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Predicting security consumption using the Standardized World Income Inequality Database

Document number CIA-RDP89-00066R000400030006-2 declassified and released through the CIA's CREST database. Previously available only on four computers located outside of Washington D.C., the Agency was successfully pressured into putting the files online as a result of a MuckRock lawsuit and the efforts of Emma Best. The metadata was collected by Data.World, and the files are now being archived and made text searchable by the Internet Archive.

This paper considers a smart grid cyber-security problem analyzing the vulnerabilities of electric power networks to false data attacks. The analysis problem is related to a constrained cardinality minimization problem. The main result shows that an $l_1$ relaxation technique provides an exact optimal solution to this cardinality minimization problem. The proposed result is based on a polyhedral combinatorics argument. It is different from well-known results based on mutual coherence and restricted isometry property. The results are illustrated on benchmarks including the IEEE 118-bus and 300-bus systems.

Assurance of information-flow security by formal methods is mandated in security certification of separation kernels. As an industrial standard for improving safety, ARINC 653 has been complied with by mainstream separation kernels. Due to the new trend of integrating safe and secure functionalities into one separation kernel, security analysis of ARINC 653 as well as a formal specification with security proofs are thus significant for the development and certification of ARINC 653 compliant Separation Kernels (ARINC SKs). This paper presents a specification development and security analysis method for ARINC SKs based on refinement. We propose a generic security model and a stepwise refinement framework. Two levels of functional specification are developed by the refinement. A major part of separation kernel requirements in ARINC 653 are modeled, such as kernel initialization, two-level scheduling, partition and process management, and inter-partition communication. The formal specification and its security proofs are carried out in the Isabelle/HOL theorem prover. We have reviewed the source code of one industrial and two open-source ARINC SK implementations, i.e. VxWorks 653, XtratuM, and POK, in accordance with the formal specification. During the verification and code review, six security flaws, which can cause information leakage, are found in the ARINC 653 standard and the implementations.

The purpose of this brief is to describe the characteristics of undergraduate students receiving Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) and Social Security Administration (SSI) benefits as they relate to issues of participation in postsecondary education and employment. This brief describes results from the National Postsecondary Student Aid Survey (NPSAS, 2000) pertaining to undergraduate students with disabilities, with a focus on the differences between students with disabilities who receive SSI and SSDI and those who do not. Results and makes recommendations for research and practice are discussed.

This report provides information on the commercialization potential of the NASA Activity Monitor. Data on current commercially available products, market size, and growth are combined with information on the NASA technology and the projected impact of this technology on the market.

In today's business and operational environments, multiple organizations routinely work collaboratively to acquire, develop, deploy, and maintain technical capabilities via a set of interdependent, networked systems. Measurement in these distributed management environments can be an extremely challenging problem. The CERT(R) Program, part of Carnegie Mellon University's Software Engineering Institute (SEI), is developing the Integrated Measurement and Analysis Framework (IMAF) to enable effective measurement in distributed environments, including acquisition programs, supply chains, and systems of systems. The IMAF defines an approach that integrates subjective and objective data from multiple sources (targeted analysis, reports, and tactical measurement) and provides decision makers with a consolidated view of current conditions. This report is the first in a series that addresses how to measure software security in complex environments. It poses several research questions and hypotheses and presents a foundational set of measurement concepts. It also describes how meaningful measures provide the information that decision makers need when they need it and in the right form. Finally, this report provides a conceptual overview of the IMAF, describes methods for qualitatively and quantitatively collecting data to inform the framework, and suggests how to use the IMAF to derive meaningful measures for analyzing software security performance.

In today's business and operational environments, multiple organizations routinely work collaboratively to acquire, develop, deploy, and maintain technical capabilities via a set of interdependent, networked systems. Measurement in these distributed management environments can be an extremely challenging problem. The CERT(R) Program, part of Carnegie Mellon University's Software Engineering Institute (SEI), is developing the Integrated Measurement and Analysis Framework (IMAF) to enable effective measurement in distributed environments, including acquisition programs, supply chains, and systems of systems. The IMAF defines an approach that integrates subjective and objective data from multiple sources (targeted analysis, reports, and tactical measurement) and provides decision makers with a consolidated view of current conditions. This report is the first in a series that addresses how to measure software security in complex environments. It poses several research questions and hypotheses and presents a foundational set of measurement concepts. It also describes how meaningful measures provide the information that decision makers need when they need it and in the right form. Finally, this report provides a conceptual overview of the IMAF, describes methods for qualitatively and quantitatively collecting data to inform the framework, and suggests how to use the IMAF to derive meaningful measures for analyzing software security performance.

