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We develop a theory of BV and Sobolev Spaces via integration by parts formula in abstract metric spaces; the role of vector fields is played by Weaver's metric derivations. The definition hereby given is shown to be equivalent to many others present in literature.

This article begins with a review of quantum measure spaces. Quantum forms and indefinite inner-product spaces are then discussed. The main part of the paper introduces a quantum integral and derives some of its properties. The quantum integral's form for simple functions is characterized and it is shown that the quantum integral generalizes the Lebesgue integral. A bounded, monotone convergence theorem for quantum integrals is obtained and it is shown that a Radon-Nikodym type theorem does not hold for quantum measures. As an example, a quantum-Lebesgue integral on the real line is considered.

I present the moduli space of the (2+2)-dimensional critical closed fermionic string with two world-sheet supersymmetries. The integration of fermionic and Maxwell moduli in the presence of punctures yields the string measure for n-point amplitudes at arbitrary genus and instanton number. Generalized picture-changing and spectral-flow operators emerge, connecting different instanton sectors. Tree and loop amplitudes are computed.

The mechanism of action of mustards has been unknown since its initial development. To date there has been no counter measure to this vesicant that could be utilized for systemic and skin exposure (both of which occur in combat conditions). The members of the Mustard Consortium hypothesized that oxidative reactions were a significant part of the inflammatory process that is responsible for the damage that occurs when an animal is exposed to mustards. If indeed oxidative reactions were a significant part of the mechanism of action, then the use of antioxidants would decrease damage to the exposed tissue. We also hypothesized that a new technology, the antioxidant liposome could be used as vehicle for the delivery of antioxidants. Antioxidants have been demonstrated to have a significant protective effect for both prior, and post exposure to mustards. The Consortium's strength is in the multidisciplinary approach to this complex problem. The group is able to incorporate information from outside sources and generate new information at faster rate, due to the ability to consult other members involved in different aspects of the same research project. Multiple models have been developed which also rapidly increase useful experimental data in the determination of a counter measure.

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Approximations. Let ... Then h _ C� (in�nitely di_erentiable with continuous derivatives).

Approximations. Let ... Then h _ C� (in�nitely di_erentiable with continuous derivatives).

More properties of L.

De�nition of L1. Let f : X _ [_� , � ] be measurable. We say that f is in L1 (written f _ L1(�) or simply ...

H�older�s and Minkowski�s inequalities. We de�ne numbers p and q to be conjugate exponents if 1/p + 1/q = 1. The conjugate exponent of 1 is �. Conjugate exponents are the same if and only if p = q = 2.

H�older�s and Minkowski�s inequalities. We de�ne numbers p and q to be conjugate exponents if 1/p + 1/q = 1. The conjugate exponent of 1 is �. Conjugate exponents are the same if and only if p = q = 2.

We study the average case complexity of multivariate integration and $L_2$ function approximation for the class $F=C([0,1]^d)$ of continuous functions of $d$ variables. The class $F$ is endowed with the isotropic Wiener measure (Brownian motion in Levy's sense). Furthermore, for both problems, only function values are used as data.

An alternative method for performing singular boundary element integrals for applications in linear acoustics is discussed. The method separates the integral of the characteristic solution into a singular and nonsingular part. The singular portion is integrated with a combination of analytic and numerical techniques while the nonsingular portion is integrated with standard Gaussian quadrature. The method may be generalized to many types of subparametric elements. The integrals over elements containing the root node are considered, and the characteristic solution for linear acoustic problems are examined. The method may be generalized to most characteristic solutions.

An alternative method for performing singular boundary element integrals for applications in linear acoustics is discussed. The method separates the integral of the characteristic solution into a singular and nonsingular part. The singular portion is integrated with a combination of analytic and numerical techniques while the nonsingular portion is integrated with standard Gaussian quadrature. The method may be generalized to many types of subparametric elements. The integrals over elements containing the root node are considered, and the characteristic solution for linear acoustic problems are examined. The method may be generalized to most characteristic solutions.

Inequalities: Generalized Minkowski inequality.

Lebesgue measurable sets (with �nite outer measure). Let A _ Rn and __(A) < � (A has �nite outer measure). Then we write that ... and de�ne measure of A to be ...

