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This article is from Frontiers in Psychology , volume 5 . Abstract There is a need for feasible and research-based interventions that target the cognitive performance and academic achievement of low-income adolescents. In response, this study utilized a randomized experimental design and assessed the selective visual attention (SVA) and reading comprehension abilities of low-income adolescents and, for comparison purposes, high-income adolescents after they engaged in 12-min of aerobic exercise. The results suggest that 12-min of aerobic exercise improved the SVA of low- and high-income adolescents and that the benefit lasted for 45-min for both groups. The SVA improvement among the low-income adolescents was particularly large. In fact, the SVA improvement among the low-income adolescents was substantial enough to eliminate a pre-existing income gap in SVA. The mean reading comprehension score of low-income adolescents who engaged in 12-min of aerobic exercise was higher than the mean reading comprehension score of low-income adolescents in the control group. However, there was no difference between the mean reading comprehension scores of the high-income adolescents who did and did not engage in 12-min of aerobic exercise. Based on the results, schools serving low-income adolescents should consider implementing brief sessions of aerobic exercise during the school day.

The method of single cell recording in the behaving monkey was used to study mechanisms of selective attention in extrastriate cortex. The animal indicated whether any item in a display of one or more colour patches matched a previously presented target. Recordings were obtained from 186 single cells in cortical area V4. In the match task, attentional selection of the target patch must be controlled by an advance description of the target colour. No evidence for such enduring target descriptions was found in V4: Few if any units showed sustained, target-specific activity. While there was clear evidence for attentional modulation of the visual response, this modulation was quite different from that previously reported for a location selection task. Units did not always respond more strongly when attention was directed to a patch of their preferred colour; instead the distribution of attentional preferences was bimodal, with roughly half the cells giving stronger responses when their preferred colour was ignored. Such effects, furthermore, were dependent only on preferences for colour (the relevant dimension); location preferences seemed immaterial. The findings are inconsistent with hypotheses for attentional selection based on either input gating or selective priming. Alternative possibilities are discussed.

In this project attention is targeted towards happy and neutral faces, as well as old and young faces. Interactions are expected in the LPP time window, showing for attended faces relatively larger emotion effects. However, in the N170 and EPN separate effects of attention, emotion and age are expected.

In this project attention is targeted towards happy and neutral faces, as well as old and young faces. Interactions are expected in the LPP time window, showing for attended faces relatively larger emotion effects. However, in the N170 and EPN separate effects of attention, emotion and age are expected.

An experiment designed to examine facilitation and suppression in visual selective attention using ERPs. The study examines the P1 and N1 in children (8-12) and adults in a visual attention task based on the one used by Couperus and Mangun 2011.

This is Experiment 2 of the project (osf.io/f3kn4) on the interaction of attention and facial features (age or emotion). Based on our first experiment we updated our prediction on the findings: Similar to the preregistration of Experiment 1, we expect an enlarged N170 for happy and old faces, an enlarged EPN for happy and young faces. Further, we expected an interaction of attention and emotion in the LPP but no interaction of attention and age. We found this pattern, however, contrary to our expectation, the LPP was not selectively enlarged for happy faces but rather for neutral faces. Moreover, we also observed an P1 effect for old faces. This updated pattern is expected in Experiment 2, by changing the attention manipulation from an explicit (button response) to a silent counting condition.

In many visual selection experiments, Ss view displays of colored letters and numbers. They are instructed to attend to some stimulus dimension (e.g., row location, color, class) and are cued to report the items indicated by one value (e.g., top row, red color) on that dimension. Accuracy is always highest for row report. Since the items cued by row are spatially connected and easily coded for memory, and those cued by color or class spatially scattered and difficult to code, it cannot be concluded that row selection is more efficient than, say, color selection. In these experiments, selection criterion is held constant, and the spatial arrangement of the targets is varied. In Exp. I, Ss reported the identities of the 5 red letters appearing in a 5 x 5 matrix. Four types of target arrangements were tested. Four backgrounds, varying in degree of confusability with the targets, were combined factorially with the four target patterns. The effects of pattern and background and their interaction were highly significant. It is suggested that spatial arrangement per se is not crucial; rather the target pattern serves to control the degree of background interference. Experiments II and III were detection analogs of the Letters background similarity condition of Exp.I. The Ss had to report whether an A or a T appeared among the red letters. The results for the pattern types were similar, indicating that there are spatial constraints on visual processing at a level low enough to be tapped in a detection task.

