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In this episode we discuss: - Batman vs Superman Review WITH SPOILERS! - DMX and his "lyrics?" What do they mean? So deep! - Scenes that are Stupid - RIP to Gary Shandling and Phife (The 5 Foot Assassin)--- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/redbeardpodcast/support

The trend in the recent years in the sport of ice fishing has been the shift to Lithium ION powered tools; augers, flashers and other electronics. Joel Nelson of Joel Nelson Outdoors talks with Scott and Kyle about the features that electric ice augers offer anglers of all ages, experience levels and fishing styles. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Deutschland braucht mehr Lithium, zum Beispiel für Autobatterien. Der Rohstoff wird auch im Oberrheingraben vermutet und es gibt schon Versuchsanlagen zur Forderung des Lithiums. Aber kann sich das langfristig lohnen? Dazu gibt es eine Studie des KIT.

This episode is also available as a blog post: https://harrogateelectricvehiclenews.com/2021/12/06/surprise-factors-behind-rapid-cost-decline-of-lithium-ion-batteries/

Today on Kilowatt we talk about the Model S, Model X, Model 3, and the Moose Test. Picks SoundStripe Video Project Loveday Submission Moose Test Model X Crash Test #1 Model X Crash Test #2 The News Model X vs the Moose Test Model X 5-Star Safety P100 Battery not changing anytime soon Model S & X not switching to the 2170 battery anytime soon Tesla unofficially sell 100,000 Model S's Model 3 may have a 300 + mile range Model 3 reservations can be extended Model 3 battery cells started production Model 3 test drives Model 3 eats all the lithium Model 3 in New Zealand Other Podcasts [Snap][21] iMessage Stickers: Christmas Ornaments - http://apple.co/2ipEu5e Miss Kawaii Sticker Pack - http://apple.co/2dgcA9T Thanksgiving Sticker Pack 1 - http://bit.ly/918thanks Faces Sticker Pack - http://bit.ly/facespack1 Contact Info: Email - bodie @ 918Digital .com Voicemail - 918-401-0071 Twitter - @918Digital Website - https://www.kilowatt.bz Support this show http://supporter.acast.com/kilowatt . Become a member at https://plus.acast.com/s/kilowatt . Our GDPR privacy policy was updated on August 8, 2022. Visit acast.com/privacy for more information.

Craig Johnson, a professor of political science at the University of Guelph.Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

➤ Ford announces split of EV and ICE business units ➤ Rivian announces significant price increases ➤ Elon Musk comments on State of the Union address ➤ Report on Giga Berlin ➤ Tesla locks in new lithium supply contract ➤ Polestar shows off roadster concept Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/teslapodcast Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/tesladailypodcast Tesla Referral: https://ts.la/robert47283 Plaid producer Who Why Executive producer Jeremy Cooke Executive producer Troy Cherasaro Executive producer Andre/Maria Kent Executive producer Jessie Chimni Executive producer Michael Pastrone Executive producer Richard Del Maestro Executive producer John Beans Music by Evan Schaeffer Disclosure: Rob Maurer is long TSLA stock & derivatives

Form #6 (1993)(Lithium)

Form #6 (1993)(Lithium)

Form #6 (1993)(Lithium)

