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Multiple long-term conditions (MLTCs) involving cardio-renal-metabolic (CRM) conditions, mental health conditions, or both, are one of the most pressing challenges for health systems. Multidisciplinary team (MDT) models are increasingly used to deliver coordinated, person-centred care in primary and community care settings. However, the economic implications of MDT services in primary and community care- particularly how their costs and downstream impacts are evaluated - remain poorly understood. This scoping review aims to systematically map existing economic evaluations of MDT interventions in primary and community settings for adults with MLTCs, with a focus on those with CRM, mental health conditions or both. We examine how studies estimate both the cost of delivering MDT care and its wider economic downstream consequences, such as changes in healthcare use, data sources, perspective and analytic approaches used. We also assess transparency in methodological reporting using an adapted version of the CHEERS checklist, supplemented with relevant items from CONSORT and STROBE. Following Joanna Briggs Institute guidance and the PRISMA-ScR framework, we conducted comprehensive database and grey literature searches. Eligible studies include trial-based or modelled economic evaluations and observational studies reporting cost data. Data are being extracted on study design, costing methods, cost components, outcomes, and reporting quality. Findings will be synthesised narratively to identify common study designs and analytic methods used, variations in economic evaluation practice and methodological gaps. This work will provide a foundation for the design, implementation and evaluation of MDT services for people with complex MLTCs, and help shape future economic evaluations in this area. The review will be submitted to a peer-reviewed health services research journal and shared widely.

This study is part of a larger project ‘Engaging older persons in the community to prevent frailty and reduce social isolation’ – ENGAGE – aimed at preventing frailty and reducing social isolation by developing a program theory to engage older adults in a combined physical and social activity program. The goal is to prevent frailty and reduce social isolation, operationalize this program for community adoption and implementation, and evaluate its effectiveness in two Swiss Cantons. The main aim of the current study is to investigate the perceptions, experiences, and needs of community-dwelling older adults regarding community-based intervention programs. Additionally, the research will explore the factors that influence their participation in community programs focused on PA and social activities. This information will be used to design the ENGAGE program, in a later phase.

Planning, self-regulation, and academic learning are all supported by executive functions (EFs), which include working memory, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility. The academic and behavioral difficulties of students with learning impairments (LDs), including dyslexia, dyscalculia, and ADHD, are often caused by deficiencies in one or more EF domains. EF is a viable area for educational support because these impairments are not static and can be remedied through focused interventions. The evidence demonstrating the overall efficacy of these EF-targeted interventions for children with LDs is still inconsistent and fragmented, despite the fact that individual research have examined a range of approaches, from strategy-based instruction to cognitive training and mindfulness exercises. Few reviews have rigorously integrated the data explicitly focused on school-aged students with formal learning disability diagnoses. Several studies have examined EF therapies in general student populations or in specific subgroups (e.g., ADHD). Furthermore, previous studies either don't have a consistent theoretical framework for interpreting results or don't account for the ways in which various EF components react to various kinds of interventions. By using the PASS Theory of Intelligence (Planning, Attention, Simultaneous, and Successive processing) as a framework for classifying and interpreting treatments, this systematic review fills in these gaps. The PASS theory is very useful for the design and assessment of interventions in LD populations because, in contrast to other theories, it emphasizes cognitive processes rather than static abilities. To ascertain the effect of EF-targeted therapies on academic results (such as reading, math, and spelling) and cognitive development in students with LDs, this study synthesizes data from 28 peer-reviewed research. This review provides fresh insights for educators, clinicians, and researchers by looking at the most popular types of interventions, the EF components they target, and the differences in effectiveness between these therapies. It points out important gaps in the literature, such as a lack of tracking long-term results, irregular intervention procedures, and a lack of focus on simultaneous processing and socio-emotional consequences. These results add to a more sophisticated knowledge of how EF interventions can be modified and used to improve learning outcomes and experiences for children with learning difficulties.