Computer-based information systems provide countless opportunities to improve an organization's functioning and enhance its products or services. They also expose organizations to significant risks as they become increasingly dependent on information resources. To minimize the risks to an organization's information systems, an Information System (IS) security plan must be formulated. A Decision Support System (DSS) can provide managers with consistent and concise guidance for the development and analysis of an IS security plan. SPAN, a Decision Support System for Security Plan Analysis has been developed to provide IS managers with information necessary to make informed IS security plan decisions. This thesis will address how SPAN can be applied for security plan analysis resulting in better and more informed security plan decisions.

The purpose of this thesis is to analyze Marine Corps installation energy consumption and the pursuit of increased renewable energy generation goals across Marine Corps installations. The main objective of this report is to determine the cost of interruption and the net present value (NPV) of renewable energy generation needed to meet the Marine Corps energy security objectives. First, we determine installation-specific energy consumption, resource requirements, and current renewable energy generation projects. Second, we analyze current Marine Corps installation energy portfolios to determine shortfalls from minimum energy targets and the cost to generate those shortfalls through renewable energy technologies. Finally, we identify installation energy security requirements, determine cost of interruption, and conduct a sensitivity analysis of the cost-benefit of renewable energy generation alternatives to meet energy security requirements. This study determines how investment in renewable energy to meet baseline energy consumption requirements increases energy security across Marine Corps installations. Furthermore, considering the cost of interruption, the investment in renewable energy technologies yields a positive NPV at the majority of Marine Corps installations. Based on this research, we recommend that the Marine Corps develops a quantitative method for assessing energy security and invest to meet energy security goals at each installation.

The purpose of this thesis is to analyze Marine Corps installation energy consumption and the pursuit of increased renewable energy generation goals across Marine Corps installations. The main objective of this report is to determine the cost of interruption and the net present value (NPV) of renewable energy generation needed to meet the Marine Corps energy security objectives. First, we determine installation-specific energy consumption, resource requirements, and current renewable energy generation projects. Second, we analyze current Marine Corps installation energy portfolios to determine shortfalls from minimum energy targets and the cost to generate those shortfalls through renewable energy technologies. Finally, we identify installation energy security requirements, determine cost of interruption, and conduct a sensitivity analysis of the cost-benefit of renewable energy generation alternatives to meet energy security requirements. This study determines how investment in renewable energy to meet baseline energy consumption requirements increases energy security across Marine Corps installations. Furthermore, considering the cost of interruption, the investment in renewable energy technologies yields a positive NPV at the majority of Marine Corps installations. Based on this research, we recommend that the Marine Corps develops a quantitative method for assessing energy security and invest to meet energy security goals at each installation.

Energy security is increasingly becoming a major focus in the world today. For developing countries, energy security is limited by lack of access to resources and critical infrastructure. Recent natural gas discoveries in Sub-Saharan Africa are creating energy development opportunities. At the same time, the increased global interest is forcing developing countries to choose an energy strategy that either prioritizes domestic consumption or export of energy resources. The strategy a government chooses affects the overall energy security of that country. This thesis seeks to explain why countries pursue energy strategies that focus on domestic consumption of indigenous energy resources instead of export. To answer this question, case studies of the energy sectors of Tanzania and Mozambique analyze the factors influencing the choice of energy strategy. This thesis finds that the primary factors influencing energy strategy choice are political party competition, the country's economic strategy, and international relationships. Analysis of the case studies indicates that the combination of political elite cohesion, economic reforms that favor the domestic energy market, and structuring the influence of international actors in policy development enables the development of the domestic energy sector.

Nik Lam, Ned Shawa http://linux.conf.au/schedule/presentation/162/ Apache Metron, formerly OpenSOC, integrates a variety of open source big data technologies in order to offer a centralized tool for security monitoring and analysis. Metron provides capabilities for log aggregation, full packet capture indexing, storage, advanced behavioral analytics and data enrichment, while applying the most current threat-intelligence information to security telemetry within a single platform. In this presentation, we'll provide an introduction to key big data elements used in Metron, such as NiFi, Storm, HDFS and HBase. We'll look at each one in the context of its role in Metron, with the goal of providing those who are new to these technologies sufficient background to apply Metron in a POC of their own.

