Downloads & Free Reading Options - Results

A study tested the hypothesis that highly unrepresentative news stories about foreign nations would have a more damaging effect on the accuracy of inferences formed by United States audiences if the stories concerned developing countries than if they were about developed nations. Subjects, 76 college students, answered questions concerning a nation located in either a familiar or an unfamiliar world region (Europe or Africa), then read or did not read news stories containing highly nonrepresentative information concerning that nation. The results confirmed the hypothesis. They also showed that such stories would increase the confidence people place in their inferences only if the material and peoples' generalizations concerned unfamiliar nations. (FL)

Electrons in the mono-layer atomic sheet of graphene have a long coherence length of the order of micrometers. We will show that this coherence is transmitted into the vacuum via electric field assisted electron emission from the graphene edge. The emission current density is given analytically. The parity of the carbon pi-electrons leads to an image whose center is dark as a result of interference. A dragonfly pattern with a dark body perpendicular to the edge is predicted for the armchair edge whose emission current density is vanishing with the mixing angle of the pseudo-spin. The interference pattern may be observed up to temperatures of thousand Kelvin as evidence of coherent field emission. Moreover, this phenomenon leads to a novel coherent electron line source that can produce interference patterns of extended objects with linear sizes comparable to the length of the graphene edge.

This paper is in the public domain in USA. Metadata comes from the CrossRef API, see full record in the source URL below.

Continuing work initiated in an earlier publication (Asada, MNRAS. 394 (2009) 818), we make a systematic attempt to determine, as a function of lens and source parameters, the positions of images by multi-plane gravitational lenses. By extending the previous single-plane work, we present a method of Taylor-series expansion to solve the multi-plane lens equation in terms of mass ratios except for the neighborhood of the caustics. The advantage of this method is that it allows a systematic iterative analysis and clarifies the dependence on lens and source parameters. In concordance with the multi-plane lensed-image counting theorem that the lower bound on the image number is $2^N$ for N planes with a single point mass on each plane, our iterative results show how $2^N$ images are realized. Numerical tests are done to investigate if the Taylor expansion method is robust. The method with a small mass ratio works well for changing a plane separation, whereas it breaks down in the inner domain near the caustics.

Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) provides full range detection and classification of sea and air based targets through two-dimensional range-Doppler imaging. The Naval Postgraduate School has developed a custom integrated circuit that can simulate false ISAR images in order to fool enemy ISAR platforms. To validate specific hardware choices within this design, this thesis explores the effect on image quality of an overflow occurring within the final 16-bit summation adder of this circuit. Three solutions to the problem of overflows are presented and analyzed. The logical extension of ISAR development, that of three-dimensional target imaging, is next presented through the discussion of 3D monopulse radar, 3D interferometric ISAR, and a 3D, three receiver ISAR. The relative strengths of each approach are compared, along with both MATLAB and X3D software models created for one specific 3D ISAR implementation. Through the superposition of 2D ISAR images it is shown how 3D ISAR images may be created. Moreover, emphasis is placed on using this knowledge to both enhance current 2D ISAR techniques and to modify the false-target chip to handle 3D ISAR return signals. The thesis concludes with a study of Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines, through which the X3D software model was created.

It is the purpose of this report to extend the use of quasi-static range finitely conducting earth-image theory techniques to the nearfield and farfield ranges. Simple engineering expressions for horizontal electric and magnetic dipole antennas have been derived for the air-to-air, subsurface-to- air, air-to-subsurface, and subsurface-to-subsurface propagation cases. These expressions have been compared with previously derived analytical (or numerical integration) results. For the air-to-air propagation case, the image-theory expressions are valid from the quasi-static to the farfield ranges, as long as the square of the index of refraction is large and the Sommerfeld numerical distance is small. For the subsurface-to-air, air-to-subsurface, and subsurface- to-subsurface propagation cases, the additional restriction that the measurement distance be greater than three times the burial depth of the source and/or receiver must be met.