The Latest Malaria News, in 60 Seconds. Inhibiting human protein kinases, which are activated by the malaria parasite, could reduce the malaria burden, and researchers explore the use of AI in automating malaria diagnosis. More: www.fightmalaria.uk/MalariaMinute

PURPOSE: This scoping review aims to synthesize the published literature and assess the use rates of Behavioural Change Theory (BCT) that are used in physical activity research, specifically in the development and application of interventions to improve physical activity for people with OA, inclusive of those who are awaiting/post-operative total joint replacement (TJA). As end-stage and post-operative TJA are often excluded from reviews for methodological reasons, this review will provide specific insight into BCT use in a clinical sub-population that has increasing contact with health professionals over the progression of their condition. Multidisciplinary clinician involvement provides increased opportunities to impact physical activity behaviour if clinicians can be properly oriented to techniques that will positively impact their patients behaviour. OUTCOMES: We anticipate being able to update the literature with a high-level view of the rates of behavioural change theory BCT use in rehabilitation interventions, as well as provide synthesis of chosen frameworks and constructs. Additionally, potential issues of methodological rigor will be assessed via synthesis of outcome measures aimed at determining the impact of interventions on BCT constructs or measures of physical activity.

Objective: This scoping review aims to map the existing evidence on enablers an barriers to the obstetric nurses’ intervention in obstetric emergencies during pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period. Introduction: Obstetric emergencies demand timely and effective clinical responses to safeguard maternal and neonatal outcomes. Obstetric nurses play a key role in this context, providing specialised and immediate care that is essential to avoid major and unexpected complications, positively influencing clinical outcomes. Inclusion criteria: We will include all types of literature which explore enablers and barriers to the obstetric nurses’ intervention in obstetric emergencies, during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period. Methodology: The scoping review will follow the methodology proposed by JBI for scoping reviews. The research will be conducted in the following databases: CINAHL Ultimate (EBSCO), Medline Ultimate (EBSCO), Mediclatina (EBSCO), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (EBSCO) and Scopus, without publication time restrictions, with available abstracts, published in English and Portuguese, given that these are the languages in which the reviewers are proficient. We will also include relevant grey literature, identified through reference lists and additional search strategies. The results will be transferred to Covidence software. Data selection, extraction, and synthesis will be performed by two reviewers. The results of the search, study selection, and inclusion process will be presented in the PRISMA-ScR flowchart. The results will be narratively summarized and will be depicted in tables and figures. Keywords: Obstetric Complications; Obstetric Emergencies; Obstetric Nursing; Pregnancy, Labour

Optimal nutrition in the early years of life, particularly during the first 1,000 days—from conception to a child’s second birthday—is critical for rapid growth and development, laying the foundation for lifelong health. Exclusive breastfeeding during the first six months is indispensable for optimal growth, yet as infants grow, breastmilk alone becomes insufficient to meet their evolving dietary needs. Thus, the introduction of age-appropriate, diverse, and nutrient-rich complementary foods, alongside continued breastfeeding for up to two years and beyond, is paramount. Despite the well-established benefits of complementary feeding, a significant gap persists between recommended and actual practices, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). In response, Supplementary Feeding Programs (SFPs) are being implemented worldwide to combat malnutrition and bridge gaps in complementary feeding practices. These initiatives typically provide nutrient-dense foods or fortified supplements to complement home diets in preschool, daycare, or community programs, or as take‐home or home‐delivered rations. However, the effectiveness of these interventions has been constrained by limited coverage, suboptimal implementation, and contextual barriers affecting caregiver acceptance and program sustainability. To address these limitations, there is growing recognition of the need to integrate Social and Behaviour Change Communication (SBCC) components into nutrition programs. Integrating SBCC has been shown to improve caregiver knowledge, feeding practices, and dietary outcomes. Although interventions involving information, education, and counseling have shown promising results, their long-term scalability and sustainability continue to pose challenges. The present scoping review aims to systematically map the global landscape of SFP and SBCC interventions targeting children less than 5 years. The review will focus on their impact on dietary, anthropometric, biochemical, microbiological, and IYCF outcomes, highlighting lessons learnt and identifying successful strategies. Additionally, the review will explore contextual factors influencing program success and pinpoint evidence gaps. The findings will assist in informing the design and implementation of evidence-based programs to optimize child nutrition and health outcomes.