Grammatical inference is a form of machine learning focusing on induction of formal grammars. Such induction is particularly useful for learning abstractions of software systems, either actively through queries, or passively through observation of behavior. In this talk, I will give three examples of how grammatical inference can be applied in security and software analysis. First, I will discuss inference of protocol state machines in the realistic high-latency network setting, and applications of such inference to the analysis of botnet Command and Control (C&C) protocols. The proposed technique enables an order of magnitude reduction in the number of queries and time needed to learn a proprietary botnet C&C protocol compared to classic algorithms. I will also show that the computed protocol state machines enable formal analysis for botnet defense. Second, I will show how the inference of protocol state machines can be combined with Directed Automated Random Testing (DART). The combination, called Model-inference-Assisted Concolic Execution (MACE) learns a state machine that abstracts the implemented protocol state machine. Using the inferred state machine, MACE guides further search and keeps refining the abstraction. Experiments show that MACE finds 7x more vulnerabilities than the baseline approach, achieves up to 58% higher instruction coverage, and gets significantly deeper into the search space. Third, I will discuss a novel approach to automated malware detection and classification based on tree automata inference. After a brief introduction to malware analysis, I'm going to present a technique for inference of k-testable tree automata from kernel system call dependency graphs and show how such automata can be used for detection and classification of malware. Finally, I will discuss possible directions for the future research. ©2011 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Grammatical inference is a form of machine learning focusing on induction of formal grammars. Such induction is particularly useful for learning abstractions of software systems, either actively through queries, or passively through observation of behavior. In this talk, I will give three examples of how grammatical inference can be applied in security and software analysis. First, I will discuss inference of protocol state machines in the realistic high-latency network setting, and applications of such inference to the analysis of botnet Command and Control (C&C) protocols. The proposed technique enables an order of magnitude reduction in the number of queries and time needed to learn a proprietary botnet C&C protocol compared to classic algorithms. I will also show that the computed protocol state machines enable formal analysis for botnet defense. Second, I will show how the inference of protocol state machines can be combined with Directed Automated Random Testing (DART). The combination, called Model-inference-Assisted Concolic Execution (MACE) learns a state machine that abstracts the implemented protocol state machine. Using the inferred state machine, MACE guides further search and keeps refining the abstraction. Experiments show that MACE finds 7x more vulnerabilities than the baseline approach, achieves up to 58% higher instruction coverage, and gets significantly deeper into the search space. Third, I will discuss a novel approach to automated malware detection and classification based on tree automata inference. After a brief introduction to malware analysis, I'm going to present a technique for inference of k-testable tree automata from kernel system call dependency graphs and show how such automata can be used for detection and classification of malware. Finally, I will discuss possible directions for the future research. ©2011 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

This series of projects on gender and the security sector involves several survey experiments and observational studies, which will be examined across multiple papers. All experiments are embedded within a series of surveys conducted with armed forces/police/gendarmerie in various countries, which broadly analyze the beliefs of individuals within the security sector, their experiences with peacekeeping and the security sector, and attitudes and beliefs related to gender. We sample approximately 380 in each country institution across 10+ countries.

'CREATION OF NATIONAL CENTRE OF INTERNATIONAL SECURITY AND DEFENCE ANALYSIS (23-Apr-2002)' from the Parliament Digital Library

'CREATION OF NATIONAL CENTRE OF INTERNATIONAL SECURITY AND DEFENCE ANALYSIS (23-Apr-2002)' from the Parliament Digital Library

'CREATION OF NATIONAL CENTRE OF INTERNATIONAL SECURITY AND DEFENCE ANALYSIS (23-Apr-2002)' from the Parliament Digital Library

Recorded at AppSecUSA 2016 in Washington, DC https://2016.appsecusa.org/ Practical Static Analysis for Continuous Application Security Static code analysis tools that attempt determine what code does without actually running the code provide an excellent opportunity to perform lightweight security checks as part of the software development lifecycle. Unfortunately, building generic static analysis tools, especially for security, is a costly, time-consuming effort. As a result very few tools exist and commercial tools are very expensive - if they even support your programming language. The good news is building targeted static analysis tools for your own environment with rules specific to your needs is much easier! Since static analysis tools can be run at any point in the software development lifecycle, even simple tools enable powerful security assurance when added to continuous integration. This talk will go through straight-forward options for static analysis, from grep to writing rules for existing tools through writing static analysis tools from scratch. Speakers Justin Collins CEO, Brakeman Security, Inc Justin has been an application security engineer at SurveyMonkey, Twitter, and AT&T Interactive, and is the primary author of Brakeman, an open source static analysis security tool for Ruby on Rails. - Managed by the official OWASP Media Project https://www.owasp.org/index.php/OWASP_Media_Project Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VXJNuDV6DQo Uploader: OWASP

Recorded at AppSecUSA 2016 in Washington, DC https://2016.appsecusa.org/ Practical Static Analysis for Continuous Application Security Static code analysis tools that attempt determine what code does without actually running the code provide an excellent opportunity to perform lightweight security checks as part of the software development lifecycle. Unfortunately, building generic static analysis tools, especially for security, is a costly, time-consuming effort. As a result very few tools exist and commercial tools are very expensive - if they even support your programming language. The good news is building targeted static analysis tools for your own environment with rules specific to your needs is much easier! Since static analysis tools can be run at any point in the software development lifecycle, even simple tools enable powerful security assurance when added to continuous integration. This talk will go through straight-forward options for static analysis, from grep to writing rules for existing tools through writing static analysis tools from scratch. Speakers Justin Collins CEO, Brakeman Security, Inc Justin has been an application security engineer at SurveyMonkey, Twitter, and AT&T Interactive, and is the primary author of Brakeman, an open source static analysis security tool for Ruby on Rails. - Managed by the official OWASP Media Project https://www.owasp.org/index.php/OWASP_Media_Project Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VXJNuDV6DQo Uploader: OWASP

