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Stefanie Stantcheva, economist at Harvard University, founded the Social Economics Lab to study inequality, our feelings about it, and how policies influence it. She says when we estimate how much money our colleagues make or how much taxes impact us, we are often very far off from the truth. Her research also shows that our misconceptions are often linked to political beliefs. She argues that we need to be more aware of the realities of inequality if we want to create better economic opportunities.

Stefanie Stantcheva, economist at Harvard University, founded the Social Economics Lab to study inequality, our feelings about it, and how policies influence it. She says when we estimate how much money our colleagues make or how much taxes impact us, we are often very far off from the truth. Her research also shows that our misconceptions are often linked to political beliefs. She argues that we need to be more aware of the realities of inequality if we want to create better economic opportunities.

This work explores the inequality of wealth in Spain during the late Middle Ages from six cities located in the kingdoms of Castile (Seville) and the Crown of Aragon (Barcelona, Valencia, Mallorca, Castelló and Valls), through tax sources that inform about the wealth of each taxpayer. These records provide very precise data on the wealth distribution that allow us to study inequality in an aggregate manner for the same city and, at the same time, perform sectoral analyses according to gender, different socio-professio¬nal groups and urban districts.

In 1985, Leggett and Garg (1985 Phys. Rev. Lett. 54 857) proposed a Bell-like inequality to test (in)compatibility between two fundamental concepts of quantum mechanics. The first concept is 'macroscopic realism', which is the quality of a physical property of a quantum system being independent of observation at the macroscopic level. The second concept is 'noninvasive measurability', which is the possibility of performing a measurement without disturbing the subsequent evolution of a system. One of the key requirement for testing the violation of the Leggett-Garg inequality, or Bell's time inequality, is the ability to perform noninvasive measurements over a qubit state. In this paper, we present a quantum scattering circuit that implements such a measurement for maximally mixed states. The operation of the circuit is demonstrated using liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in chloroform, in which the time correlations of a qubit are measured on a probe (ancillary) qubit state. The results clearly show a violation region and are in excellent agreement with the predictions of quantum mechanics.

The experiment compares methods for measuring the perception income distributions. 6 different methods are compared: - histograms based on 5 or 10 bins, - average income per quintiles or deciles, - choice between diagrams - choice between pies - social ladders - a new method: binary comparison of income intervals likelihood. The methods will be compared in terms of - consistency, - accuracy wrt the true income distribution, - power to predict support for redistribution Questions about perceived income distribution will relate to France in 2022: the French household's monthly disposable income (After tax and mandatory deduction) divided by the number of individuals in the household in Euros for the year 2022. Real incentives will be used for all the methods and for the measurement support for redistribution.

This article is from BMC Health Services Research , volume 14 . Abstract Background: To measure socioeconomic inequalities in maternal health services in rural western China and to analyze the determinants’ contributions of inequalities.Study design: a cross-sectional study. Methods: The data utilized in this study were obtained from a cross-sectional study from 10 provinces in rural Western China in 2005. Wealth index of household socioeconomic status was developed by using principle component analysis. Concentration index, concentration curve and decomposition of the concentration index were employed to measure socioeconomic inequality in maternal health services utilization. Results: For more than four times prenatal visits, the concentration index was 0.0605 (95% CI: 0.0603, 0.0607). The concentration index of hospital delivery was 0.0230 (95% CI: 0.0210, 0.0240) and the concentration index of more than 2 times postnatal visits was 0.0842 (95% CI: 0.0836, 0.0847). Han ethnicity woman, particularly in conjunction with high school education and rich wealth status, was the main contributor to inequality in maternal health services utilization. Conclusions: There is a strong pro-rich inequality of maternal health services in rural western China. This study suggests that an effective way to reduce the inequality is not only to narrow the gap of income between the rich and poor, but focus education on ethnic minority woman in rural remote areas.