This project involves a preregistered systematic review examining the mechanisms of change in mindfulness-based and mind-body interventions for ADHD. The review synthesizes evidence from longitudinal studies that explicitly measure or test mechanisms using validated tools or statistical models. This preregistration replaces an earlier version registered at https://osf.io/gvezr to clarify inclusion criteria around outcome measurement. No changes were made to the core review objectives or design.

This project involves a preregistered systematic review examining the mechanisms of change in mindfulness-based and mind-body interventions for ADHD. The review synthesizes evidence from longitudinal studies that explicitly measure or test mechanisms using validated tools or statistical models. This preregistration replaces an earlier version registered at https://osf.io/gvezr to clarify inclusion criteria around outcome measurement. No changes were made to the core review objectives or design.

This project involves a preregistered systematic review examining the mechanisms of change in mindfulness-based and mind-body interventions for ADHD. The review synthesizes evidence from longitudinal studies that explicitly measure or test mechanisms using validated tools or statistical models. This preregistration replaces an earlier version registered at https://osf.io/gvezr to clarify inclusion criteria around outcome measurement. No changes were made to the core review objectives or design.

This study is a scoping review aimed at systematically mapping intervention strategies targeting the six domains of intrinsic capacity (cognition, vision, audition, vitality, locomotor, and psychology) in older adults, and examining how these interventions influence the incidence or progression of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, chronic respiratory diseases, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease.

This scoping review aims to explore interventional studies addressing medical racism that target both healthcare professionals and students at an international level. It is based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, and incorporates a psychosocial analytical framework.

This scoping review will explore and synthesize the existing literature on the use of social media-based interventions to address sarcopenia in adults. It will aim to map the evidence, identify gaps, and summarize key findings regarding the impact of these interventions on sarcopenia-related outcomes such as muscle mass, strength, and physical function.

This scoping review will explore and synthesize the existing literature on the use of social media-based interventions to address sarcopenia in adults. It will aim to map the evidence, identify gaps, and summarize key findings regarding the impact of these interventions on sarcopenia-related outcomes such as muscle mass, strength, and physical function.

This scoping review aims to identify and map the nursing strategies and interventions described in the literature for the detection and management of diabulimia—defined as the deliberate omission of insulin for weight control—in individuals living with type 1 diabetes. The review will explore available evidence across clinical and community settings to inform future nursing practice, education, and research.

This scoping review protocol addresses significant disparities in contraceptive access for uninsured and underinsured women in the United States, who commonly face barriers such as high costs, limited service availability, inadequate information, and limited method choices. Utilizing Arksey and O'Malley’s scoping review framework, the review systematically maps existing intervention strategies aimed at improving contraceptive services for this underserved population. Findings will guide recommendations for future research, policy-making, and program development to enhance contraceptive access among uninsured and underinsured women.

The aim of the systematic review was to synthesise the literature for the efficacy and/or effectiveness of personalised nutrition interventions based on data from CGM devices in adults with Diabetes Mellitus.

The aim of the systematic review was to synthesise the literature for the efficacy and/or effectiveness of personalised nutrition interventions based on data from CGM devices in adults with Diabetes Mellitus.

The aim of the systematic review was to synthesise the literature for the efficacy and/or effectiveness of personalised nutrition interventions based on data from CGM devices in adults with Diabetes Mellitus.

The aim of the systematic review was to synthesise the literature for the efficacy and/or effectiveness of personalised nutrition interventions based on data from CGM devices in adults with Diabetes Mellitus.

Full Article and more nursing care plans with Asthma Nursing Interventions: https://nursestudy.net/nursing-diagnosis-for-asthma/Visit NurseStudy.Net we have over 800 Nursing care plans available.Nursing ResourcesRecommended NCLEX Nursing School Review ProgramNCLEX Review ProgramRecommended BooksNursing Diagnosis HandbookNursing Care Plans HandbookMedical Surgical NursingComprehensive NCLEX Review*Social*Web: https://nursestudy.net/Shop: https://amzn.to/36jrZCNInstagramFacebookPinterestTikTocThe description contains affiliate links and I may be compensated a small amount if you make a purchase after clicking on my links.DisclaimerThis lesson is not intended to provide medical advice. The articles on this website are intended for entertainment or educational value only. While we strive to offer 100% accuracy, we cannot guarantee the validity or accuracy of any content. Medical procedures are rapidly changing, and laws vary greatly from location. #NCLEX #Nursing #NursingStudent

