical problems and their resolution.

The U.S. Defense community denotes an ecosystem of system or software componentproducers, system integrators, and customer organizations. For a variety of reasons thiscommunity now embraces the need to utilize open source software (OSS) and proprietaryclosed source software (CSS) in the system capabilities or software components it acquires,design, develops, deploys, and sustains. But the long-term transition to agile and adaptivecapabilities that integrate bespoke or legacy, OSS and CSS components, has surfaced anumber of issues that require acquisition-research-led approaches and solutions. In thispaper, we identify and describe six key issues now found in the Defense software ecosystem:(1) unknown or unclear software architectural representations; (2) how to best deal withdiverse, heterogeneous software IP licenses; (3) how to address cybersecurity requirements;(4) challenges arising in software integration and release pipelines; (5) how OSS evolutionpatterns transform software IP and cybersecurity requirements; and (6) the emergence ofnew business models for software distribution, cost accounting, and software distribution. Weuse the domain of command and control systems under different acquisition scenarios as ourfocus to help illuminate these issues along the way. We close with suggestions for how toresolve them.

Architecture Report documents investigations towards the definition of a Process-based Software Engineering Environment (PSEE) Reference Architecture. Those investigations are in support of the definition of a component-based architectural approach for the rapid construction of PSEEs. It represents work in progress. these investigations were conducted within the Architectures and Models for Next Generation Process-based SEEs' project; they also revise and enhance prior related work. This document is to be the first in a series of Architecture Reports to be delivered by this contract (pending continuous funding). This document actually consists of eleven (11) reports and four (4) references which provide technical data related to the current state (art and practice) of SEEs including architectural recommendations, requirements, and lessons learned; the data was gathered from national and international efforts and systems, and includes recent developments in the commercial sector and research programs. A key underlying assumption of this work is community participation and community consensus; therefore, some of the documents have been jointly developed with members of the community.

The ObjectAgent system is being developed to create an agent-based software architecture for autonomous distributed systems. Agents are used to implement all of the software functionality and communicate through simplified natural language messages. Decision-making and fault detection and recovery capabilities are built-in at all levels. During the first phase of development, ObjectAgent was prototyped in Matlab. A complete, GUI-based environment was developed for the creation, simulation, and analysis of multi-agent, multi-satellite systems. Collision avoidance and reconfiguration simulations were performed for a cluster of four satellites.

The client is producing software-intensive, distributed systems in short development cycles (90 day increment spins). The DoD JCIDS process requires the documentation of systems in the form of certain DODAF products. Occasionally this documentation is created after the fact and not as a basis for Modeling & Simulation or software development (notion: coding is faster than architecting) Effort spent on architecture development is essentially wasted, since architecture products are not used for value-added delivery, and architecture models and code evolve separate from each other.

Designers of complex software systems, finding the scope of the problem beyond their cognitive abilities to grasp all at once, often attempt to cope by decomposing the original design problem into more manageable sub-problems. In software design, this decomposition is usually carried out in an ad hoc, intuitive fashion by the system architect. Software research has shown that poor decisions during this preliminary design state can lead to serious problems, difficult to correct during later stages of the system development cycle. The aim of the present research is to help develop a new software design method--the Systematic Design Methodology, or SDM. SDM is intended to aid the software architect in carrying out preliminary design activities, and in synthesizing a design problem structure for the system under consideration. Using SDM involves developing a graph model of a system's functional requirements and their implementation interdependencies, then decomposing the graph using heuristic techniques such as cluster analysis or graph partitioning algorithms. A quantified objective function posessing high strength, with low coupling between subproblems, is used to locate the best graph decomposition.

Designers of complex software systems, finding the scope of the problem beyond their cognitive abilities to grasp all at once, often attempt to cope by decomposing the original design problem into more manageable sub-problems. In software design, this decomposition is usually carried out in an ad hoc, intuitive fashion by the system architect. Software research has shown that poor decisions during this preliminary design state can lead to serious problems, difficult to correct during later stages of the system development cycle. The aim of the present research is to help develop a new software design method--the Systematic Design Methodology, or SDM. SDM is intended to aid the software architect in carrying out preliminary design activities, and in synthesizing a design problem structure for the system under consideration. Using SDM involves developing a graph model of a system's functional requirements and their implementation interdependencies, then decomposing the graph using heuristic techniques such as cluster analysis or graph partitioning algorithms. A quantified objective function posessing high strength, with low coupling between subproblems, is used to locate the best graph decomposition.