It is the purpose of this report to extend the use of quasi-static range finitely conducting earth-image theory techniques to the nearfield and farfield ranges. Simple engineering expressions for horizontal electric and magnetic dipole antennas have been derived for the air-to-air, subsurface-to- air, air-to-subsurface, and subsurface-to-subsurface propagation cases. These expressions have been compared with previously derived analytical (or numerical integration) results. For the air-to-air propagation case, the image-theory expressions are valid from the quasi-static to the farfield ranges, as long as the square of the index of refraction is large and the Sommerfeld numerical distance is small. For the subsurface-to-air, air-to-subsurface, and subsurface- to-subsurface propagation cases, the additional restriction that the measurement distance be greater than three times the burial depth of the source and/or receiver must be met.

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data enables direct observation of land surface at repetitive intervals and therefore allows temporal detection and monitoring of land changes. However, the problem of radar automatic change detection is made more dif􀅿cult, mainly with the presence of speckle noise. This paper presents a new method for SAR image change detection using the Dezert-Smarandache Theory (DSmT). First, a Gamma distribution function is used to characterize globally the radar texture data and allows mass assignment throw Kullback-Leibler distance. Then, local pixel measurements are introduced to re􀅿ne the mass attribution and take into account the context information. Finally, DSmT is carried out by comparing the modelling results between temporal images. The originality of the proposed method is on the one hand, the use of DSmT which achieve a plausible and paradoxical reasoning comparing to classical Dempster-Shafer Theory (DST). On the other hand, the given approach characterizes the radar texture data with a Gamma distribution which allows a better representation of the speckle. The radar texture is being usually modeled by a Gaussian model in previous DST and DSmT fusion works.

The final phase of Grant NAG6-1 involved analysis of physics of chemical releases in the upper atmosphere and analysis of data obtained on previous NASA sponsored chemical release rocket experiments. Several lines of investigation of past chemical release experiments and computer simulations have been proceeding in parallel. This report summarizes the work performed and the resulting publications. The following topics are addressed: analysis of the 1987 Greenland rocket experiments; calculation of emission rates for barium, strontium, and calcium; the CRIT 1 and 2 experiments (Collisional Ionization Cross Section experiments); image calibration using background stars; rapid ray motions in ionospheric plasma clouds; and the NOONCUSP rocket experiments.

This paper considers the application of system identification techniques using spectral representation for fitting models to textures and images and consists of two parts. In part I, we develop consistent decision rules for choosing the neighborhood in a one-dimensional autoregressive (AR) model. In part II, the theory is extended to the case of stationary two-dimensional random fields. (Author)

The conventional methods for image enhancement cannot be satisfactorily applied to the restoration of many types of images. This report explores standard image enhancement algorithms with emphasis on possible extensions to allow for real-time applications. The artifacts introduced by compression algorithms can often be compensated for by proper restoration techniques. A desktop conferencing system is prototyped in this report as a test-bed application to evaluate both real-time compression and real-time enhancement algorithms. Compression, Image restoration, Enhancement, Palatte, Fourier, SVD.

The conventional methods for image enhancement cannot be satisfactorily applied to the restoration of many types of images. This report explores standard image enhancement algorithms with emphasis on possible extensions to allow for real-time applications. The artifacts introduced by compression algorithms can often be compensated for by proper restoration techniques. A desktop conferencing system is prototyped in this report as a test-bed application to evaluate both real-time compression and real-time enhancement algorithms. Compression, Image restoration, Enhancement, Palatte, Fourier, SVD.

Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) provides full-range detection and classification of sea-based and air-based targets through two-dimensional range-Doppler imaging. The Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) has developed a custom integrated circuit that can simulate false ISAR images in order to fool enemy ISAR platforms. To validate specific hardware choices within this design, this thesis explores the effect on image quality of an overflow occurring within the final 16-bit summation adder of this circuit, Three solutions to the problem of overflows are presented and analyzed. The logical extension of ISAR development, that of three-dimensional target imaging, is next presented through the discussion of 3D monopulse radar, 3D interferometer ISAR, and a 3D, three-receiver ISAR. The relative strengths of each approach are compared, along with both MATLAB and Extensible 3D (X3D) Graphics software models created for one specific 3D ISAR implementation. Through the superposition of 2D ISAR images it is shown how 3D ISAR images may be created. Moreover, emphasis is placed on using this knowledge to both enhance current 2D ISAR techniques and to modify the false-target chip design to handle 3D ISAR return signals. The thesis concludes with a study of Non-Uniform Rational 13-Splines, through which the X3D software model was created.

Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) provides full-range detection and classification of sea-based and air-based targets through two-dimensional range-Doppler imaging. The Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) has developed a custom integrated circuit that can simulate false ISAR images in order to fool enemy ISAR platforms. To validate specific hardware choices within this design, this thesis explores the effect on image quality of an overflow occurring within the final 16-bit summation adder of this circuit, Three solutions to the problem of overflows are presented and analyzed. The logical extension of ISAR development, that of three-dimensional target imaging, is next presented through the discussion of 3D monopulse radar, 3D interferometer ISAR, and a 3D, three-receiver ISAR. The relative strengths of each approach are compared, along with both MATLAB and Extensible 3D (X3D) Graphics software models created for one specific 3D ISAR implementation. Through the superposition of 2D ISAR images it is shown how 3D ISAR images may be created. Moreover, emphasis is placed on using this knowledge to both enhance current 2D ISAR techniques and to modify the false-target chip design to handle 3D ISAR return signals. The thesis concludes with a study of Non-Uniform Rational 13-Splines, through which the X3D software model was created.

Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) provides full-range detection and classification of sea-based and air-based targets through two-dimensional range-Doppler imaging. The Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) has developed a custom integrated circuit that can simulate false ISAR images in order to fool enemy ISAR platforms. To validate specific hardware choices within this design, this thesis explores the effect on image quality of an overflow occurring within the final 16-bit summation adder of this circuit, Three solutions to the problem of overflows are presented and analyzed. The logical extension of ISAR development, that of three-dimensional target imaging, is next presented through the discussion of 3D monopulse radar, 3D interferometer ISAR, and a 3D, three-receiver ISAR. The relative strengths of each approach are compared, along with both MATLAB and Extensible 3D (X3D) Graphics software models created for one specific 3D ISAR implementation. Through the superposition of 2D ISAR images it is shown how 3D ISAR images may be created. Moreover, emphasis is placed on using this knowledge to both enhance current 2D ISAR techniques and to modify the false-target chip design to handle 3D ISAR return signals. The thesis concludes with a study of Non-Uniform Rational 13-Splines, through which the X3D software model was created.

Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) provides full-range detection and classification of sea-based and air-based targets through two-dimensional range-Doppler imaging. The Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) has developed a custom integrated circuit that can simulate false ISAR images in order to fool enemy ISAR platforms. To validate specific hardware choices within this design, this thesis explores the effect on image quality of an overflow occurring within the final 16-bit summation adder of this circuit, Three solutions to the problem of overflows are presented and analyzed. The logical extension of ISAR development, that of three-dimensional target imaging, is next presented through the discussion of 3D monopulse radar, 3D interferometer ISAR, and a 3D, three-receiver ISAR. The relative strengths of each approach are compared, along with both MATLAB and Extensible 3D (X3D) Graphics software models created for one specific 3D ISAR implementation. Through the superposition of 2D ISAR images it is shown how 3D ISAR images may be created. Moreover, emphasis is placed on using this knowledge to both enhance current 2D ISAR techniques and to modify the false-target chip design to handle 3D ISAR return signals. The thesis concludes with a study of Non-Uniform Rational 13-Splines, through which the X3D software model was created.

Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) provides full-range detection and classification of sea-based and air-based targets through two-dimensional range-Doppler imaging. The Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) has developed a custom integrated circuit that can simulate false ISAR images in order to fool enemy ISAR platforms. To validate specific hardware choices within this design, this thesis explores the effect on image quality of an overflow occurring within the final 16-bit summation adder of this circuit, Three solutions to the problem of overflows are presented and analyzed. The logical extension of ISAR development, that of three-dimensional target imaging, is next presented through the discussion of 3D monopulse radar, 3D interferometer ISAR, and a 3D, three-receiver ISAR. The relative strengths of each approach are compared, along with both MATLAB and Extensible 3D (X3D) Graphics software models created for one specific 3D ISAR implementation. Through the superposition of 2D ISAR images it is shown how 3D ISAR images may be created. Moreover, emphasis is placed on using this knowledge to both enhance current 2D ISAR techniques and to modify the false-target chip design to handle 3D ISAR return signals. The thesis concludes with a study of Non-Uniform Rational 13-Splines, through which the X3D software model was created.

Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) provides full-range detection and classification of sea-based and air-based targets through two-dimensional range-Doppler imaging. The Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) has developed a custom integrated circuit that can simulate false ISAR images in order to fool enemy ISAR platforms. To validate specific hardware choices within this design, this thesis explores the effect on image quality of an overflow occurring within the final 16-bit summation adder of this circuit, Three solutions to the problem of overflows are presented and analyzed. The logical extension of ISAR development, that of three-dimensional target imaging, is next presented through the discussion of 3D monopulse radar, 3D interferometer ISAR, and a 3D, three-receiver ISAR. The relative strengths of each approach are compared, along with both MATLAB and Extensible 3D (X3D) Graphics software models created for one specific 3D ISAR implementation. Through the superposition of 2D ISAR images it is shown how 3D ISAR images may be created. Moreover, emphasis is placed on using this knowledge to both enhance current 2D ISAR techniques and to modify the false-target chip design to handle 3D ISAR return signals. The thesis concludes with a study of Non-Uniform Rational 13-Splines, through which the X3D software model was created.

Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) provides full-range detection and classification of sea-based and air-based targets through two-dimensional range-Doppler imaging. The Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) has developed a custom integrated circuit that can simulate false ISAR images in order to fool enemy ISAR platforms. To validate specific hardware choices within this design, this thesis explores the effect on image quality of an overflow occurring within the final 16-bit summation adder of this circuit, Three solutions to the problem of overflows are presented and analyzed. The logical extension of ISAR development, that of three-dimensional target imaging, is next presented through the discussion of 3D monopulse radar, 3D interferometer ISAR, and a 3D, three-receiver ISAR. The relative strengths of each approach are compared, along with both MATLAB and Extensible 3D (X3D) Graphics software models created for one specific 3D ISAR implementation. Through the superposition of 2D ISAR images it is shown how 3D ISAR images may be created. Moreover, emphasis is placed on using this knowledge to both enhance current 2D ISAR techniques and to modify the false-target chip design to handle 3D ISAR return signals. The thesis concludes with a study of Non-Uniform Rational 13-Splines, through which the X3D software model was created.

This is the final report of a research program that explored the perception of visual forms. The project consisted of psycho-physical studies in which stereoscopically generated, three-dimensional forms were studied in terms of their detectability, discriminability, recognizability, and reconstructability. The project produced a book and 11 articles, all of which spoke to the problem of how humans see forms in space. Two more articles are in progress. This report summarizes the findings of the extensive series of experiments carried out during the program. Results of this study are applicable to a wide range of U.S. Navy interests including computer vision, autonomous vehicles, remotely controlled devices (teleoperators), and displays. Keywords include: Form, Perception, Theory, and Vision.

We give a systematic, abstract formulation of the image normalization method as applied to a general group of image transformations, and then illustrate the abstract analysis by applying it to the hierarchy of viewing transformations of a planar object.

The principal properties of synthetic aperture radar SAR imagery of point and distributed objects are summarized. Against this background, the response of a SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) to the moving surface of the sea is considered. Certain conclusions are drawn as to the mechanism of interaction between microwaves and the sea surface. Focus and speckle spectral tests may be used on selected SAR imagery for areas of the ocean. The fine structure of the sea imagery is sensitive to processor focus and adjustment. The ocean reflectivity mechanism must include point like scatterers of sufficient radar cross section to dominate the return from certain individual resolution elements. Both specular and diffuse scattering mechanisms are observed together, to varying degree. The effect is sea state dependent. Several experiments are proposed based on imaging theory that could assist in the investigation of reflectivity mechanisms.