This text grew out of notes I have used in teaching a one quarter course on integration at the advanced undergraduate level. My intent is to introduce the Lebesgue integral in a quick, and hopefully painless, way and then go on to investigate the standard convergence theorems and a brief introduction to the Hilbert space of $L^2$ functions on the interval. The actual construction of Lebesgue measure and proofs of its key properties are relegated to an appendix. Instead the text introduces Lebesgue measure as a generalization of the concept of length and motivates its key properties: monotonicity, countable additivity, and translation invariance.

Brief introduction to Lebesgue integration and measure theory

Brief introduction to Lebesgue integration and measure theory

Integration as a linear functional. A complex vector space is a set V with two operations: addition (+) and scalar multiplication (�).

Finite measure spaces. If the measure of the space X is �nite, then there are inclusion relations between L^p spaces. To exclude trivialities, we will assume throughout that 0 < �(X)

Finite measure spaces. If the measure of the space X is �nite, then there are inclusion relations between L^p spaces. To exclude trivialities, we will assume throughout that 0 < �(X)

Borel Sets. By the previous proposition, if X is a topological space, then there exists a smallest __algebra B containing the open sets. Ele_ments of B are called Borel sets.

Normed space and Banach spaces. A normed space is a vector space V together with a function ||�|| : V_R such that ...

Product spaces in Rn

Invariance of Lebesgue measure.

Invariance of Lebesgue measure.

Principles of measure theory. (1) Every measurable set is nearly a Borel set: ... (N is a null set: a set of measure zero). (2) Every measurable set is nearly an open set: _(U) < _(E) + �. (3) Every measurable function is nearly continuous (Lusin�s theo_rem). (4) Every convergent sequence of measurable functions is nearly uniformly convergent (Egoro_�s theorem).

Principles of measure theory. (1) Every measurable set is nearly a Borel set: ... (N is a null set: a set of measure zero). (2) Every measurable set is nearly an open set: _(U) < _(E) + �. (3) Every measurable function is nearly continuous (Lusin�s theo_rem). (4) Every convergent sequence of measurable functions is nearly uniformly convergent (Egoro_�s theorem).

Lebesgue�s di_erentiation theorem.

Lebesgue�s di_erentiation theorem.

Lebesgue�s di_erentiation theorem.

This article is from European Journal of Psychotraumatology , volume 5 . Abstract Background: Some people with dissociative identity disorder (DID) have very little communication or awareness among the parts of their identity, while others experience a great deal of cooperation among alternate identities. Previous research on this topic has been sparse. Currently, there is no empirical measure of integration versus fragmentation in a person with DID. In this study, we report the development of such a measure. Objective: The goal of this study was to pilot the integration measure (IM) and to address its psychometric properties and relationships to other measures. The IM is the first standardized measure of integration in DID. Method: Eleven women with DID participated in an experiment that included a variety of tasks. They filled out questionnaires about trauma and dissociation as well as the IM. They also provided verbal results about switching among alternate identities during the study sessions. Results: Participants switched among identities an average of 5.8 times during the first session, and switching was highly correlated with trauma. Integration was related to switching, though this relationship may be non-linear. Integration was not related to time in psychotherapy. Conclusions: The IM provides a useful beginning to quantify and study integration and fragmentation in DID. Directions for future research are also discussed, including expanding the IM from this pilot. The IM may be useful in treatment settings to assess progress or change over time.

This article is from European Journal of Psychotraumatology , volume 5 . Abstract Background: Some people with dissociative identity disorder (DID) have very little communication or awareness among the parts of their identity, while others experience a great deal of cooperation among alternate identities. Previous research on this topic has been sparse. Currently, there is no empirical measure of integration versus fragmentation in a person with DID. In this study, we report the development of such a measure. Objective: The goal of this study was to pilot the integration measure (IM) and to address its psychometric properties and relationships to other measures. The IM is the first standardized measure of integration in DID. Method: Eleven women with DID participated in an experiment that included a variety of tasks. They filled out questionnaires about trauma and dissociation as well as the IM. They also provided verbal results about switching among alternate identities during the study sessions. Results: Participants switched among identities an average of 5.8 times during the first session, and switching was highly correlated with trauma. Integration was related to switching, though this relationship may be non-linear. Integration was not related to time in psychotherapy. Conclusions: The IM provides a useful beginning to quantify and study integration and fragmentation in DID. Directions for future research are also discussed, including expanding the IM from this pilot. The IM may be useful in treatment settings to assess progress or change over time.