Designers of complex software systems, finding the scope of the problem beyond their cognitive abilities to grasp all at once, often attempt to cope by decomposing the original design problem into more manageable sub-problems. In software design, this decomposition is usually carried out in an ad hoc, intuitive fashion by the system architect. Software research has shown that poor decisions during this preliminary design state can lead to serious problems, difficult to correct during later stages of the system development cycle. The aim of the present research is to help develop a new software design method--the Systematic Design Methodology, or SDM. SDM is intended to aid the software architect in carrying out preliminary design activities, and in synthesizing a design problem structure for the system under consideration. Using SDM involves developing a graph model of a system's functional requirements and their implementation interdependencies, then decomposing the graph using heuristic techniques such as cluster analysis or graph partitioning algorithms. A quantified objective function posessing high strength, with low coupling between subproblems, is used to locate the best graph decomposition.

During many crises, access to sensitive emergency-support information is required to save lives and property. For example, for effective evacuations first responders need the names and addresses of non-ambulatory residents. Yet, currently, access to such information may not be possible because government policy makers and third-party data providers lack confidence that today's IT systems will protect their data. Our approach to the management of emergency information provides first responders with temporary, transient access to sensitive information, and ensures that the information is revoked after the emergency. The following contributions are presented: a systematic analysis of the basic forms of trusted communication supported by the architecture; a comprehensive method for secure, distributed emergency state management; a method to allow a user space application to securely display data; a multifaceted system analysis of the confinement of emergency information and the secure and complete revocation of access to that information at the closure of an emergency.

The software architecture of most systems is usually described informally and diagrammatically by means of boxes and lines. In order for these descriptions to be meaningful, the diagrams are understood by interpreting the boxes and lines in specific, conventionalized ways. The informal, imprecise nature of these interpretations has a number of limitations. In this paper we consider these conventionalized interpretations as architectural styles and provide a formal framework for their uniform definition. In addition to providing a template for precisely defining new architectural styles, this framework allows for analysis within and between different architectural styles.

The software architecture of most systems is usually described informally and diagrammatically by means of boxes and lines. In order for these descriptions to be meaningful, the diagrams are understood by interpreting the boxes and lines in specific, conventionalized ways. The informal, imprecise nature of these interpretations has a number of limitations. In this paper we consider these conventionalized interpretations as architectural styles and provide a formal framework for their uniform definition. In addition to providing a template for precisely defining new architectural styles, this framework allows for analysis within and between different architectural styles.

The software architecture of most systems is usually described informally and diagrammatically by means of boxes and lines. In order for these descriptions to be meaningful, the diagrams are understood by interpreting the boxes and lines in specific, conventionalized ways. The informal, imprecise nature of these interpretations has a number of limitations. In this paper we consider these conventionalized interpretations as architectural styles and provide a formal framework for their uniform definition. In addition to providing a template for precisely defining new architectural styles, this framework allows for analysis within and between different architectural styles.

18-642 Lecture #12  Carnegie Mellon University, Fall 2021 High Level Design (HLD); boxes and arrows; sequence diagrams (SD); statechart to SD relationship

Object Oriented programming Course assignment video

Trimester 2 2017/2018

This document addresses the topic of environment extensibility as part of an effort to define a Joint Service Software Engineering Environment (JSSEE). The concept of a JSSEE has evolved from work in the Software Engineering Environments area within the Software Technology for Adaptable, Reliable Systems (STARS) program of the U.S. Department of Defense. A JSSEE is intended to be a modern, comprehensive software engineering environment, which implies that it must be capable of gracefully absorbing new software development tools and technology as they become available. This in turn implies that extensibility is a central concern in the definition and development of JSSEE environments. Preliminary issues are treated by providing definitions related to environment extensibility, considering some dimensions of the extensibility question, and framing a statement of the problem addressed. A variety of existing environments are reviewed, architectural considerations are discussed, and strategies for creating and evolving extensible environments are among the subjects.