This article is from BMC Health Services Research , volume 14 . Abstract Background: To measure socioeconomic inequalities in maternal health services in rural western China and to analyze the determinants’ contributions of inequalities.Study design: a cross-sectional study. Methods: The data utilized in this study were obtained from a cross-sectional study from 10 provinces in rural Western China in 2005. Wealth index of household socioeconomic status was developed by using principle component analysis. Concentration index, concentration curve and decomposition of the concentration index were employed to measure socioeconomic inequality in maternal health services utilization. Results: For more than four times prenatal visits, the concentration index was 0.0605 (95% CI: 0.0603, 0.0607). The concentration index of hospital delivery was 0.0230 (95% CI: 0.0210, 0.0240) and the concentration index of more than 2 times postnatal visits was 0.0842 (95% CI: 0.0836, 0.0847). Han ethnicity woman, particularly in conjunction with high school education and rich wealth status, was the main contributor to inequality in maternal health services utilization. Conclusions: There is a strong pro-rich inequality of maternal health services in rural western China. This study suggests that an effective way to reduce the inequality is not only to narrow the gap of income between the rich and poor, but focus education on ethnic minority woman in rural remote areas.

This article is from BMC Health Services Research , volume 14 . Abstract Background: To measure socioeconomic inequalities in maternal health services in rural western China and to analyze the determinants’ contributions of inequalities.Study design: a cross-sectional study. Methods: The data utilized in this study were obtained from a cross-sectional study from 10 provinces in rural Western China in 2005. Wealth index of household socioeconomic status was developed by using principle component analysis. Concentration index, concentration curve and decomposition of the concentration index were employed to measure socioeconomic inequality in maternal health services utilization. Results: For more than four times prenatal visits, the concentration index was 0.0605 (95% CI: 0.0603, 0.0607). The concentration index of hospital delivery was 0.0230 (95% CI: 0.0210, 0.0240) and the concentration index of more than 2 times postnatal visits was 0.0842 (95% CI: 0.0836, 0.0847). Han ethnicity woman, particularly in conjunction with high school education and rich wealth status, was the main contributor to inequality in maternal health services utilization. Conclusions: There is a strong pro-rich inequality of maternal health services in rural western China. This study suggests that an effective way to reduce the inequality is not only to narrow the gap of income between the rich and poor, but focus education on ethnic minority woman in rural remote areas.

The underlying idea behind the construction of indices of economic inequality is based on measuring deviations of various portions of low incomes from certain references or benchmarks, that could be point measures like population mean or median, or curves like the hypotenuse of the right triangle where every Lorenz curve falls into. In this paper we argue that by appropriately choosing population-based references, called societal references, and distributions of personal positions, called gambles, which are random, we can meaningfully unify classical and contemporary indices of economic inequality, as well as various measures of risk. To illustrate the herein proposed approach, we put forward and explore a risk measure that takes into account the relativity of large risks with respect to small ones.

Some scholars of race and political economy argue that Black Americans are uniquely positioned with an “ontological Blackness” which predisposes them to naturally critique and resist the system of white supremacist capitalism (Crenshaw 1988; Willoughby-Herard & Sojourner 2021; Robinson 1983). Indeed, public opinion surveys confirm Black Americans traditionally do express more critical views of claims of American democracy and meritocracy compared to other racial groups. However, qualitative work reveals a sizeable number of working-class Black Americans (Chen 2015; Silva 2013; Hill forthcoming) who defy the theoretical expectation. Many underestimate the current levels of racial inequality, citing racial progress as a salve for structural inequalities. Furthermore, these respondents overstate their position in the class hierarchy, mistaking themselves for middle class, as most Americans do. In this way, these studies reveal Black Americans falling for the “agency myth” (Carian & Johnson 2021) when extant race scholarship would predict otherwise. In this paper, we attempt to quantify the extent to which Black Americans rely on the agency myth compared to other populations, and whether an information intervention, in the form of political education, might change the perceptions of inequality, attitudes on public policy and behavior in the labor market of those who do. Through a series of online survey experiments conducted on 1,200 Black and white Americans, the authors seek to understand 1) the virality of the agency myth and 2) whether political education or the possession of accurate beliefs about inequality, helps Black workers better navigate racial capitalism.