Weltweit verlaufen die Entwicklungstrends des Markthochlaufs der Elektromobilität und die Weiterentwicklung relevanter Batteriefertigungs- und Recyclingtechnologien hoch dynamisch. Maßgebliche Faktoren für die Entstehung eines industriellen Batterierecycling-Marktes nehmen dabei erst langsam Gestalt an, der regulatorische Rahmen ist noch modellierbar. Zugleich ist der Technologiepfad Elektromobilität als eingeschlagen zu begreifen - die Notwendigkeit einer Verkehrswende zur Reduzierung des CO2-Ausstoßes begründet Umbrüche in der Automobilbranche, die mittelfristig zu steigenden Verkehrsanteilen von Fahrzeugen mit rein elektrischem oder hybridem Antrieb an den PKW-Neuzulassungen führen werden. Damit steigt der Bedarf an geeigneten Traktionsbatterien und die Nachfrage nach den zu ihrer Herstellung erforderlichen, endlichen Rohstoffen. Im Energiesektor stellt der Beschluss zum Kohleausstieg 2038 eine Zäsur dar: Mit der Zielstellung, die Lausitz – bislang Braunkohlerevier - als Energieregion zu erhalten und die Angleichung der Lebensverhältnisse in der strukturschwachen Region zu schaffen, gehen wir der Frage nach, ob durch die Errichtung einer Recyclingstrecke für Traktionsbatterien der Elektro-Mobilität ein Beitrag zur Gestaltung einer „Energieregion der Zukunft“ geleistet werden kann. Dies einerseits im Hinblick auf die Schaffung von Beschäftigung, um die im Kontext des Braunkohleausstiegs drohenden Verluste von Industriearbeitsplätzen zu kompensieren. Andererseits unter Maßgabe der Etablierung einer nachhaltigen, regional verankerten Kreislaufwirtschaft. Um nachhaltige Entwicklungschancen für die Lausitz im Zuge des Aufschwungs der Elektro-Mobilität abzuleiten, werden • die endogenen Potentiale der Region analysiert, • das zukünftige Altbatterie-Aufkommen und der technologische Entwicklungsstand des Li-Io-Batterierecycling aufgezeigt sowie • die regulatorischen Rahmenbedingungen auf den Prüfstand gestellt. Wir zeigen die offenen Flanken der Lithium-Ionen-„Batterierevolution“ auf, indem wir auch ihre Risiken diskutieren: Das Recycling der Lithium-Ionen-Batterien stellt sich demnach zukünftig als dringliche Notwendigkeit dar, denn • die zu ihrer Herstellung erforderlichen Rohstoffe sind endlich, • sie werden zum Teil unter Menschen unwürdigen Arbeitsbedingungen und mit erheblichen ökologischen Folgeschäden abgebaut, • es ist eine sichere und verantwortungsvolle Entsorgung bzw. Wiederverwertung der Batterien, die hochgiftige Substanzen enthalten, zu gewährleisten. Schließlich werden Handlungsempfehlungen für ein integriertes Entwicklungskonzept formuliert, die auf die Etablierung einer Kreislaufwirtschaft und Bottom-up Partizipation der Bevölkerung abstellen. Sie vermitteln Ideen, wie sich die Ansiedlung einer Zukunftstechnologie – wie des industriellen Batterierecycling - in „Regionen mit hohen Zukunftsrisiken“ unterstützen lässt und wie sich Strukturwandel so gestalten lässt, dass ökologische und soziale nicht gegen ökonomische Interessen ausgespielt werden. Source: https://media.ccc.de/v/36c3-10666-wandel_im_braunkohlerevier_lithium-ionen-batterierecycling Uploader: tubeup.py

Lithium has gained extensive attention in medical science due to mood stabilizing activity. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on physical, atomic, and thermal properties of lithium powder. The lithium powder was divided into two parts i.e., control and treatment. Control part was remained as untreated and treatment part received Mr. Trivedi’s biofield treatment. Subsequently, control and treated lithium powder samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric analysis-differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). XRD data showed that lattice parameter, unit cell volume, density, atomic weight, and nuclear charge per unit volume of lithium were altered after biofield treatment. The crystallite size of treated lithium was increased by 75% as compared to control. DSC analysis exhibited an increase in melting temperature of treated lithium powder upto 11.2% as compared to control. TGA-DTA analysis result showed that oxidation temperature, which found after melting point, was reduced upto 285.21°C in treated lithium as compared to control (358.96°C). Besides, SEM images of control and treated lithium samples showed the agglomerated micro particles. Moreover, FT-IR analysis data showed an alteration in absorption band (416→449 cm-1) in treated lithium sample after biofield treatment as compared to control. Overall, data suggested that biofield treatment has significantly altered the physical, atomic, and thermal properties of lithium powder.

LineageOS 20 based on Android 13 for Xiaomi Mi Mix (lithium). 