This report describes the design and use of the Hobbes system. This system is a framework for rapid interface development for high performance graphics and virtual reality (VR) applications. The design of the system incorporates the following fundamental features: object oriented design, transparency of the underlying windowing system and graphics application program interface (API), transparency of multiprocessing and shared memory systems, and portability and extendibility. The system also supports the following capabilities: (1) creation of real time three dimensional graphics applications; (2) simultaneous, independent use of multiple I/O devices (not limited to mouse and keyboard); and (3) transparent, high throughput use of local or networked I/O devices. The reader of the report will acquire an appreciation of the potential benefits of the Hobbes system as a tool for both development and research, particularly concerning applications that require rapid prototyping of novel human computer interaction (HCI) techniques. The reader will also gain an understanding for how the Hobbes system architecture could evolve to include the functionality of a general virtual environment (VE) testbed. The current C++ implementation of the Hobbes system runs on Silicon Graphics workstations and makes extensive use of the Performer application development environment.

Software architecture provides a powerful way to manage the complexity of large software systems. It has emerged as a distinct form of abstraction for software systems with its own set of design issues, vocabulary; and goals. Like designers in other disciplines, software architects can gain significant leverage by using powerful and appropriate design environments and tools. The cost and difficulty of creating these powerful design tools, however, prohibit their use for many software development projects. One of the primary reasons for the difficulty and cost of building these tools is that tool developers generally need to build a significant amount of supporting infrastructure before they can make use of the important architectural design expertise that the tools encapsulate. This infrastructure includes both the concepts underlying the tools' functionality and the implementation of the tools themselves. This dissertation describes a new approach to capturing and using architectural design expertise in software architecture design environments. A language and tools are presented for capturing and encapsulating software architecture design expertise within a conceptual framework of architectural styles and design rules. The design expertise thus captured is supported with an incrementally configurable software architecture design environment that specialized design environment builders and end-users can easily and quickly customize by specifying the architectural styles and design rules that the environment needs to support.

Software reviews are conducted on most software-intensive Defence projects and are an important component of the software acquisition process. However, software reviews are often conducted in an ad hoc manner, and may be inefficient. This report investigates an alternative review process that is based on the Software Architecture Analysis Method (SAAM). The SAAM review process is driven by the identification of scenarios that capture how the system might be used or modified. It offers potential benefits over the traditional review process in the identification and clarification of requirements, but was less effective at identifying conflicts and trade-offs. Consequently, it is recommended that projects continue to use traditional review processes, and where appropriate, supplement these reviews with SAAM reviews to clarify and identify requirements.

This document describes software developed to support the Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS) program. The software implementation includes a Core Framework (CF) and sample applications that are based on the Software Communications Architecture (SCA) v2.2. The software was designed for a desktop computer running the Linux operating system (OS). It was developed in C++, uses ACE/TAO for CORBA middleware, Xerces for the XML parser, and Red Hat Linux for the Operating System. The software is referred to as, Open Radio Communication Architecture Core Framework, OrcaCF (formerly known as LinuxFC), this document describes version 1.1.0 of the OrcaCF. This Software User Manual (SUM) tells a hands-on software user how to install and use the OrcaCF v1.1.0 subsystem. The architecture and requirements are based on the JTRS SCA v2.2.

Computing environments of the future should enable mobile users to take full advantage of the computing capabilities available at each location, while allowing them to focus on their real tasks, rather than being distracted by dealing with the configuration and reconfiguration of computer systems to support those tasks. The Aura infrastructure performs automatic configuration and reconfiguration of Ubicomp environments, according to the user's task and intent. This report describes the software architecture of the Aura infrastructure, and discusses the underlying rational. It describes the architecture from a layered perspective, detailing the partition of responsibility and shared assumptions, as well as from a component-connector perspective, detailing the protocols of interaction between the components (APIs and sequencing). The contents and format of the exchanged messages is extensively discussed, as well as the details pertaining service interconnection and decomposition. This report proposes a utility-based approach for modeling user preferences, and details how such models can be exploited for both coarse-grain automatic (re)configuration, and fine-grain adaptation to resource change.