Bell inequalities limit measurable correlations between properties of two physical systems, under two assumptions: that these properties can be ascribed independent of measurement, and that influences between them are bounded by light-speed propagation. Certain quantum entangled systems do not submit to this local realistic description, illustrated by copious experimental tests. Usually, to avoid quantum mechanical measurement back-action, different measurements are made on each of several subensembles of identical quantum systems. Here we show that weak measurements, which avoid back-action by weakly coupling the measurement device to the system, can be used to identically measure all quantum systems in the ensemble, providing a direct empirical footing from which to reason about their properties. The quantum mechanical violation of Bell inequalities is explained by the negative weak-valued probabilities that we measure, compatible with an operational physical model which preserves locality at the expense of objective realism.

A recent paper by Souza, Oliveira and Sarthour (SOS) reports the experimental violation of a Leggett-Garg inequality (sometimes referred to as a temporal Bell inequality). The inequality tests for quantum mechanical superposition: if the inequality is violated, the dynamics cannot be explained by a large class of classical theories under the heading of macrorealism. Experimental tests of the LG inequality are beset by the difficulty of performing the necessary so-called 'non-invasive' measurements (which for the macrorealist will extract information from a system of interest without disturbing it). SOS argue that they nevertheless achieve this difficult goal by putting the system in a maximally mixed state. The system then allegedly undergoes no perturbation during their experiment. Unfortunately the method is ultimately unconvincing to a skeptical macrorealist, and so the conclusions drawn by SOS are unjustified.

Social inequality manifested across different strata of human existence can be quantified in several ways. Here we compute non-entropic measures of inequality such as Lorenz curve, Gini index and the recently introduced $k$ index analytically from known distribution functions. We characterize the distribution functions of different quantities such as votes, journal citations, city size, etc. with suitable fits, compute their inequality measures and compare with the analytical results. A single analytic function is often not sufficient to fit the entire range of the probability distribution of the empirical data, and fit better to two distinct functions with a single crossover point. Here we provide general formulas to calculate these inequality measures for the above cases. We attempt to specify the crossover point by minimizing the gap between empirical and analytical evaluations of measures. Regarding the $k$ index as an `extra dimension', both the lower and upper bounds of the Gini index are obtained as a function of the $k$ index. This type of inequality relations among inequality indices might help us to check the validity of empirical and analytical evaluations of those indices.

How does Reddit's environment influence the (in)equality of attention that its users receive? This project reviews 18 years of Reddit posts and comments to investigate how the distribution of attention each post and comment receives changes as subreddits grow in size and engagement.

An experimental scheme is proposed to test Bell's inequality by using superconducting nanocircuits. In this scheme, quantum entanglement of a pair of charge qubits separated in a sufficient long distance may be created by cavity quantum electrodynamic techniques; the population of qubits is experimentally measurable by dc currents through the probe junctions, and one measured outcome may be recorded for every experiment. Therefore, both locality and detection efficiency loopholes should be closed in the same experiment. We also propose a useful method to measure the amount of entanglement based on the concurrence between Josephson qubits. The measurable variables for Bell's inequality as well as the entanglement are expressed in terms of a useful phase-space Q function.

An experimental scheme is proposed to test Bell's inequality by using superconducting nanocircuits. In this scheme, quantum entanglement of a pair of charge qubits separated in a sufficient long distance may be created by cavity quantum electrodynamic techniques; the population of qubits is experimentally measurable by dc currents through the probe junctions, and one measured outcome may be recorded for every experiment. Therefore, both locality and detection efficiency loopholes should be closed in the same experiment. We also propose a useful method to measure the amount of entanglement based on the concurrence between Josephson qubits. The measurable variables for Bell's inequality as well as the entanglement are expressed in terms of a useful phase-space Q function.

An experimental scheme is proposed to test Bell's inequality by using superconducting nanocircuits. In this scheme, quantum entanglement of a pair of charge qubits separated in a sufficient long distance may be created by cavity quantum electrodynamic techniques; the population of qubits is experimentally measurable by dc currents through the probe junctions, and one measured outcome may be recorded for every experiment. Therefore, both locality and detection efficiency loopholes should be closed in the same experiment. We also propose a useful method to measure the amount of entanglement based on the concurrence between Josephson qubits. The measurable variables for Bell's inequality as well as the entanglement are expressed in terms of a useful phase-space Q function.

