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The summer heat is in full swing, so let's revisit why systems like district energy could be a sustainable way to heat and cool communities-ultimately working towards a zero carbon footprint. Jeff Westeinde, President of Zibi Canada and Founding Partner of Windmill Development Group joined thinkenergy to talk about how Zibi, which aims to be Canada's most sustainable development project, embraces district energy and One Planet Living. Relive this episode as part of thinkenergy's Summer Recharge! Related links LinkedIn, Jeff Westeinde: https://www.linkedin.com/in/jeff-westeinde-a46b4843/ LinkedIn, Windmill Development Group: https://www.linkedin.com/company/windmill-development-group/?originalSubdomain=ca Zibi: https://zibi.ca/ --- To subscribe using Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/thinkenergy/id1465129405 To subscribe using Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/7wFz7rdR8Gq3f2WOafjxpl To subscribe on Libsyn: http://thinkenergy.libsyn.com/ --- Subscribe so you don't miss a video: https://www.youtube.com/user/hydroottawalimited Check out our cool pics on https://www.instagram.com/hydroottawa More to Learn on https://www.facebook.com/HydroOttawa Keep up with the Tweets at https://twitter.com/thinkenergypod Transcript Dan Seguin 00:06 This is thinkenergy. The podcast that helps you better understand the fast changing world of energy through conversations with game changers, industry leaders, and influencers. So join me, Dan Seguin, and my co host Rebecca Schwartz, as we explore both traditional and unconventional facets of the energy industry. Hey everyone, welcome to the summer rewind edition of the thinkenergy podcast. While we recharge our batteries during these lazy hazy days of summer, we're bringing back some blasts from our podcast past. We'll be reintroducing some of our most popular interviews that garnered a lot of attention and interest. There's been a lot of talk about the future electrification of energy on the path to net zero. The episodes we've selected are very future focused with themes around Green Innovation, renewable energy, and our impact on the environment. So I hope you enjoy the summer rewind edition of today's episode. In the meantime, have a happy summer. And we'll be back on August 15. To kick off another exciting season. Cheers. I'm Dan Seguin from Hydro Ottawa, and I'll be hosting the thinkenergy podcast. So here's today's big question. Are you looking to better understand the fast changing world of energy? Join me every two weeks and get a unique perspective from industry leaders as we deep dive and discuss some of the coolest trends, emerging technologies and latest innovations that drive the energy sector. So stay tuned as we explore some traditional and some quirky facets of this industry. This is the thinkenergy podcast. Hey, everyone, welcome back. This is the ThinkEnergy podcast. What happens when you use a network of hot and cold water pipes, bury them underground and then use them to efficiently heat and cool buildings - even whole communities, you get something called 'district energy'. And it's not a new concept. A quick search will reveal that its origins can be traced back to the second century BC to the invention of the hypocaust heating systems that powered the hot water bath of the ancient Roman Empire. Famously a hot water distribution system in Chaudes-Aigues, in France, is regarded as the first real district heating system. It used geothermal energy to provide heat for about 30 houses in the 14th century, and the US Naval Academy in Annapolis began steam district heating in 1853. If you're like me, maybe you're wondering why modern civilization did not continue to use this efficient and environmentally sustainable technology more. There are some European countries such as Denmark, where district energy is mandated, but for the most part, it is largely gone the way of ancient Rome and public bathing. The latter is not such a bad thing in my mind, with more and more socially conscious citizens around the globe, district energy is once again seeing a surge in popularity and becoming a preferred method, thanks to its lower and energy efficient operating costs, reduced supply disruptions, and environmentally sound methods of heating and cooling buildings, municipalities and property owners are intrigued by this ancient alternative energy technology. So, here's today's big question: Is the world ready to embrace district energy as a viable means to power our communities? Is the nation's capital ready to have the first one planet zero carbon community district energy system in the country? Well, my guest today is the founding partner of the Thea partnership. One of Canada's most sustainable real estate development companies, as well as the president of Zibi Canada, which aims to be Canada's most sustainable development project. He's also an active investor and entrepreneur in both environmental, clean tech and real estate sector with active investments in solar energy, site remediation, and the beneficial reuse of waste. Dear listeners, please welcome Jeff Westeinde. Jeff, can we start by you telling us a bit about your background, the Zibi project and what drives your passion to build sustainable communities? Jeff Westeinde 05:24 Well, so I guess my background, I always say I'm an entrepreneur. I'm an engineer by training, but entrepreneur by practice. So I've, I've had one, what I call real job in my career, I worked for a company for a little over a year, it quickly became apparent that I was unemployable. So I had to start my own business. And I've always been in the environmental sector. So I started I started my career as an environmental contractor cleaning up industrial messes and some of the wastes of the past. And as part of that, I would watch our clients the way they were cleaning up properties, and then what they would do to redevelop them. And I was pursuing trying to, you know, clean up the environment, make the planet a better place. And yet, so the practices we were using, were actually making it worse. We're trucking contaminated soils. You know, the time I lived in BC, we're picking up soil, putting it in a dump truck and hauling it across the Rocky Mountains into a landfill in Alberta. And nobody can tell me that's good for the environment. So very good. quickly decided that we shouldn't say very quickly but decided while I continue to move up the food chain, and start to buy contaminated properties and start to develop places and communities. And because we were purchasing contaminated properties, the commitment that we had was, let's do better than we've done before. So let's push the envelope about how can we live in a sustainable way? How can we ensure that what we're building today doesn't cause the problems that we're cleaning up on the very site for developing so that's maybe a bit of a background as to you know, why how I got into this and in my passion around, you know, leaving, like, I don't know if you're ever in the wilderness, but there's a rule, leave the campsite better than you found it. And I think that rule, that should be a planet wide rule, and it's historically as you know, as not being so. Dan Seguin 07:12 Okay, Jeff, you're on the record saying that the way we build communities does not support health, happiness or the environment. What do you mean by that? And how does Zibi differentiate? Jeff Westeinde 07:28 So, I might even be so bold as to say that, I would argue that most of our planning, especially in North America, is actually shortening the lifespan of our own citizens. And that's because we're so car reliant. We're so socially isolated in the way that we build. So think about a typical suburb. In a typical suburb, if you want to get up and, you know, go get a coffee, buy some milk, bring your kids to school, the very first thing you do is go hop in your car and drive. And that that leads to, you know, the stats