Approved For Release 2001/08/10 : CIA-RDP78-04718A002400370038-6 27 JUN 1957 MEMQRANDUM FOR: Deputy Director (Support) SUBJECT: An Analysis of Agency Methods for Handling Personnel Security Cases 1. Attention is invited to the attached subject report by the Inspector General, dated 19 April 1957. 2. The "Recommendations" (Paragraph 5) of subject report are approved as follows, and action shall be taken by DD/S as indicated: a. Recommendation 5. a.: (1) It is noted that Paragraph l.g. of Regulation was rescinded on it March 1957- (2) It is still the policy of CIA to conform to the procedures of Executive Order 10450 when the special considerations applying to this Agency do not indicate the desirability of invoking the special authority of the Director under Section 102c of the National Security Act. Thus, the retention of n some form is essential. However, DD 8 shall require a careful review of the specific provisions of Regulation - and have eliminated such detail as might have been presented therein in more than bare essentials. (3) The determination as to whether an Employment Review Board is to be utilised, shall depend upon the individual case. b. Recommendation 5. b.: The provision of a written statement of charges to the subject shall be permissive but not mandatory. Approved For Release 2001/08/10 : CIA-RDP78-04718AO02400370038-6 Approved For Release 2001/08/10 : CIA-RDP78-04718AO02400370038-6 SECRET c. Recommendation 5. c.: (1) Every practicable effort shall be made to speed up the disposition of each case. In this connection, every person involved shall be informed that he shall give his priority attention to his duties in connection there- with, subject only to urgent operational responsibilities. (2) The determination as.to suspension pending resolution of the case shall be made on the merits of the individual case. When proceeding under Executive Order 10450, its provisions shall, of course, be followed. d. Recommendation 5. d.: Approved except that Agency instructions should be continued as necessary under Executive Order 10450. With respect to assignment of counsel, no auto- matic, routine, advance assignment shall be made. However, qualified and available personnel in the Agency, but not on the staff of the General Counsel, shall be provided upon request. A request for outside counsel shall be determined upon its merits. e. Recommendation 5. e.: Approved. This is not to be construed, however, as authorizing the turnover to the FBI, of records of proceedings. C. P. CABELL Lieutenant General, USAF Deputy Director cc: D/I IG -RET Approved For Release 2001/08/10 : CIA-RDP78-04718AO02400370038-6

Approved For Release 2001/08/10 : CIA-RDP78-04718A002400370038-6 27 JUN 1957 MEMQRANDUM FOR: Deputy Director (Support) SUBJECT: An Analysis of Agency Methods for Handling Personnel Security Cases 1. Attention is invited to the attached subject report by the Inspector General, dated 19 April 1957. 2. The "Recommendations" (Paragraph 5) of subject report are approved as follows, and action shall be taken by DD/S as indicated: a. Recommendation 5. a.: (1) It is noted that Paragraph l.g. of Regulation was rescinded on it March 1957- (2) It is still the policy of CIA to conform to the procedures of Executive Order 10450 when the special considerations applying to this Agency do not indicate the desirability of invoking the special authority of the Director under Section 102c of the National Security Act. Thus, the retention of n some form is essential. However, DD 8 shall require a careful review of the specific provisions of Regulation - and have eliminated such detail as might have been presented therein in more than bare essentials. (3) The determination as to whether an Employment Review Board is to be utilised, shall depend upon the individual case. b. Recommendation 5. b.: The provision of a written statement of charges to the subject shall be permissive but not mandatory. Approved For Release 2001/08/10 : CIA-RDP78-04718AO02400370038-6 Approved For Release 2001/08/10 : CIA-RDP78-04718AO02400370038-6 SECRET c. Recommendation 5. c.: (1) Every practicable effort shall be made to speed up the disposition of each case. In this connection, every person involved shall be informed that he shall give his priority attention to his duties in connection there- with, subject only to urgent operational responsibilities. (2) The determination as.to suspension pending resolution of the case shall be made on the merits of the individual case. When proceeding under Executive Order 10450, its provisions shall, of course, be followed. d. Recommendation 5. d.: Approved except that Agency instructions should be continued as necessary under Executive Order 10450. With respect to assignment of counsel, no auto- matic, routine, advance assignment shall be made. However, qualified and available personnel in the Agency, but not on the staff of the General Counsel, shall be provided upon request. A request for outside counsel shall be determined upon its merits. e. Recommendation 5. e.: Approved. This is not to be construed, however, as authorizing the turnover to the FBI, of records of proceedings. C. P. CABELL Lieutenant General, USAF Deputy Director cc: D/I IG -RET Approved For Release 2001/08/10 : CIA-RDP78-04718AO02400370038-6