This review will examine the effectiveness of choice architecture interventions for promoting healthier food and beverage choices among healthcare staff and visitors to healthcare settings in high-income countries.We will conduct a rapid review following guidance from the Cochrane Rapid Reviews Methods Group. Searches of MEDLINE and CINAHL will be supplemented by hand-searching of references from relevant papers. We will conduct dual screening of 20% of records at both title/abstract and full-text stages, according to pre-specified inclusion/exclusion criteria, and will then proceed to single screening if agreement is good (κ ≥0.8). Data extraction and risk of bias assessments will be carried out by one reviewer with verification by a second reviewer. The findings will be narratively synthesized. This review will provide timely and up-to-date evidence about the effects of choice architecture interventions for people working in or visiting healthcare settings. We hope the results will be of interest to policymakers in healthcare catering and food services contexts.

This review will examine the effectiveness of choice architecture interventions for promoting healthier food and beverage choices among healthcare staff and visitors to healthcare settings in high-income countries.We will conduct a rapid review following guidance from the Cochrane Rapid Reviews Methods Group. Searches of MEDLINE and CINAHL will be supplemented by hand-searching of references from relevant papers. We will conduct dual screening of 20% of records at both title/abstract and full-text stages, according to pre-specified inclusion/exclusion criteria, and will then proceed to single screening if agreement is good (κ ≥0.8). Data extraction and risk of bias assessments will be carried out by one reviewer with verification by a second reviewer. The findings will be narratively synthesized. This review will provide timely and up-to-date evidence about the effects of choice architecture interventions for people working in or visiting healthcare settings. We hope the results will be of interest to policymakers in healthcare catering and food services contexts.

PCOS is a lifelong healthcare condition. The condition increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus and stroke. Other complications associated with the condition include – infertility; obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome; psychological disorders; pregnancy complications; cancer; non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The treatment of PCOS is mainly based in primary care (in countries with a similar healthcare system to the United Kingdom) and mainly focuses on managing these symptoms, as well as physical symptoms such as acne and hirsutism. Treatment seems to largely focus on advice to mask symptoms, as well as how to lose weight/incorporate lifestyle changes and suggesting contraceptives. Over the years it has been understood that polycystic ovarian syndrome is a syndrome causing metabolic dysfunction. New medications and lifestyle advice for metabolic dysfunction has been suggested but not necessarily in the context of PCOS management in primary care. This review aims to summarise currently recommended interventions available to patients with PCOS presenting to primary care and thus reflecting on possible improvements in management.

The objective of this scoping review is to determinate the impact of person-centered interventions on disease control in patients with chronic diseases in low-middle income countries.

The objective of this scoping review is to determinate the impact of person-centered interventions on disease control in patients with chronic diseases in low-middle income countries.

The objective of this scoping review is to determinate the impact of person-centered interventions on disease control in patients with chronic diseases in low-middle income countries.

The objective of this scoping review is to determinate the impact of person-centered interventions on disease control in patients with chronic diseases in low-middle income countries.

The objective of this scoping review is to determinate the impact of person-centered interventions on disease control in patients with chronic diseases in low-middle income countries.

The objective of this scoping review is to determinate the impact of person-centered interventions on disease control in patients with chronic diseases in low-middle income countries.

The objective of this scoping review is to determinate the impact of person-centered interventions on disease control in patients with chronic diseases in low-middle income countries.

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Charles Gave était l'invité de Nicolas Doze dans "Les Experts" sur BFM Business. Extrait du 13/10/2014 http://www.institutdeslibertes.org Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E46mgA-dqww Uploader: Institut des Libertés

Charles Gave était l'invité de Nicolas Doze dans "Les Experts" sur BFM Business. Extrait du 13/10/2014 http://www.institutdeslibertes.org Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E46mgA-dqww Uploader: Institut des Libertés

Charles Gave était l'invité de Nicolas Doze dans "Les Experts" sur BFM Business. Extrait du 13/10/2014 http://www.institutdeslibertes.org Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E46mgA-dqww Uploader: Institut des Libertés

Charles Gave était l'invité de Nicolas Doze dans "Les Experts" sur BFM Business. Extrait du 13/10/2014 http://www.institutdeslibertes.org Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E46mgA-dqww Uploader: Institut des Libertés