For p prime, we give an explicit formula for Igusa's local zeta function associated to a polynomial mapping f=(f_1,...,f_t): Q_p^n -> Q_p^t, with f_1,...,f_t in Z_p[x_1,...,x_n], and an integration measure on Z_p^n of the form |g(x)||dx|, with g another polynomial in Z_p[x_1,...,x_n]. We treat the special cases of a single polynomial and a monomial ideal separately. The formula is in terms of Newton polyhedra and will be valid for f and g sufficiently non-degenerated over F_p with respect to their Newton polyhedra. The formula is based on, and is a generalization of results of Denef - Hoornaert, Howald et al., and Veys - Zuniga-Galindo.

For p prime, we give an explicit formula for Igusa's local zeta function associated to a polynomial mapping f=(f_1,...,f_t): Q_p^n -> Q_p^t, with f_1,...,f_t in Z_p[x_1,...,x_n], and an integration measure on Z_p^n of the form |g(x)||dx|, with g another polynomial in Z_p[x_1,...,x_n]. We treat the special cases of a single polynomial and a monomial ideal separately. The formula is in terms of Newton polyhedra and will be valid for f and g sufficiently non-degenerated over F_p with respect to their Newton polyhedra. The formula is based on, and is a generalization of results of Denef - Hoornaert, Howald et al., and Veys - Zuniga-Galindo.

This paper investigated the reliability and construct validity of a 30-item scale in measuring the attitudes of teachers in Australia toward the integration of handicapped children into regular schools. The Attitude Toward Mainstreaming Scale, which was designed by Larrivee and Cook (1979), has been used in evaluation studies in the United Sates and Australia. While the scale has been shown to be reliable, results concerning the factor structure of the scale have differed. In the present study, responses of a sample of 301 primary school staff were factor analysed to determine the scale's factorial validity. The scale was found to have an underlying conceptual framework of five factors, which could be used to investigate various aspects of a teacher's attitude toward integration. Factors were: (1) general philosophy of integration; (2) teacher expertise; (3) demands on teacher time; (4) academic expectations; and (5) behavioral expectations. The psychometric characteristics of the scale indicate that it is both reliable and factorially valid in an Australian context, and that it is valid to make comparisons between American and Australian data using the scale. (Author/RH)

Convergence almost everywhere. Lebesgue�s dominated conver_gence theorem (LDCT) in the case of almost everywhere.

We propose an extended BRST invariant Lagrangian quantization scheme of general gauge theories based on an explicit realization of the modified triplectic algebra that was announced in our previous investigation (hep-th/0104189). The algebra includes, besides the odd operators $V^a$ appearing in the triplectic formalism, also the odd operators $U^a$ introduced within modified triplectic quantization, both of which being anti-Hamiltonian vector fields. We show that some even supersymplectic structure defined on the space of fields and antifields provides the extended BRST path integral with a well-defined integration measure. All the known Lagrangian quantization schemes based on the extended BRST symmetry are obtained by specifying the (free) parameters of that method.

We propose an extended BRST invariant Lagrangian quantization scheme of general gauge theories based on an explicit realization of the modified triplectic algebra that was announced in our previous investigation (hep-th/0104189). The algebra includes, besides the odd operators $V^a$ appearing in the triplectic formalism, also the odd operators $U^a$ introduced within modified triplectic quantization, both of which being anti-Hamiltonian vector fields. We show that some even supersymplectic structure defined on the space of fields and antifields provides the extended BRST path integral with a well-defined integration measure. All the known Lagrangian quantization schemes based on the extended BRST symmetry are obtained by specifying the (free) parameters of that method.