GAO-10-12 Supply Chain Security: Feasibility and Cost-Benefit Analysis Would Assist DHS and Congress in Assessing and Implementing the Requirement to Scan 100 Percent of U.S.-Bound Containers Published 30-Oct-09 http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d1012.pdf (Unofficial mirror of http://www.documentcloud.org/documents/242260-supply-chain-security-feasibility-and-cost.html)

GAO-10-12 Supply Chain Security: Feasibility and Cost-Benefit Analysis Would Assist DHS and Congress in Assessing and Implementing the Requirement to Scan 100 Percent of U.S.-Bound Containers Published 30-Oct-09 http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d1012.pdf (Unofficial mirror of http://www.documentcloud.org/documents/242260-supply-chain-security-feasibility-and-cost.html)

The concept of food security has expanded significantly over time, and due to its importance, it is on the list of priorities of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. The aim of this paper is to analyze the state of individual dimensions and key indicators of food security in Serbia and selected neighboring countries using the Global Food Security Index (GFSI). The index was created in 2012 by the Economist Intelligence Unit and it is calculated every year to measure the risk of food insecurity in individual countries. The latest data indicate that Serbia has the worst rank among the neighboring countries. The analysis showed that two GFSI indicators for Serbia (gross domestic product per capita and public expenditure on agriculture) are the worst evaluated and represent the main limitations of improving food security in Serbia.

This Open Access book explores the dilemma-like stalemate between security and regulatory compliance in business processes on the one hand and business continuity and governance on the other. The growing number of regulations, e.g., on information security, data protection, or privacy, implemented in increasingly digitized businesses can have an obstructive effect on the automated execution of business processes. Such security-related obstructions can particularly occur when an access control-based implementation of regulations blocks the execution of business processes. By handling obstructions, security in business processes is supposed to be improved. For this, the book presents a framework that allows the comprehensive analysis, detection, and handling of obstructions in a security-sensitive way. Thereby, methods based on common organizational security policies, process models, and logs are proposed. The Petri net-based modeling and related semantic and language-based research, as well as the analysis of event data and machine learning methods finally lead to the development of algorithms and experiments that can detect and resolve obstructions and are reproducible with the provided software.

This thesis examines the NATO's adaptation of a new security focus towards forward defense in the 21st Century. Until the late 1990s, the strategic focus of NATO was on mutual defense based on a collective response guaranteed by Article 5 of the Washington Treaty. Since the adoption of NATO's Strategic Concept (1999), the Alliance has shifted their strategic focus toward a forward defense strategy. As NATO assumed more operational responsibilities, and deployed forces out-of-area in non-Article 5 missions, the disparity of military capabilities, operational challenges, and cultural and institutional differences within the Alliance gave rise to the question, \"Is NATO the most effective instrument with which to execute a strategy of forward defense?\" A review of the expeditionary campaigns in the Balkans, Afghanistan and Iraq determines the efficiency of the Alliance as an expeditionary security actor. The modernization of European military capabilities are described in relation to NATO, and how these programs either complement or duplicate existing structures and capabilities. Furthermore, inherent structural flaws in NATO's composition are examined, as well as cultural and ideological differences within the Alliance and their effects on out-of-area operations. Finally, challenges and issues that may confront NATO in the future during the execution of their forward defense strategy are discussed.

I report on applications of slicing and program dependence graphs (PDGs) to software security. Moreover, I propose a framework that generalizes both data-flow analysis on control-flow graphs and slicing on PDGs. This framework can be used to systematically derive data-flow-like analyses on PDGs that go beyond slicing. I demonstrate that data-flow analysis can be systematically applied to PDGs and show the practicability of my approach.

This report describes a methodology to project the development cost and schedule for proposed implementation techniques to provide a multi-level secure environment for the Inter-Service/Agency Automated Message Processing Exchange (I-S/A AMPE). THis report documents the development of the cost and schedule methodology, identifies associated inputs, and sets forth the rationale and criteria used to construct the methodology. The major distinction between this work and normal life-cycle estimation techniques is that this methodology considers all system hardware and software security factors. (Author)

The purpose of this study titled 'Analysis of Data Base Security and Access Limitation Requirements for the Post-1975 Automated TACC Complex' is to establish a TACC data base baseline from which a clear understanding of security and access requirements can be obtained.

The report contains a tabulation of the characteristics of the users of the data in the TACC data base. The users so identified are listed and their characteristics are catalogued. The report contains an explanation of terms and a list of acronyms and abbreviations used in this study.