that can predict the rate of diabetes, the rate of obesity, the rate of all sorts of other chronic diseases by the postal code you live in, was shocking. So, this car centric suburban lifestyle is not good for you. So that's the health side of it. The happiness side of it, I'll just point to one stat. And that's that you can use, there are statistics that say you can determine the level of happiness of somebody by how many of their neighbors they know by first name. Well, when you live in the suburbs, you know, you might know 2, 3, 4 neighbors, or those people whose kids are your age, or those guys you play hockey with, but you don't have the unexpected collisions as you're walking to the coffee shop or as you're bringing your kids to school. So again, that urban sprawl arguably leads to a lot of source of social isolation. And if something happens to an older person, you fall, you break a leg, even as a young person and you're inside your house. Similarly, you're not looking out your window and seeing people and waving at them and those types of things. So how we build our communities, I think is really important for health, happiness and obviously for environmental sustainability. And what we're doing at Zibi is making sure that you will not be car centric, that you do have these collisions with your neighbors. As you're walking around the neighborhood. We actually have social programming that, you know, we have snowshoe nights and that when Cirque du Soleil comes, we have a night that is just for the residents of Zibi that come, you know those kinds of things to make sure you feel like a part of that community. Dan Seguin 09:49 How did you discover the one planet system? What can you tell us about it and your goal to build the first one in Canada? Jeff Westeinde 10:00 Well, so we'll talk about how we discovered it first, and that's good. Myself and my business partners were behind the very first LEED Platinum buildings in Canada. So we built the first LEED Platinum building in BC, Alberta, Ontario, and in the country as a whole and the LEED Platinum building we built in Alberta - I was visiting one day A couple years after we'd built it, and LEED Platinum is literally the Platinum standard, the most sustainable in the lead system. And I watched one of the residents of his LEED Platinum condominium building drive a Hummer SUV into the parking garage, and said, you know, it's great that our building is sustainable, but we really have an impact and how the users are using the building and how they're, how they're living their lives. So we started scouring the planet, literally to say, Well, is there a system that would really impact not only how we build our buildings and how they operate at a point in time, but how do we engage the people, the users that are using those places? So one planet, we get rated on things like health and happiness and social engagement, along with all the other architectural and engineering features of a community. And the way one planet works: very simple. The name says it all we have to live as if we only have one planet. Most people when I say that look at me and sort of go, but we only do have one planet. And we need to remind them that if you live like a typical Canadian, you're using four planets of resources to sustain your unsustainable lifestyle, and Americans using five planets, Europeans using three planets, and all we're doing is stealing from future generations, and the developing world to sustain our unsustainable lifestyles. So one planet really is all about both environmental sustainability, like technical sustainability and social sustainability, with one planet worth of resources, and it's a very holistic program. Very audacious goals, we're going to talk about zero carbon. So as you know, Zibi is in the nation's capital in Ottawa and Gatineau. You know, we are we are today we're going to be at plus 34 degrees. Six months from now we'll be at minus 34 degrees Celsius and to be zero carbon in this environment. It's the Holy Grail. So achieving one planet is not an easy thing to do very audacious. But that's where we said, No, that's the bar we need to hit, we need to again, leave our campsite better than we came to it. Dan Seguin 12:35 I was fascinated that this method, 'district energy' dates back, like I think is 3000 or 4000 years to the time of the Roman Empire. What are some of the key benefits of the energy system you're implementing in your community? And why has it taken this long for folks to embrace it with it's being around for so long? Jeff Westeinde 13:01 Well, like most technological breakthroughs, it is not the technology itself or even the concept itself that gets in the way, its people. So regulators, you know, if you look at how our grid works, say in Ontario, you cannot run a district electrical system. I can't, I couldn't produce energy and give it to my neighbor. Because we have a regulatory body that says you can't do it. And there are good reasons for that it was around safety and security and all those types of things. But we've ended up with all of these barriers, that that would prohibit the transportation and sale of energy. And, you know, I talked about electricity. But what's very interesting at Zibi - our district energy system is just hot and cold water. And there are no regulations currently in Ontario and Quebec, around moving hot and cold water. So that allowed us to start a district energy system. Answer so yeah. Again, the reason I would say you don't see more of them is the regulatory hurdles to implement the district energy system are enormous. However, the benefits are huge. And I'll use a very, you know, high level example that if you were to have a, you know, a Shopify data center, a good Canadian company, unlike Amazon, as a for instance. That is in constant cooling. So it's rejecting heating all the time. Right? And beside it, you have the Nordic spa, another great company that always needs heating, but needs to therefore be rejecting cooling. When you put those two side by side, and they're swapping energy back and forth. So your load is so much less. That's the concept of District energy is that by sharing and you know, a commercial building has different loads than a residential building has different loads than a retail building. By sharing those loads, they have different peaks, either for peak shades, you'd be you have less capital expenditure and you're more efficient. Why is it taking so long? It drives me crazy, but I really do think it's regulation is the key item why. Dan Seguin 15:13 Aside from regulation, what have been the challenges you encountered bringing this technology to market in Canada? The sight of your one planet community alone, straddling Ontario and Quebec, is really unique. Tell us about the challenges and how your passion has gotten you through. Jeff Westeinde 15:34 Yeah, I'm not sure how long this podcast is, but I could talk for a week about the challenges. Yeah, as you talked about, we do span the provincial border between Ontario and Quebec. You know, we jokingly say, both sides have a different word for everything. Because one speaks French one speaks English. Even the rule of law is different to one side of the other the legal system. So, you know, we need to repeat everything twice when we do this, but what I'll tell you is, I would say that the way that we've overcome what are just an enormous amount of challenges, I won't even get into what they all are, but it was it was crazy. Boy, when we overcome it was we shared our vision. And actually, I would say was our community's vision of saying, this is where our region started. Arguably, this is where, you know, the roots of our country started was on this site. And when we when we purchased the property was a fenced off locked off contaminated former industrial site that nobody had seen unless you worked at domtar. For probably 100 years, people didn't realize there's a waterfall in the middle of the city. What the