Pregnancy leads to a number of structural and functional changes in the urinary system, which makes females susceptible to urological complications. This review aims to discuss the epidemiology, complications and prevention and management of urinary tract infections (UTIs), kidney stones and bladder dysfunction in pregnancy. UTIs are the most common urological problem presenting in 10% of pregnant women; Escherichia coli is the most common causative organism. If left untreated, UTIs lead to acute pyelonephritis which occurs in about 2% of pregnant women and which has serious consequences for both the mother and the baby. Kidney stones, although rare, are hazardous, occurring in 1 in 200 to 1 in 1500 pregnancies, and may cause obstructive uropathy, and aggravation of “labor-like” pain. Urological complications are frequent in pregnancy; bladder dysfunction alone has been documented to affect 50% of the pregnant women. Urological complications can have severe consequences when not properly managed including preterm labor and renal dysfunction. In order to have the best pharmacological care, safe use of antibiotics for UTIs is needed along with other measures for kidney stones. This review highlights the importance of a team approach to patient management to optimize outcome and touches briefly on some of the ethical dilemmas that may be encountered when drug therapy in pregnancy is being considered. Therefore, it is feasible to enhance the health of women and the fetus during this period through patient focused care and innovative interventions.

The purpose of this report is to compare changes in social skills, problem behaviors, and academic competence for kindergarten or first grade students identified as being at risk for serious behavior problems who received primary, secondary, or tertiary level preventive interventions. Of the 93 participants in this study, 73% were male; 86% were Caucasian, and 65% were characterized as having externalizing behavior problems. A repeated measures analysis of variance indicated statistically significant differences (p less than 0.01) between the groups based on type of intervention received the Self-Control subscale (e.g., controlling temper, responding appropriately to teasing) of the "Social Skills Rating System" (Gresham & Elliott, 1990). School-wide Positive Behavior Support is an effective primary prevention intervention, even for young children with serious internalizing or externalizing behavior problems. (Contains 2 tables and 9 figures.)

The urban heat island (UHI) effect results in higher temperatures in urban areas compared to surrounding regions, exacerbated by climate change. These elevated temperatures disproportionately impact vulnerable populations, leading to heat-related illnesses, cardiovascular stress, and kidney damage. Community-level interventions, such as green roofs, cool pavements, urban forestry, and heat-health warning systems, aim to mitigate UHI effects by reducing ambient temperatures and improving health outcomes. This scoping review will follow Arksey and O'Malley's framework to identify and analyze studies on interventions addressing UHI impacts on human health. A systematic search of peer-reviewed and grey literature will be conducted across major databases and government resources, focusing on interventions implemented since 2010. We expect that this review will underscore the critical need for comprehensive, equitable UHI mitigation strategies to address the growing threat of heat-related health issues in urban settings. Future research may focus on interdisciplinary approaches and inclusive planning to enhance resilience in vulnerable communities.

This paper examines congressional intent regarding the treatment of children with behavior problems and, by examining administrative and court decisions interpreting these provisions, compares those intentions with actual implementation of the mandate. It also includes a brief discussion of the research supporting use of Functional Behavioral Assessments and Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports and identifies programs that have successfully applied these concepts. The trends and arguments highlighted here can inform the work of attorneys and advocates who represent children with emotional and behavioral disorders and policymakers who are truly committed to seeing all children succeed in school. (GCP)

This paper examines congressional intent regarding the treatment of children with behavior problems and, by examining administrative and court decisions interpreting these provisions, compares those intentions with actual implementation of the mandate. It also includes a brief discussion of the research supporting use of Functional Behavioral Assessments and Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports and identifies programs that have successfully applied these concepts. The trends and arguments highlighted here can inform the work of attorneys and advocates who represent children with emotional and behavioral disorders and policymakers who are truly committed to seeing all children succeed in school. (GCP)

This paper examines congressional intent regarding the treatment of children with behavior problems and, by examining administrative and court decisions interpreting these provisions, compares those intentions with actual implementation of the mandate. It also includes a brief discussion of the research supporting use of Functional Behavioral Assessments and Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports and identifies programs that have successfully applied these concepts. The trends and arguments highlighted here can inform the work of attorneys and advocates who represent children with emotional and behavioral disorders and policymakers who are truly committed to seeing all children succeed in school. (GCP)

This study investigates how a brief daily self-compassion video intervention influences two forms of ethical leadership behavior—promotion and prevention—and whether this effect is moderated by the leader’s baseline prosocial motivation. Using a 10-day experience sampling method (ESM), we collect repeated daily data from workplace leaders. Each day, participants are randomly assigned to either a self-compassion intervention condition or a control condition, and report their leadership behaviors for that day.