Computer-based information systems provide countless opportunities to improve an organization's functioning and enhance its products or services. They also expose organizations to significant risks as they become increasingly dependent on information resources. To minimize the risks to an organization's information systems, an Information System (IS) security plan must be formulated. A Decision Support System (DSS) can provide managers with consistent and concise guidance for the development and analysis of an IS security plan. SPAN, a Decision Support System for Security Plan Analysis has been developed to provide IS managers with information necessary to make informed IS security plan decisions. This thesis will address how SPAN can be applied for security plan analysis resulting in better and more informed security plan decisions.

The emergence and rapid adoption of social media by society has forced the Department of Defense (DOD) to adapt, and ultimately develop and incorporate, social media policy into its cybersecurity strategy. While social media has influenced DOD strategy, it has also had a direct impact on the organization s operational security (OPSEC). DOD personnel using social media represent a potential OPSEC risk through the various ways and means in which they utilize social-networking platforms. In 2009, the DOD responded to this risk, in part, with a policy to regulate the use of social media. This project analyzes current DOD social media policy to determine how it can be changed to improve OPSEC. To address this issue, DOD social media policies from Army Cyber Command, Air Force Cyber Command, Fleet Cyber Command, and Marine Force Cyber Command were analyzed by performing an in-depth review and strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis.

This report summarizes an analytical approach to developing a set of policy changes (or policy variants) that will help to achieve U.S. national security objectives in the Asian Pacific region as the force structure is reduced and political developments limit U.S. access to traditional bases. The concept introduced is to identify a spectrum of potential conflicts that might occur in the period from 2000 to 2005 and a range of force postures that include locations of major force elements. An operational strategy for achieving national objectives is created after examining how U.S. forces are likely to be used and the relationship of U.S. forces to those of regional partners and allies. Where deficiencies in meeting regional objectives are noted, policy variants aimed at mitigating adverse consequences are examined. The procedures in the analysis are intended both to identify important policy issues now and to provide a framework for subsequent analysis at the U.S. Pacific Command (USPACOM) and elsewhere using different assumptions and a more detailed examination of selected scenarios. Policy analysis of this type is intended to stimulate thinking and to systematically deal with the difficult question of which programs and forces to emphasize as the U.S. enters a period of declining defense resources and changing threats. Combat simulations are useful in identifying important uncertainties and the likely course of conflict, but there is no precise answer to the question, How much is enough? Judgment and risk balancing are required to achieve U.S. political, economic, and military objectives in the Commander in Chief, USPACOM's (CINCPAC's) area of responsibility and throughout the world.

Software is a growing component of modern business- and mission-critical systems. As organizations become more dependent on soft-ware, security-related risks to their organizational missions are also increasing. Traditional security-engineering approaches rely on ad-dressing security risks during the operation and maintenance of software-reliant systems. However, the costs required to control security risks increase significantly when organizations wait until systems are deployed to address those risks. It is more cost effective to ad-dress software security risks as early in the lifecycle as possible. As a result, researchers from the CERT(R) Division of the Software Engineering Institute (SEI) have started investigating early lifecycle security risk analysis (i.e., during requirements, architecture, and design). This report introduces the Security Engineering Risk Analysis (SERA) Framework, a model-based approach for analyzing complex security risks in software-reliant systems and systems of systems early in the lifecycle. The framework integrates system and software engineering with operational security by requiring engineers to analyze operational security risks as software-reliant systems are acquired and developed. Initial research activities have focused on specifying security requirements for these systems. This report describes the SERA Framework and provides examples of pilot results.

We developed combined run-time and compile-time analyses for enforcing trace based safety properties in higher order and Object Oriented programs, called trace effect analysis. Traces are the ordered sequence of events generated by programs. A wide variety of interesting language safety mechanisms can be expressed as trace properties, such as access control, resource usage protocols, and context sensitive flow analysis. Consequently, our analyses provide a uniform framework for automatically enforcing a large class of safety properties, which can be specialized for particular applications. Formal type theory underlies most of these analyses. We have also developed new program logics for defining access control policies. Based on temporal logics, they allow for the specification and verifiable enforcement of sophisticated security policies, and are especially useful in distributed contexts.