community talked about in the vision that we had was no, we need to do something truly world class like something that people would come to our region and say Quebecers Ontarians, Canadians, look at the communities and the places that they create. And with that vision of being world class, we were fortunate that that politicians in the region, federal, municipal and provincial, all endorsed out the community endorse it. So when we started to bump up against bureaucracy and regulations, we were able to remind everybody that our commitment or contract to all of our stakeholders was, we're going to do some world class. Now world class, meaning different, and bureaucracies and regulations exist to enforce the same. So we were able to say, listen, you've got to empower, talk to the politicians, you've got to empower the bureaucrats who are paid to make sure that everybody does everything the same, to say, No, we've got to look at this one differently. We're not looking to do anything unsafe or unreasonable. But there's a better way and we've got to find it. And it was really that vision of world class and the endorsement that we got from all of the public stakeholders who said, yeah, we want to be world class. We don't want to just build another suburb of the City of Ottawa or Gatineau. Dan Seguin 18:08 Now through a marketing lens, how did you position this alternative energy system that provides heating and cooling to your communities' new housing projects? What was the value proposition for prospective buyers and investors. Jeff Westeinde 18:25 I think the key one, one of the lessons we've learned about sustainability and building sustainable buildings and building sustainable communities, is, most consumers don't, you know, while it's a nice to have being sustainable, it's not something that they're making a purchasing decision around. That's changing. I think more and more people are starting to look at that, but historically hasn't been important. So the key to sustainability is, we need to, we're going to allow you to be much more environmentally sustainable, socially sustainable, without any impact to your lifestyle. So when it comes to district heating and cooling, we said, listen, we're going to deliver you zero carbon district heating and cooling at the same market cost as a carbon based system, and you won't know. If you know you're going to turn your heat on, it's going to get hot, you're going to turn up your cooling on it's going to get cool, and you're not going to pay any more of the market. So that was that batten marketing. I mean, that's a no brainer to everybody that Okay, hold on, I get the exact same as I would get in a carbon based system but I'm zero carbon or more sustainable. That's a pretty easy sell at that point. Dan Seguin 19:33 Okay, now I'd like to explore design aspects. District energy equipment inside a building occupies about one fifth of the area of conventional systems that boilers and chillers take up. I'm assuming this provides more flexibility in designing your buildings and community. By eliminating traditional HVAC systems, what building design options did this enable you to expand on? Jeff Westeinde 20:06 There's some easy ones like if you think about rooftop patios, as a for instance, you know, if you have a rooftop patio beside a big chiller that's making a bunch of noise is not a great rooftop. So by being able to eliminate that equipment. You know, our rooftop patios are much nicer. But really as a place maker, as a developer, the key aspect for us was if you know if you take all of that mechanical and electrical distribution space, and you end up with instead real estate that you can use, it's another added benefit to saying that that district energy makes financial sense or can make financial sense. It wasn't easy to unlock that but can make financial sense. So, so yeah, it obviously the less constraints you have on a building, the more flexibility you have and district is one tool for that for sure. Dan Seguin 21:06 Now, wondering if you could zero in on the energy distribution system that harnesses excess heat from the Kruger paper mill on the Ottawa River and the temporary thermal plant that was or is built to serve residents businesses in your community. Jeff Westeinde 21:24 Sure, yeah. So are, you know, like talking about the benefits, or sorry, the rationale behind district that if you have different energy cycles between neighboring buildings, you can share that energy. Our district energy system is actually based on that very same principle that Kruger operates a tissue mill, directly across from Parliament Hill. They, it's a very efficient, very successful mill. But as part of that process, they bring in millions of litres of water a day, heated up to over 40 degrees Celsius. Use it several times in their papermaking process, but then discharge it into the Ottawa River at about 30 degrees Celsius, anywhere from 25 to 30. So what we're doing is saying listen, you're discharging the millions of liters of hot water into the Ottawa River. Why don't we strip that heat so then what we're doing is we're taking it from 25 to 30 degrees down to seven to 10 degrees and discharging out into the Ottawa. River in our heating system or in the heating season. So that's the concept behind it's very rudimentary engineering, it's strictly heat transfer between water. So, so pretty straightforward from that point of view. What the temporary plane that you speak about is our district energy system. That backbone heating system at Kruger is not yet built that's getting built this season. However, we have users in our buildings right now. So, we have temporary plants that are providing that but the infrastructure for the district the pipes in the streets and hot and cold water system is there. So those temporary plants are going to operate for about another year, after which will be on our permanent system. Dan Seguin 23:06 In addition to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving energy resilience. Is it fair to say that district energy deliver economies of scale in areas with high population? What are some of the short and long term benefits for the owner and end user alike? And how do these factor into the government carbon reduction targets? Jeff Westeinde 23:33 Well, yeah, so the short term is if you can be more efficient, so if you have dense populations with different energy cycles, so different peaks and whatnot, as we talked about earlier, you need to spend less capital because you're peaking is at a lower level. And you're sharing energy between so that your overall initial energy utilization from the grid or from the gas system is lower because you're sharing more so overall that drives efficiency. And at the end of the day efficiency then drives lower greenhouse gas emissions and ideally, lower and more stable costs because your energy inputs are a lower percentage of the overall district. So say in our case, you if we're harnessing heat from Kruger, there are no escalation in the cost of that heat. It is waste industrial heat that otherwise wouldn't go anywhere. Whereas if we're connected to the Ontario grid, as you know, you know, costs have escalated very significantly. So that energy input if that is our key input, our energy costs are going to be higher. So we're fortunate that again, the combination of we sit in Ontario and in Quebec, so we have two different electrical and two different gas grids. We have waste heat and our cooling is going to come largely from the Ottawa River. So we have low cost inputs with waste heat and Ottawa River cooling. And we have four different grids we can tap into for alternative and for other energy if need be. So that then allows us to control our costs. So again, just an example of how you can drive efficiency and provide more price stability, while at the same time reducing emissions. Dan Seguin 25:22 Okay. Do alternative energy sources like district energy reduce exposure to fluctuating energy