Stone Medicine Materia Medica

Enhanced Electrochemical Performance of Polycrystalline NCM811 Cathode at High Voltage through Te-Doped LiNbO 3 Coating for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Lithium batteries are electrochemical reactors that transform chemical energy into electrical energy on demand. Lithium metal batteries were first marketed in early 1970, primarily for military use. They have a very high gravimetric and volumetric energy density compared to all other batteries-- five to ten times the energy of other battery systems. The reactive nature of the lithium chemistry can lead to energetic failure due to such insults as crushing, penetration, vibration, overheating, and/or manufacturing defects leading to internal shorts. Lithium primary (i.e. non-rechargeable) batteries include both active and reserve batteries. Reserve batteries remain in an inactive condition until needed, at which time the electrolyte is introduced into the cell. The shelf life of lithium reserve batteries can be measured in decades, so they have been widely used in munitions systems for short bursts of power during deployment of a projectile. Liquid reserve batteries use an electrolyte that is a liquid at ambient temperatures, and reserved in a separate reservoir. Thermal reserve batteries use an electrolyte that is a solid at ambient temperatures and must be melted by an energetic material to activate the battery. Improvements in shelf life of active lithium primary batteries has led to a reduction in use of reserve batteries in some weapons systems, with a concomitant increase in potential hazards due to the presence of an activated cell in the article.

Move The Ultimate Challenge (1994)(CP Verlag)[cr Lithium]

Move The Ultimate Challenge (1994)(CP Verlag)[cr Lithium]

"LITHIUM BMS WARNING - Circuit drained LIFEPO4 pack in 10 days on Electric Motor Sport Native Z6 (now called Z6000) scooter. Same Battery Management System is used on the EMS GPR-S and possibly other electric rides and bikes. THUNDERSKY WINSTON LIFEPO4 LITHIUM BATTERIES BATTERY PACK ELECTRIC MOTOR SPORT GPR-S "

Flow components and instrumentation resistance to high temperature lithium impingement in separator materials study for liquid metal magnetohydrodynamic power system

NetNietLive - Uitzending 37 - 2014.03.06 - Het Lithium Leger -Demmink, Holthuis, Wabeke, en Wooldrik: Het neusje van de zalm wat pedofielen betreft -Britten hebben eigen Demmink -Rusland handelt naar eer en geweten op de Krim -Afghanistan, lithium voor de hoogste bieder -Whatsapp: De nieuwste facebook assassinatie -Gezocht: drugswijzer voor honden uit Colorado -Bewijs: Michael Jackson leeft verder in parallel universum

We use an all-optical trap to confine a strongly attractive two-state mixture of lithium fermions. By measuring the rate of evaporation from the trap, we determine the effective elastic scattering cross section (4 PI a^2) to show that the magnitude of the scattering length |a| is very large, in agreement with predictions. We show that the mixture is stable against inelastic decay provided that a small bias magnetic field is applied. For this system, the s-wave interaction is widely tunable at low magnetic field, and can be turned on and off rapidly via a Raman PI pulse. Hence, this mixture is well suited for fundamental studies of an interacting Fermi gas.

Roby Whitehouse and Brian Braginton-Smith speak about proper lithium-ion battery disposal.

We have obtained intermediate resolution spectra of eleven candidate brown dwarf members of the Pleiades open cluster using the Keck II telescope and LRIS spectrograph. Our primary goal was to determine the location of the "lithium depletion edge" in the Pleiades and hence to derive a precise age for the cluster. All but one of our 11 program objects have radial velocities appropriate for Pleiades members, have moderately strong H alpha emission, and have spectral types M6 to M8.5, as expected for their (R-I) colors. We have constructed a color-magnitude diagram for the faint end of the Pleiades main sequence, including only stars for which high S/N spectra in the region of the lithium 6708 Angstrom absorption line have been obtained. These data allow us to accurately determine the Pleiades single-star lithium depletion edge at I(c0) = 17.80, R-I(c0) = 2.20, spectral type = M6.5. By reference to theoretical evolutionary models, this converts fairly directly into an age for the Pleiades of 125 Myr. This is significantly older than the age that is normally quoted, but does agree with some other recent estimates.