In March 2007, Japan and Australia signed a Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation (JADSC)-Japan's first such agreement with any country other than the United States since World War II (WWII). The agreement pledges cooperation on counter-terrorism, maritime security, peacekeeping operations, and disaster relief. Prevailing international relations theories fail to adequately explain the logic for such a Japan-Australia security agreement. They also do not explain its acceptance by the United States or negative reactions toward it by China. Neoclassical Realism improves analysis by traditional system-level or unit-level theories without invalidating them. It does so by recognizing that certain domestic traits serve as the causal link between the international system and foreign policy decisions. These domestic traits function as intervening variables. Existing models of Neoclassical Realism, however, leave analysts to choose intervening traits in an ad hoc manner. This limits the theory's usefulness. The model proposed in this thesis resolves these limitations by identifying broadly applicable intervening variables. It does so by categorizing possible intervening variables according to their effect on decision-making. This adaptation allows Neoclassical Realism to be applied in a more nuanced and robust manner to a variety of policy cases. Analysis by Neoclassical Realism and the intervening variable model permit an evaluation of the JADSC that explains its acceptance by the United States and its appropriateness within the existing balance of power in the region. It also shows that the JADSC adds to-rather than detracts from-the US-centric security arrangement of bilateral hub-and-spoke' agreements established at the end of WWII.

There is a difficult and notable challenge facing the healthcare industry in the United States that will profoundly change the way business is conducted. Congress recognized the need for national patient record privacy standards in 1996 when it enacted the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). The law required new safeguards to protect the security and confidentiality of personal health information and mandated implementation within a strict timetable. Industry experts and professionals who have been working on the privacy and proposed security standards say that covered entities need to begin the process of inventorying their organization immediately. The purpose of this project is twofold: (a) to conduct a baseline assessment inventory on the current environment of NAVAHCS policies, processes, and technology with respect to the HIPAA privacy and security standards and (b) to use the information gathered from the baseline assessment to conduct a gap analysis to determine vulnerabilities and enable NAVAHCS to identify necessary process changes and system remediations.

There are two significant parts to the Code Security Analysis Kit (CoSAK) project. The first part of the project is called Front Line Functions (FLF) and involves the development of static analysis tools for C code to assist in the characterization of software functions that are most vulnerable to a security attack. The effectiveness of the FLF work was demonstrated empirically using a repository of open source software with known security vulnerabilities. The second part of the project is called Gemini and involves the development of tools to transform C programs into equivalent ones that are less susceptible to a buffer overflow security attack. The effectiveness of the Gemini project was demonstrated using a case study that involved transforming several software packages from the Linux operating system distribution.

Defense against terrorism both at home and abroad has become a priority in the United States. As a result, resource allocation has also increased. However, even as resources increase, they are still finite. So the dilemma becomes how to efficiently allocate these limited resources. Currently the data, while abundant, is confusing. One suggested method is to allocate resources based on risk. However, there is virtually no guidance on how that risk should be defined or what the parameters are in a risk-based approach. Also, there is no flow of information model that outlines how to communicate to decision makers the risk reduction potential of each policy alternative. This thesis investigates the usefulness of quantitative risk analysis as an approach to determine the allocation of counter-terrorism resources. This approach develops a simulation-based quantitative risk assessment method that allows for subjective elements and uncertainties. The risk assessment information is then integrated with the cost of the alternatives to yield a risk-reduction-cost-tradeoff curve that guides decision makers with resource allocation decisions. This approach is demonstrated by using the Port Security Grant Program as an example. We find that the approach provides the decision maker the information required to discover robust resource allocation solutions.

Mobile IPv6 is an IP-layer mobility protocol that is designed to provide mobility support, allowing an IPv6 node to arbitrarily change its location on the IPv6 Internet and still maintain existing connections by handling the change of addresses at the Internet layer using Mobile IPv6 messages, options, and processes that ensure the correct delivery of data regardless of the mobile node's location. Return Routability is an infrastructureless, lightweight procedure that enables a mobile IPv6 node to request another IPv6 node (maybe unaware of mobility) to test the ownership of its permanent IPv6 address in both its home network and its temporary address in the current IPv6 network; and authorizes a binding procedure by the use of a cryptographic token ezohange The main objective of this research effort is to build a test bed for investigating the vulnerabilities of the Mobile IPv6 OR procedure. The test bed shall facilitate the enactment and analysis of the effects of specific threats on the hosts and the network. While this thesis is not about discovering new vulnerabilities or evaluating countermeasures, the resulting test bed and software shall lay the necessary groundwork for future research in those directions.

Document number CIA-RDP57-00042A000200100014-2 declassified and released through the CIA's CREST database. Previously available only on four computers located outside of Washington D.C., the Agency was successfully pressured into putting the files online as a result of a MuckRock lawsuit and the efforts of Emma Best. The metadata was collected by Data.World, and the files are now being archived and made text searchable by the Internet Archive.

this article analyzes the development of the digital economy in the conditions of the market economy and globalization, as well as the activities of enterprises, foreign economic activities and the security of this process. Taking into account the positive aspects of the globalization process and its threat to the economic security of the country, each country is required to develop new directions of the concept of ensuring its national security.