This article is from PLoS ONE , volume 9 . Abstract Temporal recalibration of cross-modal synchrony has been proposed as a mechanism to compensate for timing differences between sensory modalities. However, far from the rich complexity of everyday life sensory environments, most studies to date have examined recalibration on isolated cross-modal pairings. Here, we hypothesize that selective attention might provide an effective filter to help resolve which stimuli are selected when multiple events compete for recalibration. We addressed this question by testing audio-visual recalibration following an adaptation phase where two opposing audio-visual asynchronies were present. The direction of voluntary visual attention, and therefore to one of the two possible asynchronies (flash leading or flash lagging), was manipulated using colour as a selection criterion. We found a shift in the point of subjective audio-visual simultaneity as a function of whether the observer had focused attention to audio-then-flash or to flash-then-audio groupings during the adaptation phase. A baseline adaptation condition revealed that this effect of endogenous attention was only effective toward the lagging flash. This hints at the role of exogenous capture and/or additional endogenous effects producing an asymmetry toward the leading flash. We conclude that selective attention helps promote selected audio-visual pairings to be combined and subsequently adjusted in time but, stimulus organization exerts a strong impact on recalibration. We tentatively hypothesize that the resolution of recalibration in complex scenarios involves the orchestration of top-down selection mechanisms and stimulus-driven processes.

Attention-operated working memory representations determine visual selective attention 作者： Ting Luo 1 Shimin Fu 1 Bochuan Mou 2 Zhencai Chen 3 Dandan Tang 4 Antao Chen 2 作者单位： 1. Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University 2. School of Psychology, SouthWest University 3. School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University 4. Department of Psychology, Zunyi Normal College 通讯作者： Antao Chen 提交时间： 2018-03-09 摘要: It has been demonstrated that visual attention is guided by information actively maintained in working memory (WM). However, it remains unknown whether other operations (e.g. inhibition) on WM contents influence selective attention. This issue was investigated in a visual search task where WM contents with either operation (maintenance or inhibition) appeared as distractors in the search display. Behavioral results showed that search performance was slowed down for presenting the maintained contents, but speeded up for the inhibited contents. These results suggested an operation-directed selection of WM contents that visual attention was distinctively influenced by contents with different operation. These observations were further confirmed by the indexes of event-related potentials (ERPs). The inhibited WM contents were suppressed at sensory gating stage (i.e., suppressed P1 amplitude), while the maintained WM contents guided visual attention (i.e., enhanced N2pc amplitude). It seems that results from ERPs and behavior are integrated. The maintained contents guided visual attention that hindered performance of searching a target, while the inhibited contents screened attention that facilitated target searching in the other space. Besides, P3 component indexing updating of WM, which revealed comparable latency both for the maintained and the inhibited WM contents, but with longer latency than the neutral contents. These results suggested that the WM contents with distinct operations were expelled from the focus of executive attention after the onset of the search task, which might be necessary for the WM contents influencing selective attention. The current study reveals that operations of WM contents distinctively affect early selective attention to the matching contents, which sheds some light on the interaction between WM and visual attention. selective attention working memory (WM) event-related potentials (ERPs) attentional operation inhibition 来自： 罗婷 分类： 心理学 >> 认知心理学 引用： ChinaXiv:201803.00088 (或此版本 ChinaXiv:201803.00088V3 ) doi:10.12074/201803.00088 CSTR:32003.36.ChinaXiv.201803.00088.V3 推荐引用方式： Ting Luo,Shimin Fu,Bochuan Mou,Zhencai Chen,Dandan Tang,Antao Chen.(2018).Attention-operated working memory representations determine visual selective attention.中国科学院科技论文预发布平台.[ChinaXiv:201803.00088] 版本历史 [V3] 2018-03-09 17:22:07 ChinaXiv:201803.00088V3 下载全文

This article is from Brain and Behavior , volume 4 . Abstract Background: Accurate mapping of visual function and selective attention using fMRI is important in the study of human performance as well as in presurgical treatment planning of lesions in or near visual centers of the brain. Conjunctive visual search (CVS) is a useful tool for mapping visual function during fMRI because of its greater activation extent compared with high-capacity parallel search processes. Aims: The purpose of this work was to develop and evaluate a CVS that was capable of generating consistent activation in the basic and higher level visual areas of the brain by using a high number of distractors as well as an optimized contrast condition. Materials and methods: Images from 10 healthy volunteers were analyzed and brain regions of greatest activation and deactivation were determined using a nonbiased decomposition of the results at the hemisphere, lobe, and gyrus levels. The results were quantified in terms of activation and deactivation extent and mean z-statistic. Results: The proposed CVS was found to generate robust activation of the occipital lobe, as well as regions in the middle frontal gyrus associated with coordinating eye movements and in regions of the insula associated with task-level control and focal attention. As expected, the task demonstrated deactivation patterns commonly implicated in the default-mode network. Further deactivation was noted in the posterior region of the cerebellum, most likely associated with the formation of optimal search strategy. Conclusion: We believe the task will be useful in studies of visual and selective attention in the neuroscience community as well as in mapping visual function in clinical fMRI.