We present a high dispersion optical spectrum of St 34 and identify the system as a spectroscopic binary with components of similar luminosity and temperature (both M3+/-0.5). Based on kinematics, signatures of accretion, and location on an H-R diagram, we conclude that St 34 is a classical T Tauri star belonging to the Taurus-Auriga T Association. Surprisingly, however, neither component of the binary shows LiI 6708 A, absorption, the most universally accepted criterion for establishing stellar youth. In this uniquely known instance, the accretion disk appears to have survived longer than the lithium depletion timescale. We speculate that the long-lived accretion disk is a consequence of the sub-AU separation companion tidally inhibiting, though not preventing, circumstellar accretion. Comparisons with pre-main sequence evolutionary models imply, for each component of St 34, a mass of 0.37+/-0.08 Msun and an isochronal age of 8+/-3 Myr, which is much younger than the predicted lithium depletion timescale of ~ 25 Myr. Although a distance 38% closer than that of Taurus-Auriga or a hotter temperature scale could reconcile this discrepancy at 21-25 Myr, similar discrepancies in other systems and the implications of an extremely old accreting Taurus-Auriga member suggest instead a possible problem with evolutionary models. Regardless, the older age implied by St 34's depleted lithium abundance is the first compelling evidence for a substantial age spread in this region. Additionally, since St 34's coeval co-members with early M spectral types would likewise fail the lithium test for youth, current membership lists may be incomplete.

Killing Fields (1992)(Lithium Netware)[cr Triad]

Aluminum-lithium alloys exhibit similar environmental fatigue crack growth characteristics compared to conventional 2000 series alloys and are more resistant to environmental fatigue compared to 7000 series alloys. The superior fatigue crack growth behavior of Al-Li alloys 2090, 2091, 8090, and 8091 is due to crack closure caused by tortuous crack path morphology and crack surface corrosion products. At high R and reduced closure, chemical environment effects are pronounced resulting in accelerated near threshold da/dN. The beneficial effects of crack closure are minimized for small cracks resulting in rapid growth rates. Limited data suggest that the 'chemically small crack' effect, observed in other alloy system, is not pronounced in Al-Li alloys. Modeling of environmental fatigue in Al-Li-Cu alloys related accelerated fatigue crack growth in moist air and salt water to hydrogen embrittlement.

Radiation damage characteristics of lithium doped p-n solar cells and n-p solar cells

Fabrication and testing of lithium-drifted detectors as low energy photon spectrometers

In 2010, the ISS Program began the development of Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) batteries to replace the aging Ni-H2 batteries on the primary Electric Power System (EPS). After the Boeing 787 Li-Ion battery fires, the NASA Engineering and Safety Center (NESC) Power Technical Discipline Team was tasked by ISS to investigate the possibility of Thermal Runaway Propagation (TRP) in all Li-Ion batteries used on the ISS. As part of that investigation, NESC funded a TRP test of an ISS EPS non-flight Li-Ion battery. The test was performed at NASA White Sands Test Facility in October 2016. This paper will discuss the work leading up to the test, the design of the test article, and the test results.

In 2010, the ISS Program began the development of Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) batteries to replace the aging Ni-H2 batteries on the primary Electric Power System (EPS). After the Boeing 787 Li-Ion battery fires, the NASA Engineering and Safety Center (NESC) Power Technical Discipline Team was tasked by ISS to investigate the possibility of Thermal Runaway Propagation (TRP) in all Li-Ion batteries used on the ISS. As part of that investigation, NESC funded a TRP test of an ISS EPS non-flight Li-Ion battery. The test was performed at NASA White Sands Test Facility in October 2016. This paper will discuss the work leading up to the test, the design of the test article, and the test results.

We conducted an analysis of the distribution of elements from lithium to europium in 200 dwarfs in the solar neighbourhood ~20 pc with temperatures in the range 4800-6200 K and metallicities [Fe/H] higher than -0.5 dex. Determinations of atmospheric parameters and the chemical composition of the dwarfs were taken from our previous studies. We found that the lithium abundances in the planet-hosting solar-analog stars of our sample were lower than those in the stars without planetary systems. Our results reveal no significant differences exceeding the determination errors for the abundances of investigated elements, except for aluminium and barium, which are more and less abundant in the planet-hosting stars, respectively. We did not find confident dependences of the lithium, aluminium and barium abundances on the ages of our target stars (which is probable because of the small number of stars). Furthermore, we found no correlation between the abundance differences in [El/Fe] and the condensation temperature (Tcond) for stars in the 16 Cyg binary system, unlike the case for 51 Peg (HD 217014), for which a slight excess of volatile elements and a deficit of refractories were obtained relative to those of solar twins. We found that one of the components of 16 Cyg exhibits a slightly higher average abundance than its counterpart ( = 0.08+/-0.02 dex); however, no significant abundance trend versus Tcond was observed. Owing to the relatively large errors, we cannot provide further constraints for this system.