prices? How are the rates/cost determined for residents? Are they comparable to current rates? And are they stable? Jeff Westeinde 25:41 Yeah, so, yes, not all district energy systems are the same. Obviously, it depends on what those inputs are. But in the case of the Zibi community utility, our district energy system, but then our key inputs are that waste industrial heat and cooling base from the Ottawa River, both of which obviously have are stable. There's there is no Yeah, well, I shouldn't say we have some commercial transactions that go on without but not like the grid that allows us to decrease our reliance on the grid for other inputs. So to answer the question on rates, yes, our rates are comparable to market. And we've actually indexed them to the price of Quebec hydroelectricity. And for anyone that understands electrical grids, I would suggest that in North America, Quebec is likely the most stable grid in all of North America. I would say that it is a national utility for the province of Quebec. And I would say, you know, all Canadians are very proud of our healthcare and if they ever tried to take it away, there'd be riots in the streets. I would suggest that if anybody tried to raise electrical rates in Quebec, similar to what's happened Ontario, there would be even bigger riots in the streets. So, you know, we are expecting that will allow us to provide really stable pricing over the long term to our, to our customers. Dan Seguin 27:09 Now, how important was it to find a strategic partner like hydro Ottawa, that had more than 100 years of experience and a strong track record to create safe and reliable utility infrastructure? Jeff Westeinde 27:24 The partnership with Hydro Ottawa was critical. And again, consumer acceptance of that of the district energy system. You know, if you think about reliability if you're a consumer at Zibi, and you said, Okay, well what happens if my heating or cooling goes off? Who do I call if I see, well, you know, I am Jeff and here's my cell phone, you know, call me up at the cottage and I'll see if I can help you. That's not exactly reassuring. When you say 'Well, you call Hydro Ottawa\" and they will is not who I would normally, you know, they, they're, they're, you know, the relative reliability stats of Hydro Ottawa better than me, but it's 99.999 something percent uptime, you know, 24 hour response, etc., etc. So, being able to bring that credibility of a utility operator to our district was absolutely critical for overall consumer acceptance and I would even say regulatory acceptance. You know, when we started talking about listen we're going to be moving hot and cold water in the you know energy in the form of hot and cold water around the around our community all municipal officials provincially \"Okay, let you know if they did you have experience with this?\" when we say well, Hydro Ottawa is our partner, it is an automatic acceptance of all know, okay, you guys are credible we understand let's carry on. So having Hydro Ottawa as a partner has been truly exceptional for us to be able to pioneer this. Dan Seguin 28:50 Jeff, in addition to district energy, what else is he planning to feature in terms of other advanced technology and innovation to achieve zero carbon living for the residents and tenants on site? Jeff Westeinde 29:08 Yeah, again, I know your podcast is not that long so I could talk forever about this, but I'll give you some key examples. So you know, again, trying to decrease reliance on carbon based transportation systems. So you know, the personal vehicle. You know, having car sharing, having excellent access to transit, when you're looking at other things that have a carbon footprint, how we build our buildings, the components that go into our buildings, the materials that go into our buildings, some are very carbon intensive. So again, we're targeting those that aren't carbon intensive. Even things like if you look at logistics, you know, when you buy a head of lettuce at the at the grocery store, the carbon it took to get that lettuce to the grocery store is embedded in that very product. So having urban agriculture, you'll see urban gardens, we've got a couple on site now. So all sorts of areas where anywhere where we can target things that are that use carbon to get delivered to or to, as part of the system that we're in. We're looking at incrementally changing all of those things. And those increments when they add up, turn into some big numbers. So that's really our focus. Dan Seguin 30:27 Jeff, how about we close off with some rapid fire questions? Are you ready to go? What is your favorite word? Jeff Westeinde 30:36 Serendipity. Yeah, I love serendipity. Because good things happen when you're not paying attention. Dan Seguin 30:42 What is one thing you can't live without? Jeff Westeinde 30:46 That was an easy one, my wife, I could be dead without that! Dan Seguin 30:52 What is something that challenges you? Jeff Westeinde 30:54 The word \"No.\" I'm not good at taking the word 'No', it's how Zibi exists. Dan Seguin 31:00 If you could have one superpower, what would it be? Jeff Westeinde 31:03 I'd love to be a shapeshifter, be able to get inside different systems, different beings and understand how and why they work. I have endless curiosity. So I think being a shapeshifter would be amazing. Dan Seguin 31:15 If you had to turn back time and talk to your 18 year old self, what would you tell them? Jeff Westeinde 31:21 First, I would say smarten up and stop doing dumb things. But no, I think the one thing I would say is listen, relax. You know, something that has come to ring true with me, the Roman philosopher Seneca said, you know, \"luck happens when opportunity meets preparedness\". And I've been very fortunate to be lucky. But there's only one thing I can control in there. I can't control luck, I can't control opportunity. All I can do is control preparedness. So get prepared and just relax, pay attention, good things will happen. Dan Seguin 31:52 And lastly, what do you currently find most interesting in your sector? Jeff Westeinde 31:57 I love the fact that public health - so right now, you know, as you know, we're in the middle of a covid pandemic - public health is leading that across our country. But here in Ottawa, it's Vera Etches, I love the fact that our public health officials are starting to be included in our urban planning policies. So in Ottawa, Vera Etches participated in that. So remember I said earlier, you know, the way we plan is shortening the lifespan of our citizens. Public health starting to get involved in that. I'm really hoping that there will be an influence where they'll say, \"if we planned communities this way, then here are the health benefits of it. If we do it that way, here's the health benefits.\" That's not currently happening. So I find that really exciting. So, you know, we've been talking mostly about the Zibi project, which is one of the many things I do you know, if you go to Zibi.ca, then you can find more about Zibi and if you look to [email protected] anybody that wants to connect they're very good at getting people to me. I'm not much of a social media person, I do have a LinkedIn profile. I don't use it very often. But you can find me on LinkedIn and I'm good at responding to messages there as well. Dan Seguin 32:41 Well, Jeff, we've reached the end of another episode of The ThinkEnergy podcast, last question for you. How can our listeners learn more about you and Zibi? How can they better connect? Again, thank you so much for joining me today. I hope you had a lot of fun. Jeff Westeinde 33:35 Well, this was fun, Dan, and thank you for your interest in Zibi and One Planet. That's fantastic. Dan Seguin 33:42 Thank you for joining us today. I truly hope you enjoyed this episode of The thinkenergy podcast. For past episodes, make sure you visit our website HydroOttawa.com/podcast. Lastly, if you found value in this podcast, be sure to subscribe. Cheers, everyone.