Older adults are significantly slower than young adults in the naming response in the Stroop Color Word Interference Test. Hypotheses attempting to explain this age-related difference in a perceptual-cognitive task have included orthogenic principle, response-competition, and cautiousness. This study examines whether there are any significant performance differences on the Stroop test by cautious or "risky" older adults. Participants (N=41) were older adults ranging in age from 55 to 81. All participants were administered the Stroop Test and the Hand Test. In the Stroop Test subjects responded to stimuli by naming a color or color word as fast as possible. Participants were categorized as cautious or risky on the basis of the Hand Test. Analysis did not show slower response time for cautious adults. Data suggested that cautiousness increased with age and was manifested more in terms of fewer errors of commission per unit of time than in speed of response. These findings suggest that risky adults may encode stimulus information repeatedly before retrieving a response and that cautious adults might be slower in encoding information but have a higher probability of retrieving a correct response. (ABL)

Older adults are significantly slower than young adults in the naming response in the Stroop Color Word Interference Test. Hypotheses attempting to explain this age-related difference in a perceptual-cognitive task have included orthogenic principle, response-competition, and cautiousness. This study examines whether there are any significant performance differences on the Stroop test by cautious or "risky" older adults. Participants (N=41) were older adults ranging in age from 55 to 81. All participants were administered the Stroop Test and the Hand Test. In the Stroop Test subjects responded to stimuli by naming a color or color word as fast as possible. Participants were categorized as cautious or risky on the basis of the Hand Test. Analysis did not show slower response time for cautious adults. Data suggested that cautiousness increased with age and was manifested more in terms of fewer errors of commission per unit of time than in speed of response. These findings suggest that risky adults may encode stimulus information repeatedly before retrieving a response and that cautious adults might be slower in encoding information but have a higher probability of retrieving a correct response. (ABL)

This study explores the impact of cognitive effort on visual selective attention, using face stimuli. Prior research suggests that long-term associations of face stimuli requiring either low or high cognitive effort (operationalized through congruency effects) can bias processing of particularly high-effort stimuli in a subsequent emotion recognition task (Tae et al., 2021). We aim to extend this understanding by examining whether the cognitive effort associated with processing face stimuli primes attention in a subsequent visual search task. Utilizing a two-phase experimental design involving a gender Stroop task and a visual search task, we hypothesize that faces requiring higher cognitive effort will capture attention, influencing subsequent task performance.

This study explores the impact of cognitive effort on visual selective attention, using face stimuli. Prior research suggests that long-term associations of face stimuli requiring either low or high cognitive effort (operationalized through congruency effects) can bias processing of particularly high-effort stimuli in a subsequent emotion recognition task (Tae et al., 2021). We aim to extend this understanding by examining whether the cognitive effort associated with processing face stimuli primes attention in a subsequent visual search task. Utilizing a two-phase experimental design involving a gender Stroop task and a visual search task, we hypothesize that faces requiring higher cognitive effort will capture attention, influencing subsequent task performance.

This article is from Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience , volume 8 . Abstract Brain–machine interfaces (BMIs) using motor cortical activity to drive an external effector like a screen cursor or a robotic arm have seen enormous success and proven their great rehabilitation potential. An emerging parallel effort is now directed to BMIs controlled by endogenous cognitive activity, also called cognitive BMIs. While more challenging, this approach opens new dimensions to the rehabilitation of cognitive disorders. In the present work, we focus on BMIs driven by visuospatial attention signals and we provide a critical review of these studies in the light of the accumulated knowledge about the psychophysics, anatomy, and neurophysiology of visual spatial attention. Importantly, we provide a unique comparative overview of the several studies, ranging from non-invasive to invasive human and non-human primates studies, that decode attention-related information from ongoing neuronal activity. We discuss these studies in the light of the challenges attention-driven cognitive BMIs have to face. In a second part of the review, we discuss past and current attention-based neurofeedback studies, describing both the covert effects of neurofeedback onto neuronal activity and its overt behavioral effects. Importantly, we compare neurofeedback studies based on the amplitude of cortical activity to studies based on the enhancement of cortical information content. Last, we discuss several lines of future research and applications for attention-driven cognitive brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), including the rehabilitation of cognitive deficits, restored communication in locked-in patients, and open-field applications for enhanced cognition in normal subjects. The core motivation of this work is the key idea that the improvement of current cognitive BMIs for therapeutic and open field applications needs to be grounded in a proper interdisciplinary understanding of the physiology of the cognitive function of interest, be it spatial attention, working memory or any other cognitive signal.