Absolute dielectronic recombination (DR) rates for lithium-like Ni$^{25+}$($1s^2 2s$) ions were measured at high-energy resolution at the Heidelberg heavy-ion storage ring TSR. We studied the center-of-mass energy range 0--130 eV which covers all $\Delta n$=0 core excitations. The influence of external crossed electric (0--300 V/cm) and magnetic (41.8--80.1 mT) fields was investigated. For the measurement at near-zero electric field resonance energies and strengths are given for Rydberg levels up to n$=$32; also Maxwellian plasma rate coefficients for the $\Delta n$=0 DR at electron temperatures between 0.5 and 200 eV are provided. For increasing electric field strength we find that for both the $2p_{1/2}$ and the $2p_{3/2}$ series of Ni$^{24+}$($1s^2 2p_j n\ell$) Rydberg resonances with n>30 the DR rate coefficient increases approximately linearly by up to a factor of 1.5. The relative increase due to the applied electric field for Ni$^{25+}$ is remarkably lower than that found in previous measurements with lighter isoelectronic Si$^{11+}$, Cl$^{14+}$ and also Ti$^{19+}$ ions, [T. Bartsch et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 79}, 2233 (1997); {\bf 82}, 3779 (1999) and to be published] and in contrast to the results for lighter ions no clear dependence of the electric field enhancement on the magnetic field strength is found. The Maxwellian plasma rate coefficients for $\Delta n$=0 DR of Ni$^{25+}$ are enhanced by at most 11% in the presence of the strongest experimentally applied fields.

We present a simulation workflow for efficient investigations of the interplay between 3D lithium-ion electrode microstructures and electrochemical performance, with emphasis on lithium plating. Our approach addresses several challenges. First, the 3D microstructures of porous electrodes are generated by a parametric stochastic model, in order to significantly reduce the necessity of tomographic imaging. Secondly, we integrate a consistent microscopic, 3D spatially-resolved physical model for the electrochemical behaviour of the lithium-ion cells taking lithium plating and stripping into account. This highly non-linear mathematical model is solved numerically on the complex 3D microstructures to compute the transient cell behaviour. Due to the complexity of the model and the considerable size of realistic microstructures even a single charging cycle of the battery requires several hours computing time. This renders large scale parameter studies extremely time consuming. Hence, we develop a mathematical model order reduction scheme. We demonstrate how these aspects are integrated into one unified workflow, which is a step towards computer aided engineering for the development of more efficient lithium-ion cells.

AEA performed a hard short study on various cell configurations whilst monitoring voltage, current and temperature. Video recording was also done to verify the evidence for cell venting. The presentation summarizes the results of the study including video footage of typical samples. Need for the diode protection in manned applications is identified. The standard AEA approach of using fused connectors during AIT for unmanned applications is also described.

The NASA Glenn Research Center has been conducting in-house testing in support of NASA's Lithium-Ion Cell Verification Test Program, which is evaluating the performance of lithium-ion cells and batteries for NASA mission operations. The test program is supported by NASA's Office of Aerospace Technology under the NASA Aerospace Flight Battery Systems Program, which serves to bridge the gap between the development of technology advances and the realization of these advances into mission applications. During fiscal year 2003, much of the in-house testing effort focused on the evaluation of a flight battery originally intended for use on the Mars Surveyor Program 2001 Lander. Results of this testing will be compared with the results for similar batteries being tested at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the Air Force Research Laboratory, and the Naval Research Laboratory. Ultimately, this work will be used to validate lithium-ion battery technology for future space missions. The Mars Surveyor Program 2001 Lander battery was characterized at several different voltages and temperatures before life-cycle testing was begun. During characterization, the battery displayed excellent capacity and efficiency characteristics across a range of temperatures and charge/discharge conditions. Currently, the battery is undergoing lifecycle testing at 0 C and 40-percent depth of discharge under low-Earth-orbit (LEO) conditions.