An experimental scheme is proposed to test Bell's inequality by using superconducting nanocircuits. In this scheme, quantum entanglement of a pair of charge qubits separated in a sufficient long distance may be created by cavity quantum electrodynamic techniques; the population of qubits is experimentally measurable by dc currents through the probe junctions, and one measured outcome may be recorded for every experiment. Therefore, both locality and detection efficiency loopholes should be closed in the same experiment. We also propose a useful method to measure the amount of entanglement based on the concurrence between Josephson qubits. The measurable variables for Bell's inequality as well as the entanglement are expressed in terms of a useful phase-space Q function.

An experimental scheme is proposed to test Bell's inequality by using superconducting nanocircuits. In this scheme, quantum entanglement of a pair of charge qubits separated in a sufficient long distance may be created by cavity quantum electrodynamic techniques; the population of qubits is experimentally measurable by dc currents through the probe junctions, and one measured outcome may be recorded for every experiment. Therefore, both locality and detection efficiency loopholes should be closed in the same experiment. We also propose a useful method to measure the amount of entanglement based on the concurrence between Josephson qubits. The measurable variables for Bell's inequality as well as the entanglement are expressed in terms of a useful phase-space Q function.

An experimental scheme is proposed to test Bell's inequality by using superconducting nanocircuits. In this scheme, quantum entanglement of a pair of charge qubits separated in a sufficient long distance may be created by cavity quantum electrodynamic techniques; the population of qubits is experimentally measurable by dc currents through the probe junctions, and one measured outcome may be recorded for every experiment. Therefore, both locality and detection efficiency loopholes should be closed in the same experiment. We also propose a useful method to measure the amount of entanglement based on the concurrence between Josephson qubits. The measurable variables for Bell's inequality as well as the entanglement are expressed in terms of a useful phase-space Q function.

This study aimed to demonstrate a valid and reliable discrepancy evaluation instrument. It was for measuring inequality in the online learning process for mathematics education research subjects. The approach to this research was instrument development, which focuses on several stages, including defining variables, describing variables into more detailed indicators, compiling instrument items, conducting instrument trials, and analyzing the results of instrument trials. The subjects involved in the content validity test were two experts, while the reliability test was 40 students. The result analysis of the content validity test used the Gregory formula. The result analysis of the reliability test results used the Cronbach alpha formula. It indicated that the results of the instrument content validity were very good, and the reliability test results were in the moderate category. The resulting impact of this study on educational evaluation development was new knowledge, especially for evaluators of mathematics education, about the importance of content validity and reliability of the discrepancy evaluation instrument used to measure inequality in the online learning process in mathematics education research subjects.

This study aimed to demonstrate a valid and reliable discrepancy evaluation instrument. It was for measuring inequality in the online learning process for mathematics education research subjects. The approach to this research was instrument development, which focuses on several stages, including defining variables, describing variables into more detailed indicators, compiling instrument items, conducting instrument trials, and analyzing the results of instrument trials. The subjects involved in the content validity test were two experts, while the reliability test was 40 students. The result analysis of the content validity test used the Gregory formula. The result analysis of the reliability test results used the Cronbach alpha formula. It indicated that the results of the instrument content validity were very good, and the reliability test results were in the moderate category. The resulting impact of this study on educational evaluation development was new knowledge, especially for evaluators of mathematics education, about the importance of content validity and reliability of the discrepancy evaluation instrument used to measure inequality in the online learning process in mathematics education research subjects.

This study aimed to demonstrate a valid and reliable discrepancy evaluation instrument. It was for measuring inequality in the online learning process for mathematics education research subjects. The approach to this research was instrument development, which focuses on several stages, including defining variables, describing variables into more detailed indicators, compiling instrument items, conducting instrument trials, and analyzing the results of instrument trials. The subjects involved in the content validity test were two experts, while the reliability test was 40 students. The result analysis of the content validity test used the Gregory formula. The result analysis of the reliability test results used the Cronbach alpha formula. It indicated that the results of the instrument content validity were very good, and the reliability test results were in the moderate category. The resulting impact of this study on educational evaluation development was new knowledge, especially for evaluators of mathematics education, about the importance of content validity and reliability of the discrepancy evaluation instrument used to measure inequality in the online learning process in mathematics education research subjects.