We propose an extended BRST invariant Lagrangian quantization scheme of general gauge theories based on an explicit realization of the modified triplectic algebra that was announced in our previous investigation (hep-th/0104189). The algebra includes, besides the odd operators $V^a$ appearing in the triplectic formalism, also the odd operators $U^a$ introduced within modified triplectic quantization, both of which being anti-Hamiltonian vector fields. We show that some even supersymplectic structure defined on the space of fields and antifields provides the extended BRST path integral with a well-defined integration measure. All the known Lagrangian quantization schemes based on the extended BRST symmetry are obtained by specifying the (free) parameters of that method.

Fundamental theorem of calculus. Let f : [a, b] R be continuous and let ... Then F is di_erentiable and F'(x) = f(x).

Fundamental theorem of calculus. Let f : [a, b] R be continuous and let ... Then F is di_erentiable and F'(x) = f(x).

Fundamental theorem of calculus. Let f : [a, b] R be continuous and let ... Then F is di_erentiable and F'(x) = f(x).

Fundamental theorem of calculus. Let f : [a, b] R be continuous and let ... Then F is di_erentiable and F'(x) = f(x).

We revisit the work of the first named author and using simpler algebraic arguments we calculate integrals of polynomial functions with respect to the Haar measure on the unitary group U(d). The previous result provided exact formulas only for 2d bigger than the degree of the integrated polynomial and we show that these formulas remain valid for all values of d. Also, we consider the integrals of polynomial functions on the orthogonal group O(d) and the symplectic group Sp(d). We obtain an exact character expansion and the asymptotic behavior for large d. Thus we can show the asymptotic freeness of Haar-distributed orthogonal and symplectic random matrices, as well as the convergence of integrals of the Itzykson-Zuber type.

The regular open subsets of a topological space form a Boolean algebra, where the `join' of two regular open sets is the interior of the closure of their union. A `credence' is a finitely additive probability measure on this Boolean algebra, or on one of its subalgebras. We develop a theory of integration for such credences. We then explain the relationship between credences, residual charges, and Borel probability measures. We show that a credence can be represented by a normal Borel measure, augmented with a `liminal structure', which specifies how two or more regular open sets share the probability mass of their common boundary. In particular, a credence on a locally compact Hausdorff space can be represented by a normal Borel measure and a liminal structure on the Stone-\v{C}ech compactification of that space. We also show how credences can be represented by Borel measures on the Stone space of the underlying Boolean algebra of regular open sets. Finally, we show that these constructions are functorial.

Simple functions. A simple function is a function that takes only �nitely many values in R and does not take values ��.

Riemann integral. If s is simple and measurable then ... where ...

1Getting of Wisdom

By Henry Handel Richardson

The Getting of Wisdom tells the story of Laura Rambotham, a 12-year-old girl who is just starting at her boarding school. This is based on Henry Handel Richardson's experiences of her own school, the Presbyterian Ladies College in central Melbourne. The story goes through her friends and enemies and all the life of a boarding school in early 20th century Australia, and all the subjects and learning too. Laura learns a lot but her education does not satisfy her, and her social life is thrown upon her as very different from her peers. (Summary by Bronwyn Kate)

2Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded

By Samuel Richardson

"Now first published in order to cultivate the Principles of Virtue and Religion in the Minds of the Youth of Both Sexes.<br>A Narrative which has its Foundation in Truth and Nature; and at the same time that it agreeably entertains, by a Variety of curious and affecting Incidents, is intirely divested of all those Images, which, in too many Pieces calculated for Amusement only, tend to inflame the Minds they should instruct."(From the frontispiece of the first edition)<br>Pamela tells the story of a 14 year old lady's maid named Pamela whose master, Mr. B., makes unwanted advances towards her. She rejects him continually. In Pamela's letters to her "poor but exemplary parents" the story unfolds and we learn her fate. (summary by Annise)

3Clarissa Harlowe, or the History of a Young Lady - Volume 1

By Samuel Richardson

Clarissa Harlowe, the tragic heroine of Clarissa, is a beautiful and virtuous young lady whose family has become very wealthy only in recent years and is now eager to become part of the aristocracy by acquiring estates and titles through advantageous pairings. Clarissa's relatives attempt to force her to marry a rich but heartless man (Roger Solmes) against her will and, more importantly, against her own sense of virtue. Desperate to remain free, she is tricked by a young gentleman of her acquaintance, Lovelace, into escaping with him. However, she refuses to marry him, longing — unusual for a girl in her time — to live by herself in peace. (Summary by Wikipedia)