A fiber modulator/sensor has been fabricated by depositing a lithium niobate sol-gel thin film between the core and cladding of a fiber preform. The preform is then drawn into 125 micron fiber. The proposed design of lithium niobate cylinder fibers can enhance the existing methodology for detecting sound waves under water utilizing the acoustooptic properties of lithium niobate. Upon application of a stress or strain, light propagating inside the core, according to the principle of total internal reflection, escapes, into the cladding because of the photoelastic boundary layer of lithium niobate. Test results of the lithium niobate fiber reveal a reduction in the 1550 nm, 4mW source with applied tension. The source power from an ordinary quartz fiber under the same stress condition remained invariant to applied tension.

We present an all-solid-state laser source emitting up to 2.1 W of single-frequency light at 671 nm developed for laser cooling of lithium atoms. It is based on a diode-pumped, neodymium-doped orthovanadate (Nd:YVO$_4$) ring laser operating at 1342 nm. Optimization of the thermal management in the gain medium results in a maximum multi-frequency output power of 2.5 W at the fundamental wavelength. We develop a simple theory for the efficient implementation of intracavity second harmonic generation, and its application to our system allows us to obtain nonlinear conversion efficiencies of up to 88%. Single-mode operation and tuning is established by adding an etalon to the resonator. The second-harmonic wavelength can be tuned over 0.5 nm, and mode-hop-free scanning over more than 6 GHz is demonstrated, corresponding to around ten times the laser cavity free spectral range. The output frequency can be locked with respect to the lithium $D$-line transitions for atomic physics applications. Furthermore, we observe parametric Kerr-lens mode-locking when detuning the phase-matching temperature sufficiently far from the optimum value.

We present an all-solid-state laser source emitting up to 2.1 W of single-frequency light at 671 nm developed for laser cooling of lithium atoms. It is based on a diode-pumped, neodymium-doped orthovanadate (Nd:YVO$_4$) ring laser operating at 1342 nm. Optimization of the thermal management in the gain medium results in a maximum multi-frequency output power of 2.5 W at the fundamental wavelength. We develop a simple theory for the efficient implementation of intracavity second harmonic generation, and its application to our system allows us to obtain nonlinear conversion efficiencies of up to 88%. Single-mode operation and tuning is established by adding an etalon to the resonator. The second-harmonic wavelength can be tuned over 0.5 nm, and mode-hop-free scanning over more than 6 GHz is demonstrated, corresponding to around ten times the laser cavity free spectral range. The output frequency can be locked with respect to the lithium $D$-line transitions for atomic physics applications. Furthermore, we observe parametric Kerr-lens mode-locking when detuning the phase-matching temperature sufficiently far from the optimum value.

Aims: We study the influence of rotation and disc lifetime on lithium depletion of pre-main sequence (PMS) solar-type stars. Methods: The impact of rotational mixing and of the hydrostatic effects of rotation on lithium abundances are investigated by computing non-rotating and rotating PMS models that include a comprehensive treatment of shellular rotation. The influence of the disc lifetime is then studied by comparing the lithium content of PMS rotating models experiencing different durations of the disc-locking phase between 3 and 9 Myr. Results: The surface lithium abundance at the end of the PMS is decreased when rotational effects are included. During the beginning of the lithium depletion phase, only hydrostatic effects of rotation are at work. This results in a decrease in the lithium depletion rate for rotating models compared to non-rotating ones. When the convective envelope recedes from the stellar centre, rotational mixing begins to play an important role due to differential rotation near the bottom of the convective envelope. This mixing results in a decrease in the surface lithium abundance with a limited contribution from hydrostatic effects of rotation, which favours lithium depletion during the second part of the PMS evolution. The impact of rotation on PMS lithium depletion is also found to be sensitive to the duration of the disc-locking phase. When the disc lifetime increases, the PMS lithium abundance of a solar-type star decreases owing to the higher efficiency of rotational mixing in the radiative zone. A relationship between the surface rotation and lithium abundance at the end of the PMS is then obtained: slow rotators on the zero-age main sequence are predicted to be more lithium-depleted than fast rotators due to the increase in the disc lifetime.