This article is from Frontiers in Psychology , volume 4 . Abstract Two experiments used eye tracking to examine how infant and adult observers distribute their eye gaze on videos of a mother producing infant- and adult-directed speech. Both groups showed greater attention to the eyes than to the nose and mouth, as well as an asymmetrical focus on the talker's right eye for infant-directed speech stimuli. Observers continued to look more at the talker's apparent right eye when the video stimuli were mirror flipped, suggesting that the asymmetry reflects a perceptual processing bias rather than a stimulus artifact, which may be related to cerebral lateralization of emotion processing.

This article is from Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , volume 368 . Abstract The goal of this review is to introduce a theory of task-driven visual attention and working memory (TRAM). Based on a specific biased competition model, the ‘theory of visual attention’ (TVA) and its neural interpretation (NTVA), TRAM introduces the following assumption. First, selective visual processing over time is structured in competition episodes. Within an episode, that is, during its first two phases, a limited number of proto-objects are competitively encoded—modulated by the current task—in activation-based visual working memory (VWM). In processing phase 3, relevant VWM objects are transferred via a short-term consolidation into passive VWM. Second, each time attentional priorities change (e.g. after an eye movement), a new competition episode is initiated. Third, if a phase 3 VWM process (e.g. short-term consolidation) is not finished, whereas a new episode is called, a protective maintenance process allows its completion. After a VWM object change, its protective maintenance process is followed by an encapsulation of the VWM object causing attentional resource costs in trailing competition episodes. Viewed from this perspective, a new explanation of key findings of the attentional blink will be offered. Finally, a new suggestion will be made as to how VWM items might interact with visual search processes.

Eye-movements and attention. Spatial attention can be allocated to different areas of the visual field within a single eye-fixation, showing that there is some degree of independence between the systems controlling attention and the eyes. Previous investigators have explored the degree of independence by requiring subjects to simultaneously attend to different points in the field and move their eyes to the same or different locations. For example, Klein (1979) reasoned that if the two systems are independent, then subjects should be able to move their eyes to one location and attend to another without any mutual interference. Although he reports results consistent with this hypothesis, there are methodological problems with his study that make any conclusions suspect. Keywords: Selective attention; Vision.

This study is designed to find the origins of electrical signals generated by the brain in association with selective visual attention. A series of behavioral and electro-physiological tests on humans as well as on trained, alert monkeys is proposed and progress in pursuit of the stated goal is reported. Originator supplied keywords include: Monkey, P300(brain wave), and Current source density analysis.

This technique has been used to differentially localize neural activity associated with sinusoidal grating onset and offset in different evidence that the field potentials recorded on the surface of the occipital lobe originate in an area other than the primary visual cortex. Because current source density analysis has such great ability to localize the origins of visual evoked potentials, this technique can also be applied to examine the origin of attention-related potentials. It is expected that the results of this study will aid in the interpretation of event-related potentials in humans.

Analogous auditory and visual central-incidental learning tasks were administered to 24 students from each of the second, fourth, and sixth grades. The visual tasks served as another modification of Hagen's central-incidental learning paradigm, with the interpretation that focal attention processes continue to develop until the age of 12 or 13 years. The auditory tasks were administered to the same students in order to extend this interpretation to auditory selective attention processes and to assess the feasibility of a modality independent central process for allocating and maintaining attention. As predicted, central task learning increased with age for both auditory and visual presentations. Visual incidental learning followed the predicted curvilinear age trend for boys but not for girls. Auditory incidental learning increased with age for boys but not for girls. These results suggest that auditory selective attention processes develop more slowly than visual selective attention processes, especially for boys. (Author)

This thesis project is a method of measuring the modulation transfer function of spatial visual attention. When the assumptions of this method of measuring attention are satisfied, the method enables one to calculate, for any attentional demand whatsoever, the extent to which an observer could mould his or her distribution of spatial attention to meet the demand. This research is being reported at ARVO, 1997, and a preliminary report is attached herewith.

This study addresses the question of how simple networks can account for a variety of phenomena associated with the shift of a specialized processing focus across the visual scene. We address in particular aspects of the dichotomy between the preattentive-parallel and the attentive-serial modes of visual perception and their hypothetical neuronal implementations. Specifically, we propose the following; (1) A number of elementary features, such as color, orientation, direction of movement, disparity etc. are represented in parallel in different topographical maps, called the early representation. (2) There exists a selective mapping from this early representation into a more central representation, such that at any instant the central representation contains the properties of only a single location in the visual scene, the selected location. (3) We discuss some selection rules that determine which location will be mapped into the central representation. The major rule, using the saliency or conspicuity of locations in the early representation, is implemented using a so-called Winner-Take-All network. A hierarchical pyramid-like architercture is proposed for this network. We suggest possible implementations in neuronal hardwre, including a possible role for the extensive back-projection from the cortex to the LGN.

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