President Dr. Cady Short-Thompson is thrilled to welcome students back to NKU and hopes to meet as many of you as possible. If you see her around, stop and say hi! Let us know what you are most looking forward to this academic year. #NorseUp

President Dr. Cady Short-Thompson is thrilled to welcome students back to NKU and hopes to meet as many of you as possible. If you see her around, stop and say hi! Let us know what you are most looking forward to this academic year. #NorseUp

This episode is kinda and end of the year review and goals for the coming year. I hope you enjoy.

Dumpster fires, staying positive, and congratulations, oh my! Here at the Skiffy and Fanty Show, we know that 2016 was not the most joyous of years for our planet. But we also believe that from that fire, a phoenix can rise and see it as a call for even more action than we might have been engaged in before. The science fiction and fantasy community is hardly immune to divisive rhetoric, and we have long tried to make our podcast and blog a space where we can include the voices that are so very often targeted and excluded by damaging words, beliefs, and practices. But we can do more! We can all do more. Our theme for 2017 is "Inclusion" because we want to use our platform, however small, to boost the voices of the those who are still so often excluded. We recognize that we are privileged, and we would like to use that as a force for good. We invite you to send us your suggestions for how we can do this. Want to be on the podcast? Have a discussion topic that you think would be valuable to our community? Please let us know by emailing as at [email protected], sending us a note on Twitter, or on Facebook. We hope that you enjoy our first podcast of the year as we look back on some of our favorite things of 2016 and what we're hopeful about in 2017. Feel free to shoot us an email at skiffyandfanty [at] gmail [dot] com! You can also leave a comment  on our website .  Our new intro music comes " The Launch " by Chronox ( CC BY 4.0 ), which has been slightly modified to include sound effects and for length purposes.

As Dr. Murthy prepares to conclude his term as Surgeon General, the moment is , the moment is bittersweet: serving as Surgeon General has been the honor of his lifetime, and saying goodbye is hard. For this second-to-last episode of House Calls, he calls on his my moai – friends and fellow physicians Dave Chokshi and Sunny Kishmore – to reflect on the issues he took and how serving as Surgeon General has shaped him. Dr. Murthy also shares his final act as Surgeon General: offering a Parting Prescription for America. It is a summary of what I have learned from my two terms, and what I believe will help heal the pain many people across our country are experiencing right now. (02:51)    How is Dr. Murthy feeling days before his time in office ends?(04:59)    What did it feel like to be asked to serve a second term as Surgeon General?(06:41)    What was Dr. Murthy’s approach to figuring out what he wanted to work on in his second term?(09:48)    What aspect of his work as Surgeon General does Dr. Murthy feel particularly resonated with the people he has served?(15:47)    What did Dr. Murthy learn from his first term as Surgeon General that he brought to his second?(19:37)    What was the biggest challenge of being Surgeon General?(21:33)    What does Dr. Murthy think his children will remember about this time?(23:53)    How has Dr. Murthy influenced the role of Surgeon General?(25:53)    What personally caused Dr. Murthy angst while he was serving as Surgeon General?(33:35)    What was the impact of his work on his family?(39:17)    What is the power of unconditional love?(43:41)    What is U.S. Surgeon General Dr. Vivek Murthy’s “Parting Prescription” For more episodes, visit www.surgeongeneral.gov/housecalls.  For more episodes, visit www.surgeongeneral.gov/housecalls.  Dr. Dave Chokshi, Physician & Public Health Leader  Twitter: @davechokshi    Dr. Sandeep (Sunny) Kishore, Physician-Scientist  Twitter: @sandeep_kishore  Instagram: @sunnyk5    About Dr. Dave Chokshi & Dr. Sunny Kishore  Dr. Dave A. Chokshi is a practicing physician and public health leader who most recently served as the 43rd Health Commissioner of New York City. From 2020-2022, he led the City’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic, including its historic campaign to vaccinate over 6 million New Yorkers. Previously, Dr. Chokshi was the inaugural Chief Population Health Officer at the largest public healthcare system in the nation. He has held successive senior leadership roles that span the public, private, and nonprofit sectors. A Rhodes Scholar and White House Fellow, he is nationally recognized as a transformational leader, a clinical innovator, a policy expert, and a fierce advocate for a stronger and more equitable health system.    Dr. Sandeep (Sunny) Kishore is a physician-scientist at the University of California, San Francisco. He has worked on closing the “know-do” gap and translating scientific insights into real-world applications with focus on chronic disease prevention & control. Currently, he is focused on developing a scalable treatment algorithm for blood pressure control to improve cardiometabolic health for primary care clinics across the University of California. His work has led to the addition of over ten treatments to the Essential Medicines List of the World Health Organization (WHO) for cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes and mental illness. He also has provided technical guidance to Resolve to Save Lives with a focus on fixed dose combinations for blood pressure and led large global networks focused on reducing the toll of chronic illness worldwide.      Dr. Kishore completed his medical and graduate training at Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan-Kettering Institute and Oxford, undertook his clinical training at Yale and Brigham & Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School and has held fellowships at Harvard, Yale and the Dalai Lama Center at MIT. He currently resides in the Bay Area with his wife. 

Perma.cc archive of https://ssrn.com/abstract=2884274 created on 2017-04-06 21:25:17+00:00.

Perma.cc archive of https://ssrn.com/abstract=2884274 created on 2017-04-06 21:25:17+00:00.

Patriots head coach Bill Belichick addresses the media via video conference call on Tuesday, October 13, 2020.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

2021 was a surprisingly busy year. Steve and Shannah take a look back at the year that was we move into a new year. They also peek at things coming in 2022 and reflect on their favorite projects from last year. More ways for you to #LovePlano: *Subscribe to weekly Plano City News: share.plano.gov/PCNyt *Follow Plano on Social Media: share.plano.gov/Socialyt *Share what you love about Plano using #LovePlano on social

On Episode 161 of the Enormocast, I sit down with young wall-climber, Jordan Cannon. Jordan's path to climbing, while rather normal 30 years ago, flies in the face of the standard young person's path through the gym to the boulders. Instead, Jordan went pretty straight to the big walls without passing GO. Armed with endless ... Continue reading "Episode 161: Jordan Cannon - Looking Back to Go Forward."

Congressional Hearing Committee on Science, Space, and Technology Date: 2010-09-16 Room: 2318 Rayburn HOB

On this episode of Postgame, MC is joined by Brett Larkin and they recap the NFL's Conference Championship weekend and preview the upcoming Super Bowl between the Kansas City Chiefs and San Francisco 49ers.

On this episode of Postgame, MC is joined by Brett Larkin and they recap the NFL's Conference Championship weekend and preview the upcoming Super Bowl between the Kansas City Chiefs and San Francisco 49ers.

Changing views on the abyss of evil in our world.

117 p. :

As we know from the earlier episode with Lacey, she grew up with a mother who neglected her. It has left her with a deep sense she is not good enough. In this episode, Hillary and Lacey travel back to Lacey's childhood home to witness the situation through the eyes of caring responsible adults who see little Lacey's suffering and take care of her.