This study investigates how a brief daily self-compassion video intervention influences two forms of ethical leadership behavior—promotion and prevention—and whether this effect is moderated by the leader’s baseline prosocial motivation. Using a 10-day experience sampling method (ESM), we collect repeated daily data from workplace leaders. Each day, participants are randomly assigned to either a self-compassion intervention condition or a control condition, and report their leadership behaviors for that day.

Hello everyone! We are back in Episode 10 with Debbie Schutt. She is part of the Parent Network Family and is our Behavioral Support. We learn about possible behavioral interventions for students with disabilities by listening to some case scenarios. Do you have difficulty with time limits on devices in your home such as an Ipad or Xbox? Do you want to know where you can get printable resources and checklists for toilet training and other frustrating behaviors? Listen in and enjoy!

Introduction: Conflict between healthcare providers and families is increasing in frequency and has notable negative consequences, including causing patient and family distress, contributing to clinician burnout, and requiring substantial time investment to address. However, the evidence base to guide conflict management in practice is limited. The goal of this scoping review is to summarize interventions to prevent and manage conflict between healthcare providers and families in clinical settings that have been evaluated with results published in peer-reviewed journals. Methods and Analysis: We will follow the Joanna Briggs Institute Evidence Synthesis updated scoping review guidelines in the development and execution of this review. With the help of a professional librarian, we will conduct a systematic search across multiple databases (MEDLINE Daily,in-Process, Epubs Ahead of Print, Embase Classic+Embase databases, APA PsycInfo (OvidSP); and CINAHL (EBSCOHost) from inception using both subject headings and textword terms for: interpersonal conflict AND healthcare professionals or setting AND interventions. After pilot testing, title and abstract screen will be performed in duplicate by two reviewers; disagreements will be resolved through discussion. Data extracted will include specifics about the conflict being addressed by the intervention as well as details about intervention design, population, assessment strategy, and outcomes. After pilot testing, data extraction will be performed in duplicate by two reviewers and adjudicated by a third team member. We will thematically group and describe the types of evaluated interventions. Ethics and Dissemination: Ethics approval is not required. We plan to disseminate findings through publication in a peer-reviewed journal and professional conferences.

The WHO Digital Health Guidelines note that educational institutions should use technology carefully and back their decisions with research. The increase in blended learning makes university students use many digital platforms, some helpful for their studies but might cause them to use their phones more often. Consequently, the issue is making many concerned about the welfare of students and school achievements, and experts are now recommending new strategies focused on the needs of every culture. Objective: This research examines how different smartphone dependency interventions work for university, students from different cultures. sing a network meta-analysis framework allows researchers to directly and indirectly compare many intervention types.

The WHO Digital Health Guidelines note that educational institutions should use technology carefully and back their decisions with research. The increase in blended learning makes university students use many digital platforms, some helpful for their studies but might cause them to use their phones more often. Consequently, the issue is making many concerned about the welfare of students and school achievements, and experts are now recommending new strategies focused on the needs of every culture. Objective: This research examines how different smartphone dependency interventions work for university, students from different cultures. sing a network meta-analysis framework allows researchers to directly and indirectly compare many intervention types.

The WHO Digital Health Guidelines note that educational institutions should use technology carefully and back their decisions with research. The increase in blended learning makes university students use many digital platforms, some helpful for their studies but might cause them to use their phones more often. Consequently, the issue is making many concerned about the welfare of students and school achievements, and experts are now recommending new strategies focused on the needs of every culture. Objective: This research examines how different smartphone dependency interventions work for university, students from different cultures. sing a network meta-analysis framework allows researchers to directly and indirectly compare many intervention types.