I had already designed an aligning tool which worked but it was not very practical in use, so I made this new version: When paralleling 18650 Lithium ion cells by spot welding, it is often challenging to get the nickel strips straight and to precisely hit the poles with the spot welder, especially the smaller plus poles. This aligning tool is for paralleling two 18650 cells with 7mm wide nickel strip. How to use: Insert the batteries and nickel strip into the adapter, plus poles on the side with the smaller opening, minus poles at the larger one. There are two slots for using rubber bands to hold the cells at the bottom if necessary. Spot weld through the openings, then remove your paralleled pack from the jig. The openings at the bottom can be used for pushing them out. IMPORTANT NOTE: Before you start, be sure to measure the voltage on both batteries, there should be no more than 0.1V difference in voltage. Charge/discharge them to reach the same voltage before connecting them in parallel.

I had already designed an aligning tool which worked but it was not very practical in use, so I made this new version: When paralleling 18650 Lithium ion cells by spot welding, it is often challenging to get the nickel strips straight and to precisely hit the poles with the spot welder, especially the smaller plus poles. This aligning tool is for paralleling two 18650 cells with 7mm wide nickel strip. How to use: Insert the batteries and nickel strip into the adapter, plus poles on the side with the smaller opening, minus poles at the larger one. There are two slots for using rubber bands to hold the cells at the bottom if necessary. Spot weld through the openings, then remove your paralleled pack from the jig. The openings at the bottom can be used for pushing them out. IMPORTANT NOTE: Before you start, be sure to measure the voltage on both batteries, there should be no more than 0.1V difference in voltage. Charge/discharge them to reach the same voltage before connecting them in parallel.

I had already designed an aligning tool which worked but it was not very practical in use, so I made this new version: When paralleling 18650 Lithium ion cells by spot welding, it is often challenging to get the nickel strips straight and to precisely hit the poles with the spot welder, especially the smaller plus poles. This aligning tool is for paralleling two 18650 cells with 7mm wide nickel strip. How to use: Insert the batteries and nickel strip into the adapter, plus poles on the side with the smaller opening, minus poles at the larger one. There are two slots for using rubber bands to hold the cells at the bottom if necessary. Spot weld through the openings, then remove your paralleled pack from the jig. The openings at the bottom can be used for pushing them out. IMPORTANT NOTE: Before you start, be sure to measure the voltage on both batteries, there should be no more than 0.1V difference in voltage. Charge/discharge them to reach the same voltage before connecting them in parallel.

I couldn't get the original to print well enough that the keys worked well so I remixed it with some larger keys which slot together. You can also sand them easily enough to fit if they come out a little big.

We have measured the Li abundance of 18 stars with -2

We investigate a possible nucleosynthetic signature of highly energetic explosions of C-O cores ("hypernovae," HNe) which might be associated with gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). We note that the direct impact of C- and O-enriched hypernova ejecta on the ambient hydrogen and helium leads to spallation reactions which can produce large amounts of the light nuclides lithium, beryllium, and boron (LiBeB). Using analytic velocity spectra of the hypernova ejecta, we calculate the LiBeB yields of different exploding C-O cores associated with observed hypernovae. The deduced yields are $\sim 10^3$ times higher than those produced by similar (direct) means in normal Type II supernovae, and are higher than the commonly used ones arising from shock wave acceleration induced by Type II supernova (SN) explosions. To avoid overproduction of these elements in our Galaxy, hypernovae should be rare events, with $\la 10^{-3}$ hypernovae per supernova, assuming a constant HN/SN ratio over time. This rate is in good agreement with that of long duration GRBs if we assume that the gamma-ray emission is focussed with a beaming factor $\Omega/4\pi \la 10^{-2}$. This encouraging result supports the possible HN-GRB association. Thus, Galactic LiBeB abundance measurements offer a promising way to probe the HN rate history and the possible HN-GRB correlation. On the other hand, if hypernovae are associated to very massive pregalactic stars (Population III) they would produce a LiBeB pre-enrichment in proto-galactic gas, which could show up as a plateau in the lowest metallicities of the Be-Fe relation in halo stars.