Patriots head coach Bill Belichick addresses the media during his video conference call on Thursday, October 15, 2020.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Take a journey to find out what's working in HIV prevention -- and providing hope for the future -- in this new half-hour documentary produced by ViewChange in partnership with PSI (Population Services International).

It's that time of year to look over our shoulders to review this past year and then to plan out what we'd like for this coming year. Host Becky Parker Geist offers some ways to consider both your view of what's behind you as well as how to make a plan for what you'd like to experience in 2022. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

This paper examines levers or drivers that have influenced the direction of educational development in Canada over the last 40 years and also tries to predict what will be the impact of some current levers on changing the work of developers in the next 20 years. Reflecting on those years, it is apparent our work in the 1980s was very focused on the individual and gradually shifted to become more organizational and sector focused, particularly as the work of developers moved from the periphery to the center of our institutions. The challenge of the next 20 years will be responding to the breadth of areas we are being drawn into in the academy yet, the diversity of our work is one of the strengths of our profession.

Wow. It's finally here! Our first episode on our new website, using our new feed! Hopefully everything works out and it ends up in your ears, because it's time for the team to talk about what they loved in 2017 and what they're looking forward to in 2018! We had reason to be a bit down about 2017. Last year was tough for many of us, but it still brought with it some amazing speculative fiction and some amazing growth on the Skiffy and Fanty Show. Our Patreon supporters allowed us to start 2018 fresh and shiny and new, and that brought with it a renewed sense of hope! For the last couple of weeks, many of our previous guests have been sharing what brings them joy . Hopefully, their joy has inspired some of your own. But sometimes it's a struggle to find joy, to embrace joy. Our theme this year is "hope," but hope often starts from a dark place, a place of struggle, fear, and pain. That's where we leave 2017 and how we're going to tackle 2018. In some ways, 2017 was a year where we declared ourselves as members of the resistance. In that sense, 2018 is the year we declare that we know we can win. But since I'm officially rambling, I'm going to let you go listen to this episode! Shaun, Jen, Paul, and David share some updates about the podcast and look back to the past year and ahead to the future. In addition, most of the rest of the team, including Becca, Trish, David, Daniel, Elizabeth, Alex, Joyce, Stephen, and Rachel, our newest member, hop on for their own quick additions! Hopefully, once you're finished, you'll have some new things to add to your reading and watching lists! Those weren't already too long, right? We hope you enjoy the episode! Feel free to shoot us an email at skiffyandfanty [at] gmail [dot] com! You can also leave a comment  on our website .  Our new intro and outro music comes " Dimension " by Creo ( CC BY 4.0 ), which has been slightly modified to include sound effects and for length purposes.

Looking forward to campaigning across the country on the Brexit Bus. Together, we will get our country back!

Tiananmen protester, World Cup: Chris Jones, Carol Off tattoo, Alberta sovereignty, Alzheimer's drug, New Zealand reporter and more.

Audioblog for Looking Back and Forward  Luminousbeings.blog 

January 7, 2020       Guest: Caleb Maupin   Topic: Imperialism in 2019 and Prospects for 2020   This week Cindy chats with RT journalist Caleb Maupin about US foreign policy, especially in the Middle East and Caleb analyzes the impeachment debacle.   Unfortunately, a few hours after the interview was finished, the US assassinated Iranian General Soleimani while he was on a diplomatic mission in Iraq.   THE SOAPBOX STATEMENT ON THE ASSASSINATION:   First of all, we send our deepest condolences to the family of Qassem Soleimani and the people of Iran and our sincerest apologies that the nation we live in has decided to assassinate him (and others) in a blatant attack which should be prosecuted at the highest levels of international law.    We also stand in solidarity with the people of Iran who are in the streets protesting this current crime by the hundreds of thousands.    We’d also like to honor the memory of General Soleimani and the many sacrifices he made fighting US-led or fomented terrorism in the Middle East. Although we oppose war, we also recognize the right of the people to resist violence and occupation and we oppose US imperialist mis-adventurism and violence most of all.   Since Soleimani was in Iraq to help Iraqis battle terrorism when he was murdered, we’d also like to show our solidarity with the people of Iraq who have been resisting US imperialism for many decades.    We join our voices with theirs to demand a full and rapid withdrawal of US troops, independent mercenaries, and all CIA operatives from their country. The government of Iraq must listen to the voices of its people and not the demands of the bully-nation that has been destroying it for profit.   As we are already seeing the stock of “defense” contractors skyrocket along with the price of oil, March on the Pentagon also strongly condemns the ghoulish profiteers and oppose any further carnage on their behalf.   Iran has long been the “cherry on top” for the neoconservative US/Israeli imperial project, and only the people of the world, united in solidarity against this newest outrage, can stop the disaster looming on the horizon.    ***** LINK TO CALEB'S NEW BOOK:    

MESSAGE: Glancing Back and Looking Forward with Optimism / The Baldivis Church - Senior Pastor Gordon Bassett

What a year 2022 was, huh? Now we have 2023 to look forward to. SuperLutheran shares a sermon about the new year ahead, and after the break, Super and Myles reminisce over the garbage heap that was 2022 and answer your emails.Are Jews the chosen people of God? No: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pzHB5CaglgoAge of Ruin: From the Ashes: https://poa.st/@Godcast/posts/ALVRT05jJfK3me3PtYThe first of what I hope to be many entries in a science fiction universe both by and for /ourguys/.If you have questions about the Christian faith or just want to get in touch with us, we can be reached at [email protected] you'd like to support the Godcast and/or The Very Lutheran Project, you can do so here: https://verylutheran.gumroad.com/Myles and Super can be found improving timelines on the Fediverse here:poa.st/@Godcastpoa.st/@SuperLutheranPugnus Pastorem 

"Looking back at the painful year 2023 and looking forward to 2024" (2023 Myanmar Nway Oo Chronicle review) Nway Oo Mai