4Australia Felix

By Henry Handel Richardson

The story of Richard Mahony, a doctor trained in Edinburgh who comes to Ballarat in the gold rush of the 1850s. At first he runs a shop but later he marries and returns to medical practice. His story is interwoven with that of his wife's brothers and sister. Even after his medical practice becomes successful he is still unhappy living in the colony and decides to return home to Britain. Richard is a restless irritable man whose character is said to be based on the author's own father. This book is the first of the trilogy 'The Fortunes of Richard Mahony', but stands well on its own. The other two books of the trilogy are still protected by copyright in the USA, but may be found on Project Gutenberg Australia. (Summary by tabithat)

5Pointed Roofs

By Dorothy Richardson

Miriam Henderson is one of what novelist Dolf Wyllarde (in her great work, <i>The Pathway of the Pioneer</i>) termed "nous autres," i.e., young gentlewomen who must venture forth and earn their living after their fathers have been financially ruined. Also, she has read Villette; she thus applies for and is offered a job teaching conversational English at a girls' school, albeit in Germany rather than France. <i>Pointed Roofs</i> describes her year abroad, as she endeavors to make her way in the hotbed of seething female personalities that populate the school, overseen by her employer, the formidable Fraulein. <br/><br/> Richardson is adroit at conveying nuances of human perception through acutely observed physical and emotional detail. She was unfortunately labeled the inventor of stream of consciousness, and her later novels suffered when she started believing her own press; but her early ones (the first half-dozen are pre-1923) are free from stylistic excess, and are poignant -- or in this case -- pointed explorations of the workings of the human mind. (Introduction by Grant Hurlock)

6Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents: Ulysses S. Grant

By Ulysses S. Grant and James D. Richardson

<i>The Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents</i> is an eleven-volume series of tomes comprising of proclamations, special messages, and inaugurations from several presidents throughout United States history. This work is from Volume seven part one: Ulysses S. Grant, March 4, 1869 to March 4, 1877 (Introduction by Jim Clevenger)<br><br> <b>Prooflistening was provided by Barry Eads, denisedee, Sandra Cullum, and Linette Geisel.

7Life in the Grey Nunnery at Montreal

By Sarah J. Richardson

Life in the Grey Nunnery was first published in Boston, in 1857 by Edward P. Hood, who was credited as the book's editor. It is likely that this account is by Sarah J. Richardson "as told to" Edward Hood, though it may in fact be completely fictional. It is clearly an anti-Catholic book, an example of the genre of fiction referred to as "the convent horror story." <br><br>As this summary shows, it is not known if this book is fictional or a true account.(Summary by project Gutenberg and Elaine Webb)

8Clarissa Harlowe, or the History of a Young Lady - Volume 2

By Samuel Richardson

Clarissa, or, the History of a Young Lady is an epistolary novel by Samuel Richardson, published in 1748. It tells the tragic story of a heroine whose quest for virtue is continually thwarted by her family, and is the longest real novel in the English language. (Summary by Wikipedia)

9Getting of Wisdom (Version 2)

By Henry Handel Richardson

Henry Handel Richardson was the pseudonym of Ethel Florence Lindesay Richardson, a writer who was born in 1870 to a reasonably well-off family which later fell on hard times. The author's family lived in various Victorian towns and from the age of 13 to 17 Richardson attended boarding school at the Presbyterian Ladies' College in Melbourne, Victoria. It's this experience that feeds directly into The Getting of Wisdom. Laura Tweedle Rambotham, the main character, is the eldest child of a country family. She is a clever and highly imaginative child, given to inventing romantic stories for the entertainment of her younger siblings, and an avid reader. She is also both proud and sensitive and her mother finds her difficult to handle. Her mother is the widow of a barrister who supports her family in genteel poverty on her earnings from embroidery. At the age of twelve Laura is sent off to boarding school in Melbourne. Her experiences at school shock and humiliate the unworldly Laura. The girls at the school are generally from rather wealthy families and those, like Laura, who come from less fortunate backgrounds learn very early not to divulge their circumstances for fear of ridicule. From time to time Laura lets little snippets of information about her family slip out, and she suffers for it. (Summary by Wikipedia)