We investigate a possible nucleosynthetic signature of highly energetic explosions of C-O cores ("hypernovae," HNe) which might be associated with gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). We note that the direct impact of C- and O-enriched hypernova ejecta on the ambient hydrogen and helium leads to spallation reactions which can produce large amounts of the light nuclides lithium, beryllium, and boron (LiBeB). Using analytic velocity spectra of the hypernova ejecta, we calculate the LiBeB yields of different exploding C-O cores associated with observed hypernovae. The deduced yields are $\sim 10^3$ times higher than those produced by similar (direct) means in normal Type II supernovae, and are higher than the commonly used ones arising from shock wave acceleration induced by Type II supernova (SN) explosions. To avoid overproduction of these elements in our Galaxy, hypernovae should be rare events, with $\la 10^{-3}$ hypernovae per supernova, assuming a constant HN/SN ratio over time. This rate is in good agreement with that of long duration GRBs if we assume that the gamma-ray emission is focussed with a beaming factor $\Omega/4\pi \la 10^{-2}$. This encouraging result supports the possible HN-GRB association. Thus, Galactic LiBeB abundance measurements offer a promising way to probe the HN rate history and the possible HN-GRB correlation. On the other hand, if hypernovae are associated to very massive pregalactic stars (Population III) they would produce a LiBeB pre-enrichment in proto-galactic gas, which could show up as a plateau in the lowest metallicities of the Be-Fe relation in halo stars.

We investigate a possible nucleosynthetic signature of highly energetic explosions of C-O cores ("hypernovae," HNe) which might be associated with gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). We note that the direct impact of C- and O-enriched hypernova ejecta on the ambient hydrogen and helium leads to spallation reactions which can produce large amounts of the light nuclides lithium, beryllium, and boron (LiBeB). Using analytic velocity spectra of the hypernova ejecta, we calculate the LiBeB yields of different exploding C-O cores associated with observed hypernovae. The deduced yields are $\sim 10^3$ times higher than those produced by similar (direct) means in normal Type II supernovae, and are higher than the commonly used ones arising from shock wave acceleration induced by Type II supernova (SN) explosions. To avoid overproduction of these elements in our Galaxy, hypernovae should be rare events, with $\la 10^{-3}$ hypernovae per supernova, assuming a constant HN/SN ratio over time. This rate is in good agreement with that of long duration GRBs if we assume that the gamma-ray emission is focussed with a beaming factor $\Omega/4\pi \la 10^{-2}$. This encouraging result supports the possible HN-GRB association. Thus, Galactic LiBeB abundance measurements offer a promising way to probe the HN rate history and the possible HN-GRB correlation. On the other hand, if hypernovae are associated to very massive pregalactic stars (Population III) they would produce a LiBeB pre-enrichment in proto-galactic gas, which could show up as a plateau in the lowest metallicities of the Be-Fe relation in halo stars.

This thesis examines parametric x-radiation (PXR) generated by Silicon and Lithium Fluoride monochromators, including the first observation of PXR from Lithium Fluoride. Parametric x-radiation may be described as the Bragg scattering of virtual photons associated with relativistic electrons as they pass through single crystal monochromators. As the photons interact with the crystal lattice they produce x-rays which meet the Bragg condition lambda = 2dsintheta sub B, where theta sub B is the angle between the electron beam and the crystal plane. PXR data were collected from Silicon and Lithium Fluoride crystals using a SiLi detector. The locations of the energy peaks are compared to the locations predicted by theory and the intensity ratios between the peaks are also compared to the theoretical ratios. The PXR energy observed was as predicted by theory for Silicon and Lithium Fluoride monochromators. The observed peak intensity ratios for Silicon were not in agreement with intensity ratios predicted by theory. Intensity ratios observed from Lithium Fluoride were in agreement with the predicted value. jg p2

The objective of the program is to determine the lithiation capacity and reversibility of four classes of functionalized tetraazaannulenes (TAAs).