February 15, 2022 -  3rd Tuesday - History & Future An Erie County 200th Anniversary Event: April 2021 - April 2022 Theme: "IMAGINE Greater Buffalo as a Premier Cultural & Nature Center: Imagine Place-based Lifelong Learning" 12:30pm - 1:00pm Speaker : George Scott , co-curator, Colored Musicians Club of Buffalo, NY, "Looking Back & Forward" Co-sponsored by the  Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural Site  &  Western New York Heritage Press  &  The Buffalo History Museum & EC200 **************************************************** Video Link for Archived IMAGINE Greater Buffalo Library Programs: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLqYMNlV1J5NlGn75D6yGEfUkBnp6Xuwa7 Audio Recordings available at ImagineLifelongLearning.com C-SAAHN Audio Catalog contains over 1150 audio recordings from Buffalo and Chautauqua Institution ******************************************** Since December 2009, The Center for the Study of Art, Architecture, History & Nature (C-SAAHN) has sponsored the Tuesday 'IMAGINE' Noon-Hour Lecture/Discussion Series at the Downtown Buffalo & Erie County Central Public Library. This is the 449th C-SAAHN 'IMAGINE' Lecture & Discussion and 71st virtual program hosted by the library.  See:  http://www.buffaloah.com/h/center/lib/18.html and ImagineLifelongLearning.com AUDIO Catalog with over 1150 recordings. The two IMAGINE Series lecture/discussion themes are: ** " IMAGINE a Healthy, Wealthy, & Sustainable Community: Imagine Place-based Lifelong Learning" ** IMAGINE Greater Buffalo as a Premier North American Cultural & Nature Center: Imagine Place-based Lifelong Learning " Weekly focus: 1st Tuesday - The Arts & Creativity 2nd Tuesday - Architecture & Design 3rd Tuesday - History & Future 4th Tuesday - Nature & Science Occasional 5th Tuesday - "Art of Investing in Sustainability" The 3rd Tuesday speaker on this C-SAAHN AUDI O is George Scott, Co-curator, Colored Musicians Club of Buffalo, NY, "Looking Back & Forward" For an AUDIO reflection of the IMAGINE' Series: December 27, 2017 Downtown Library C-SAAHN "IMAGINE" Noon-Hour Lecture by Dennis Galucki https://archive.org/details/1712270514 C-SAAHN(http://www.buffaloah.com/h/center/index.html) was established in 2009 as a unique digital enterprise and network designed to help link volunteers and lifelong learning communities as part of the "Buffalo-Chautauqua Idea: Exploring American Legacy through Place-based Lifelong Learning and Imagination." This recording is part of the C-SAAHN "IMAGINE" AUDIO Series. Also see IMAGINE Greater Buffalo: ImagineLifelongLearning.com By Dennis Galucki, Founder, C-SAAHN & ImagineLifelongLearning.com

New years, new decades, and new changes, oh my! In our first episode of 2020, Jen and Shaun take a trip in a time machine to discuss some of the things they loved in 2019 and some of the things they're looking forward to in 2020. From books to movies to awkward social events, there's a lot to love about 2019 and a lot to expect in 2020. That's kinda the theme, right? Looking back! Moving forward! Of course, a new decade means new changes to the show. Shaun and Jen take a minute to talk about what you can expect from the show in 2020, why we're making some changes to things, and what they're hoping to get out of our 10th year of podcasting. We hope you enjoy the episode! If you have a question you’d like us to answer, feel free to shoot us a message on  our contact page . Our new intro and outro music comes from “Sphere” by Creo ( CC BY 4.0 ), which has been slightly modified to include sound effects and for length purposes.

Il SaKong, Chairman of the Korean Presidential Committee for the G-20 summit, outlined his governmentâs proposed action program for the upcoming G-20 summit in Seoul in November. SaKong also reviewed the results from the G-20 summit in Toronto, which he attended. He spoke at an event held at the Peterson Institute for International Economics on June 30, 2010.

Looking Back and Looking Forward by Zac Poonen

A round table forum moderated by Valarie Starn, it features Mayor Tri Ta, and former Mayors Margie Rice, Joy Neugebauer, Kathy Buchoz and Phil Anthony. Each of the Mayors discuss their background, their accomplishments while in office, and how they have seen the City of Westminster change and grow over the years.

What's Up Next for TNG? How was Arc 1?

Dirty Linen's 2021 season kicks off with Looking Back, Looking Forward. We take stock and press on! Our first guest is Jake Nicolson, executive chef at the Ghanem Group, which has multiple restaurants in Brisbane (Blackbird, Donna Chang and more) and Melbourne (Byblos, Le Bon Ton). Jake talks about leadership, processes and mentoring, particularly in the context of young chefs who are missing out on their tour of duty to places like London or New York. Can they learn enough in their own backyard?https://www.ghanemgroup.com.auLISTEN TO OUR OTHER PODCASTSDirty Linen with Dani Valenthttps://podcasts.apple.com/au/podcast/dirty-linen-a-food-podcast-with-dani-valent/id1518946986The Crackling with Anthony Huckstephttps://linktr.ee/thecracklingFollow Dirty Linen on Instagramhttps://www.instagram.com/deepintheweedspodcast/?hl=enFollow Danihttps://www.instagram.com/danivalentFollow Deep In The Weeds on Instagramhttps://www.instagram.com/deepintheweedspodcast/?hl=enFollow Rob Locke (Executive Producer)https://www.instagram.com/foodwinedine/Follow Huck (Executive Producer)https://www.instagram.com/huckstergram/

This weekend, it's out with the old and in with the new as Donald Tsang leaves his post as Chief Executive and Leung Chun-ying steps in. In part one of the show, we talk to people about their views of Tsang's term, and their expectations of Leung's. But let's face it: you already know what all the political pundits and politicians are going to say, so we asked people from a variety of lesser-exposed backgrounds, what they think.

Sermon given on December 31, 2017 at St. Stephen Antiochian Orthodox Church, Campbell, CA

Thank you for helping us get to 500 TWiRT episodes! Chris Tobin says he’s up for 500 more! This week, Tom Ray joins us to review some past topics and see how they’ve changed in the past 10 years. Chris Tobin checks in from high above Manhattan.  Plus, we predict the future for some of today’s technologies.

Take a journey to find out what's working in HIV prevention -- and providing hope for the future -- in this new half-hour documentary produced by ViewChange in partnership with PSI (Population Services International).

The county wants to improve the Area Plans Review (APR) process, which is the primary means to regularly review and update the county's Comprehensive Plan. To do so, the Department of Planning and Zoning is conducting the 2011-2012 Area Plans Review Retrospective. The retrospective will evaluate how the process can: -Expand public outreach -Provide a more holistic approach to review -Enhance land use and transportation analysis The APR Retrospective intends to document the changing nature of APR and combine opportunities for community input with staff research and evaluation. The retrospective has been endorsed by the county's Planning Commission, an advisory body to the Board of Supervisors on land use decisions related to the county's Comprehensive Plan. The Board of Supervisors also discussed this type of evaluation as part of their 2009 Fairfax County Board of Supervisors Retreat agenda. For more information please visit: http://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/dpz/apr/retrospective.htm Please note: Fairfax County is not responsible for the content provided on "related" and "promoted" videos that are accessible from this county's YouTube channel. All viewers should note that these related videos and comments expressed on them do not reflect the opinions and position of the Fairfax County government or its officers and employees.