10Clarissa Harlowe, or the History of a Young Lady - Volume 3

By Samuel Richardson

Clarissa Harlowe, is the tragic heroine of this story, she is a beautiful and virtuous young lady whose family has become wealthy only recently and now desires to become part of the aristocracy. Originally they planned to concentrate the wealth and lands of the Harlowe's into the possession of James Harlowe, Clarissa's brother whose wealth and political power will lead to his being given a title. Clarissa's grandfather has left her a substantial piece of property upon his death, and a new route to the nobility opens through Clarissa marrying Robert Lovelace, heir to an earldom. James's response is to provoke a duel with Lovelace, who is seen thereafter as the family's enemy. James also proposes that Clarissa marry Roger Solmes, who is willing to trade properties with James to concentrate James's holdings and speed his becoming Lord Harlowe. The family agrees and attempts to force Clarissa to marry Solmes, whom she finds physically disgusting as well as boorish. The story continues to twist and turn through a series of letters written between two women, two men and a variety of other characters which continues throughout the 9 volumes of the book. (Summary by Michele Eaton)

11Pointed Roofs - Pilgrimage Vol. 1 (version 2)

By Dorothy Richardson

"Pointed Roofs" is the first volume of "Pilgrimage," a series of thirteen autobiographical novels by Dorothy Richardson considered to have pioneered the "stream of consciousness" technique of writing. In a review of Pointed Roofs (The Egoist April 1918), May Sinclair first applied the term "stream of consciousness" in her discussion of Richardson's stylistic innovations. Richardson, however, preferred the term "interior monologue." Miriam Henderson, the central character in Pilgrimage, is based on the author's own life between 1891 and 1915. Richardson also important as a feminist writer because of the way her work assumes the validity and importance of female experiences as a subject for literature. Her wariness of the conventions of language, her bending of the normal rules of punctuation, sentence length, and so on, are used to create a feminine prose, which Richardson saw as necessary for the expression of female experience. Virginia Woolf in 1923 noted that Richardson "has invented, or, if she has not invented, developed and applied to her own uses, a sentence which we might call the psychological sentence of the feminine gender." ( Wikipedia [edited by Expatriate])

12Secret Service

By Albert Richardson

Albert Richardson was a reporter for Horace Greeley’s New York Tribune when he volunteered to hazard an undercover journey through the American south, reporting incognito on the growing secession crisis in that region. With the outbreak of the Civil War in April 1861, he attached himself to the Union armies as a war correspondent, sending dispatches from the fields of battle for the next two years. Then, in May 1863, while attempting to pass a Confederate battery outside Vicksburg, Richardson found himself thrown from a burning barge into the Mississippi River, swimming for his life with a squad of Union soldiers and several other reporters. Captured as a prisoner, he was at first confident that as a civilian newspaperman he would be quickly exchanged. Instead, he was to spend the next 18 months in various prisoner of war camps. Seizing at last an opportunity for escape, he set out to cross the snowy Appalachians in the dead of winter, heading for Union lines in Tennessee, assisted by a secret network of slaves, Unionists, and bushwhackers. Albert Richardson’s own personal memoir of his wartime adventures, published in 1865, offers readers a rousing historical narrative presented with a journalist’s eye for detail. (Summary by Maria Kasper)

13Clarissa Harlowe, or the History of a Young Lady - Volume 4

By Samuel Richardson

Volume 4 continues the story in epistolary form of the despoliation of Clarissa, as all the forces of society and the personal nefariousness of the devilish rake Lovelace conspire to overcome her virtue. One of the earliest and certainly the longest novel in the English language, with a wide-ranging influence not only on the English novel, but also on nineteenth century European literature at large, it is gripping, twisted and a magnificent dramatic soap opera. - Summary by Nicole Lee

14Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded Volume 2

By Samuel Richardson

Pamela, tells the story of a 15-year old maidservant named Pamela Andrews, whose country landowner master, Mr. B, makes unwanted advances towards her after the death of his mother. He abducts her, locks her up in one of his estates, and attempts to seduce and rape her. She rejects him but starts to realise that she is falling in love with him. She then attempts to build a relationship with him and to fit in with upper class society. This is a continuation of <a href="https://librivox.org/pamela-by-samuel-richardson/">"Pamela; or Virtue Rewarded"</a>. (Michele Eaton)