A portfolio is an assortment of protections. Since it is infrequently alluring to contribute the whole assets of an individual or a foundation in solitary security, it is basic that each security is seen in the portfolio setting. Consequently, it appears to be sensible that the normal return of every one of the securities contained in the portfolio. Portfolio investigation thinks about the assurance of future danger and returns in holding different mixes of individual protections. Security Analysis in both customary sense and current sense includes the projection of future profit, or income streams, a figure of the offer cost later on, and assessing the natural estimation of security dependent on the conjecture of income or profits. The current examination is conscious to inspect the Risk and Return Analysis of Selected Stocks in India. Danger might be characterized as the opportunity of varieties in real return. Return is characterized as the addition in the estimation of speculation. The profit for a venture portfolio causes a speculator to assess the monetary presentation of the venture. Dr. Nalla Bala Kalyan | Dr. B. M. Raja Sekhar "Assessment of Security Analysis and Portfolio Management in Indian Stock Market" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38374.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/risk-management/38374/assessment-of-security-analysis-and-portfolio-management-in-indian-stock-market/dr-nalla-bala-kalyan

The Coast Guard is becoming increasingly reliant upon our nation's information infrastructure. As such, our ability to ensure the security of those systems is also increasing in import. Traditional information security measures tend to be system-oriented and often fail to address the human element that is critical to system success. In order to ensure information system security, both system and human factors requirements must be addressed. This thesis attempts to identify both the susceptibility of Coast Guard information systems to human factors-based security risks and possible means for increasing user awareness of those risks. This research is meant to aid the Coast Guard in continuing to capitalize on emerging technologies while simultaneously providing a secure information systems environment.

Recently, Radio frequency identification (RFID) has been an important and ubiquitous infrastructure technology for smart work system. As RFID tags are affixed to all items, they may be used to support various useful services. Security mechanisms for RFID systems, such as authentication and encryption, are therefore of utmost importance. However, there are many risks involved, for example user privacy violations and service interference. Therefore, security service is required to block these risk elements, and user authentication is an essential component for secure RFID system such as smart work system. In this paper, an authentication protocol for secure communications is proposed for secure RFID network environments and also for verified safety using GNY logic.

I'll be conducting surveys with software developers to understand how well they comprehend notifications from static analysis tools, in particular SonarQube and SpotBugs (FindSecurityBugs). I'm keen to find out how much the notifications from these tools help developers find vulnerabilities, and what are their attitudes towards these notifications. I have two treatment conditions (sonarqube and spotbugs) and a control condition in which I only show participants a simple notification without any explanation about the issue.

Introduction:Urinary tract infection (UTI) is well known as one of the most frequent bacterial infections, which is prone to recurrence and causes physical and psychological pain to patients. The Chinese medicine Bazheng Powder(BZP) has good efficacy in the treatment of UTI, but scientific systematic evaluation and meta-analysis are still lacking.In this study, used Meta-analysis to systematically evaluate the effectiveness and safety of BZP in the treatment of UTI, with the aim of providing more references for the treatment of UTI and the application of Chinese herbal medicine. Methods :Two researchers independently searched eight medical databases, including China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), VIP, Wanfang, China Biomedical Literature Service System(CBM), Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase and Web of Science, to organize randomized controlled clinical trials of BZP applied to UTI, published from the time of database creation to December 2022. The quality of each RCTs was assessed independently by two researchers according to seven items in the Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool. Analysis was performed using stata16SE.Subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis will be conducted according to the size of the heterogeneity of the data.The funnel plot method was produced to analyze the publication bias, and egger's test and begg's test will be conducted if necessary.

Jun Xu, The Pennsylvania State University; Dongliang Mu, Nanjing University; Xinyu Xing, Peng Liu, and Ping Chen, The Pennsylvania State University; Bing Mao, Nanjing University While a core dump carries a large amount of information, it barely serves as informative debugging aids in locating software faults because it carries information that indicates only a partial chronology of how program reached a crash site. Recently, this situation has been significantly improved. With the emergence of hardware-assisted processor tracing, software developers and security analysts can trace program execution and integrate them into a core dump. In comparison with an ordinary core dump, the new post-crash artifact provides software developers and security analysts with more clues as to a program crash. To use it for failure diagnosis, however, it still requires strenuous manual efforts. In this work, we propose POMP, an automated tool to facilitate the analysis of post-crash artifacts. More specifically, POMP introduces a new reverse execution mechanism to construct the data flow that a program followed prior to its crash. By using the data flow, POMP then performs backward taint analysis and highlights those program statements that actually contribute to the crash. To demonstrate its effectiveness in pinpointing program statements truly pertaining to a program crash, we have implemented POMP for Linux system on x86-32 platform, and tested it against various program crashes resulting from 31 distinct real-world security vulnerabilities. We show that, POMP can accurately and efficiently pinpoint program statements that truly pertain to the crashes, making failure diagnosis significantly convenient. View the full program: https://www.usenix.org/sec17/program Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ri8D2S5n8Yg Uploader: USENIX