To implement the capabilities conceptualized in Joint Vision 2020, complex, secure networks of weapon systems, intelligence platforms, and command and control mechanisms must be seamlessly integrated and maintained over time. Accurate and timely information will enable Joint Vision 2020 key tenets: Dominant Maneuver, Precision Engagement, Focused Logistics, and Full Dimensional Protection. These networks are central warfighting platforms in the information age. As these capabilities are developed over time in an evolutionary manner, interoperability on the Net-Centric Warfare (NCW) networks is essential, and both hardware and software systems must be designed in an Open-systems Architecture (OA) fashion to accommodate the vast number of changes anticipated. Professional Program Management will be needed to successfully develop these key warfighting platforms.

To implement the capabilities conceptualized in Joint Vision 2020, complex, secure networks of weapon systems, intelligence platforms, and command and control mechanisms must be seamlessly integrated and maintained over time. Accurate and timely information will enable Joint Vision 2020 key tenets: Dominant Maneuver, Precision Engagement, Focused Logistics, and Full Dimensional Protection. These networks are central warfighting platforms in the information age. As these capabilities are developed over time in an evolutionary manner, interoperability on the Net-Centric Warfare (NCW) networks is essential, and both hardware and software systems must be designed in an Open-systems Architecture (OA) fashion to accommodate the vast number of changes anticipated. Professional Program Management will be needed to successfully develop these key warfighting platforms.

YEROTH ERP SOFTWARE SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE.

YEROTH ERP SOFTWARE SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE.

This article is from BMC Plant Biology , volume 12 . Abstract Background: Characterizing root system architecture (RSA) is essential to understanding the development and function of vascular plants. Identifying RSA-associated genes also represents an underexplored opportunity for crop improvement. Software tools are needed to accelerate the pace at which quantitative traits of RSA are estimated from images of root networks. Results: We have developed GiA Roots (General Image Analysis of Roots), a semi-automated software tool designed specifically for the high-throughput analysis of root system images. GiA Roots includes user-assisted algorithms to distinguish root from background and a fully automated pipeline that extracts dozens of root system phenotypes. Quantitative information on each phenotype, along with intermediate steps for full reproducibility, is returned to the end-user for downstream analysis. GiA Roots has a GUI front end and a command-line interface for interweaving the software into large-scale workflows. GiA Roots can also be extended to estimate novel phenotypes specified by the end-user. Conclusions: We demonstrate the use of GiA Roots on a set of 2393 images of rice roots representing 12 genotypes from the species Oryza sativa. We validate trait measurements against prior analyses of this image set that demonstrated that RSA traits are likely heritable and associated with genotypic differences. Moreover, we demonstrate that GiA Roots is extensible and an end-user can add functionality so that GiA Roots can estimate novel RSA traits. In summary, we show that the software can function as an efficient tool as part of a workflow to move from large numbers of root images to downstream analysis.

This article is from BMC Plant Biology , volume 12 . Abstract Background: Characterizing root system architecture (RSA) is essential to understanding the development and function of vascular plants. Identifying RSA-associated genes also represents an underexplored opportunity for crop improvement. Software tools are needed to accelerate the pace at which quantitative traits of RSA are estimated from images of root networks. Results: We have developed GiA Roots (General Image Analysis of Roots), a semi-automated software tool designed specifically for the high-throughput analysis of root system images. GiA Roots includes user-assisted algorithms to distinguish root from background and a fully automated pipeline that extracts dozens of root system phenotypes. Quantitative information on each phenotype, along with intermediate steps for full reproducibility, is returned to the end-user for downstream analysis. GiA Roots has a GUI front end and a command-line interface for interweaving the software into large-scale workflows. GiA Roots can also be extended to estimate novel phenotypes specified by the end-user. Conclusions: We demonstrate the use of GiA Roots on a set of 2393 images of rice roots representing 12 genotypes from the species Oryza sativa. We validate trait measurements against prior analyses of this image set that demonstrated that RSA traits are likely heritable and associated with genotypic differences. Moreover, we demonstrate that GiA Roots is extensible and an end-user can add functionality so that GiA Roots can estimate novel RSA traits. In summary, we show that the software can function as an efficient tool as part of a workflow to move from large numbers of root images to downstream analysis.

Software Architecture Fundamentals, Second Edition