15Clarissa Harlowe, or the History of a Young Lady - Volume 5

By Samuel Richardson

Volume 5 continues the story in epistolary form of the despoliation of Clarissa, as all the forces of society and the personal nefariousness of the devilish rake Lovelace conspire to overcome her virtue. One of the earliest and certainly the longest novel in the English language, with a wide-ranging influence not only on the English novel, but also on nineteenth century European literature at large, it is gripping, twisted and a magnificent dramatic soap opera. - Summary by Nicole Lee

"Backwater" is the second volume of "Pilgrimage," a series of thirteen autobiographical novels by Dorothy Richardson considered to have pioneered the "stream of consciousness" technique of writing. In a review of the first volume in the series, "Pointed Roofs" (The Egoist April 1918), May Sinclair first applied the term "stream of consciousness" in her discussion of Richardson's stylistic innovations. Richardson, however, preferred the term "interior monologue." Miriam Henderson, the central character in Pilgrimage, is based on the author's own life between 1891 and 1915. Richardson is also important as a feminist writer because of the way her work assumes the validity and importance of female experiences as a subject for literature. Her wariness of the conventions of language, her bending of the normal rules of punctuation, sentence length, and so on, are used to create a feminine prose, which Richardson saw as necessary for the expression of female experience. Virginia Woolf in 1923 noted that Richardson "has invented, or, if she has not invented, developed and applied to her own uses, a sentence which we might call the psychological sentence of the feminine gender." In "Backwater," the quietly iconoclastic Miriam Richardson undertakes teaching responsibilities at a girls' school in North London; finding it to be impossible to conform to socially-acceptable interpretations of life, she anguishes over such issues as marriage, religion, the nature of happiness, and family relationships, while she begins to widen her horizons in the world. ( Wikipedia, edited by Expatriate)

17Clarissa Harlowe, or the History of a Young Lady - Volume 6

By Samuel Richardson

It tells the tragic story of a heroine whose quest for virtue is continually thwarted by her family, It is generally regarded as Richardson's masterpiece. This is Volume six out of a series of nine Volumes. <br><br>Letter 6 read by TriciaG, wib66, Timothy Ferguson and Adonis. ( Michele Eaton )

18Clarissa Harlowe, or the History of a Young Lady - Volume 7

By Samuel Richardson

In Volume 7, the degradation and humiliation of Clarissa continue, from all the forces of society and the personal nefariousness of the devilish rake Lovelace, while her moral greatness and superiority to Lovelace shine out with an undiminished splendour. One of the earliest and certainly the longest novel in the English language, with a wide-ranging influence not only on the English novel, but also on nineteenth century European literature at large, it is gripping, twisted and a magnificent dramatic soap opera. - Summary by Nicole Lee

19Clarissa Harlowe, or the History of a Young Lady - Volume 8

By Samuel Richardson

In Volume 8 Clarissa continues to decline towards her pitiful end, while Lovelace remains defiant, even as his nemesis Colonel Morden finally arrives his town. One of the earliest and certainly the longest novel in the English language, with a wide-ranging influence not only on the English novel, but also on nineteenth century European literature at large, it is gripping, twisted and a magnificent dramatic soap opera. - Summary by Nicole Lee

20Clarissa Harlowe, or the History of a Young Lady - Volume 9

By Samuel Richardson

In Volume 9 Clarissa hastens to her fate and the various culprits reap the consequences of their crimes of indifference, cruelty and neglect. One of the earliest and certainly the longest novel in the English language, with a wide-ranging influence not only on the English novel, but also on nineteenth century European literature at large, it is gripping, twisted and a magnificent dramatic soap opera. - Summary by Nicole Lee

The beautiful and witty Harriet Byron writes to her family about her new acquaintances in London, including the odious Sir Hargrave Pollexfen who attempts to carry her off against her will. Harriet and her rescuer, the titular hero, fall in love, but he is already engaged to another woman. The text is no longer available at https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/r/richardson/samuel/grandison/complete.html - Summary by Neala