We take a look at the 2007 Season and how wrong were our predictions? Update on all the AFR News

Vermont is widely regarded as one of the most queer-friendly states in America. In 2000, the state was the first in the nation to legalize civil unions for same sex couples, and in 2009, Vermont became the first state to allow same-sex marriage by legislation rather than by court ruling. But how did that come to pass? At least one important factor has been the tireless activism and advocacy carried out over decades by, and on behalf of, Vermont’s LGBTQ+ community. Presented in partnership with the AIDS Project of Southern Vermont and Out in the Open (formerly Green Mountain Crossroads) and sponsored by The Samara Fund of the Vermont Community Foundation, this event looks at the key individuals, organizations, and moments in the history of queer activism in southern Vermont from the 1980s to the present day. This event is presented in conjunction with Performative Acts, a retrospective of work by the acclaimed photographer and activist Dona Ann McAdams. McAdams credits her friendship with civil rights icon Harvey Milk with inspiring her lifelong devotion to using photography for social change. The exhibit includes McAdams’ photographs of queer liberation and AIDS activism protests across several decades.

Looking Back and Forward

Research Associates Foundation spring event “Looking Back, Thinking Forward: Organizing to Breach Baltimore’s Racial Divide” on Thursday March 20 at 7:30 at the new Red Emma’s.  A  panel  of activists including Marc Steiner, Betty Robinson, Paul Coates and C.D. Witherspoon, moderated by Lester Spence.

An episode in three parts: where we've been, where we are, where we're going

March 2021 is a time when stories of women’s history, old and new, are brought out. This year Stories in Time at Home has scheduled three programs to discuss women’s feelings about equality for women under the law and hoping women will finally enter into the Constitution. This episode of Stories in Time at Home welcomes guests Susan Horst, President of Business and Professional Women of Maryland & Jeanette Feldner President of Montgomery County Chapter of the National Organization for Women. They have worked with women’s concerns through their organizations since the 1970s. Host Ellouise Schoettler discusses her interest and the guests involvement with the Equal Rights Amendment locally and nationally. Learn about how lives of women were in the 1970s and how women were finding their power and helping each other and supporting each other with their journey to find their strength. There has been extraordinary progress in the movement toward full equality. While Alice Paul began it all in 1923, and Congress passed the ERA in 1972, by 1982 only 35 states had ratified, but in 2017 Nevada ratified the ERA; Illinois ratified in 2018; Virginia ratified it on January 27th, 2020, then on January 22nd Republican Alaska Senator Lisa Murkowski introduced a joint resolution with Democratic Maryland Senator Ben Cardin to remove the ERA's ratification deadline, and on February 13th the House of Representatives dissolved the time limit written in the amendment’s introduction. Now it is on to the Senate. Except on March 5th a judge ruled it couldn't be ratified, but the case could head to the Supreme Court. Sue Waltisky, national communications director for Cardin, wrote that Article V of the Constitution, a section which covers the amendment ratification process, contains no time limits for the process of ratification. Please help to achieve this goal to amend the Constitution to ensure that one cannot be discriminated against because of one’s sex by getting involved and contacting your local officials and voicing your opinion. For more information visit BPWMaryland.org, MCMDNOW.org, or ERACoalition.org. -----------\r Connect with MMCTV online: https://www.mmctv.org/\r \r Subscribe to us on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCeUuQ-ztb-QetB7TmIscDvg\r \r Follow us on social media:\r Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/MMCTVCHANNEL16/\r Twitter: https://twitter.com/mmctv16\r Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/montgomerymunicipalcable16/\r \r Montgomery Municipal Cable (MMCTV) is a government access station in Montgomery County, MD. MMC was designed to increase community awareness among the citizens of the county by broadcasting municipal events, educational programs and interviews with elected officials and other noteworthy individuals. You can find MMC on Channel 16 on Comcast, Verizon and RCN every evening as well as 24/7 access to our online video archives. Channel 16 is a member of the PEG Network (Public Education and Government) of Montgomery County. We are able to provide programming due to the continued support from the municipalities within the county.\r \r We are located in the Kensington Town Hall/Armory. We have a state of the art, all virtual studio which allows us to change the background for each of our programs. All of our programs are produced and hosted by municipal and county residents who volunteer their time as a way of communicating a topic they are passionate about for the residents of Montgomery County.\r \r MMC’s programming includes shows that provide the public with information pertaining to health and wellness, politics, business, the arts and life planning including services, organizations and local events. We also have programs for the Hispanic community. Whether you’re looking to hear from your elected officials about what’s going on in our community or if you are looking for volunteer opportunities close to home, MMC has something of interest for everyone in the county.

This paper reviews the theoretical basis for educational voucher proposals, the various types of vouchers proposed, and the experience that has been had with voucher systems so far. The paper looks first at the claims made by voucher supporters that vouchers will redistribute political and economic power and simplify the administration of educational funding. The history of efforts to test and enact voucher plans is then examined briefly. The paper next describes regulated vouchers that limit potential socially undesirable results. The limited voucher system field tested by Alum Rock School District in San Jose, California, provides an illustration of such a system's possible impact. The most monitored of all education choice programs, this experiment yielded a rich data base on how families will respond to a large array of choices among schools. The political influence of opposition to vouchers by teacher groups is considered next. Noting that the history of vouchers suggests that only limited and regulated versions of the idea are politically viable, the paper then discusses three limited uses for vouchers: (1) for schools in sparsely populated areas, (2) for racial balancing, and (3) for such children at risk as dropouts and the educationally disadvantaged. Fifty-one footnotes are appended. (PGD)

New years, new shiny, and memories, oh my! Shaun Duke , Jen Zink , and Brandon O'Brien join forces for the first podcast of 2021. Together, they take a dive back into the things they enjoyed about 2020 before jumping in time to all the things they're looking forward to in 2021. Plus, we share new goals for the year, announcements about things to come, and brand new intro music! Thanks for listening. We hope you enjoy the episode! If you have a question you’d like us to answer, feel free to shoot us a message on  our contact page . Our new intro and outro music comes from Holy Mole. You can support his work on his Patreon .