Theory of the Image Thomas Nail

Theory of the Image Thomas Nail

Theory of the Image Thomas Nail

This paper is in the public domain in USA. Metadata comes from the CrossRef API, see full record in the source URL below.

This paper is in the public domain in USA. Metadata comes from the CrossRef API, see full record in the source URL below.

Gunnel uses three levels of analysis that delineate technology's political influence: 1) "political power tends to gravitate towards technological elites"; 2) "technology has become autonomous" and thus impenetrable by political structures; 3) "technology (and science) constitute a new legitimizing ideology",

Gunnel uses three levels of analysis that delineate technology's political influence: 1) "political power tends to gravitate towards technological elites"; 2) "technology has become autonomous" and thus impenetrable by political structures; 3) "technology (and science) constitute a new legitimizing ideology",

By a simple extension to the Wait and Spies quasi-static range finitely conducting earth image theory approximation, it is shown that finitely conducting earth image theory techniques can also be applied to the nearfield and farfield ranges. Both vertical magnetic dipole (VMD) and long horizontal line sources are considered.

This report outlines a general theory of feedback systems designed to compensate the image-degrading effects of atmospheric seeing in real time. 'Real time' means that the optical surfaces must move rapidly enough to keep the image in sharp focus at each instant. The report demonstrates that a system producing diffraction-limited resolution in a large ground-based telescope is possible, in principle. The field of sharply focused view is very narrow (of the order of 10 seconds of arc), and the system can work only with moderately bright objects (about magnitude 10 or brighter). Secion I presents a general discussion and summary of results. Section II continues with a rigorous solution of the problem of the design of an optimum feedback system for stabilizing the phases in a simple two-beam optical interferometer perturbed by a fluctuating atmosphere. The same method of optimization is applied to the design of complete image-improvement systems in the remainder of the report. In Sections III through VI a system for real-time correction of atmospheric seeing in an optical telescope is described in detail. Sections VII through X cover the same ground as Sections III through VI. No new physical principle is introduced, but the theory of single-image optical improvement systems is recast into a form that is mathematically more precise and more general.

A new theory describing image formation with three dimensional, quasi homogeneous primary sources is developed for application to the problem of detecting and locating ICBM launches. The theory is used to compare telescopes and interferometers that have been suggested for the in Brilliant Eyes systems.

In this project a product to aid educational leaders in the process of communicating in crisis situations is presented. The product was created and received a formative evaluation using an educational research and development methodology. Ultimately, an administrative training course that utilized an Image Repair Situational Theory was developed. After its development, the product was given to a focus group of superintendents and information was solicited from them concerning the usefulness and applicability of the theory in educational crisis situations. These superintendents were taken through a series of case studies in order to gain practice using the theory prior to receiving their input. The results of the focus group surveys indicated that the training program was both useful and applicable for school leaders in educational settings. Improvements were made to the training materials based on the superintendents' feedback from the formative evaluation. In the end, suggestions for the broader application of the materials and for future research were discussed. Four appendixes include: (1) Participants' Handout and Notes Packet from the Initial Formative Evaluation; (2) "Fuzzy Meanings" Activity Included in the Training Workshop; (3) Formative Evaluation Data Collection Tool; and (4) Revised Participants' Handout and Notes Packet. (Contains 19 figures and 3 tables.) [Ed.D. Dissertation, Saint Louis University.]

A simplicial complex is a set equipped with a down-closed family of distinguished finite subsets. This structure, usually viewed as codifying a triangulated space, is used here directly, to describe "spaces" whose geometric realisation can be misleading. An intrinsic homotopy theory, not based on such realisation but agreeing with it, is introduced. The applications developed here are aimed at image analysis in metric spaces and have connections with digital topology and mathematical morphology. A metric space X has a structure of simplicial complex at each (positive) resolution e; the resulting n-homotopy group detects those singularities which can be captured by an n-dimensional grid, with edges bound by e; this works equally well for continuous or discrete regions of euclidean spaces. Its computation is based on direct, intrinsic methods.

A simplicial complex is a set equipped with a down-closed family of distinguished finite subsets. This structure, usually viewed as codifying a triangulated space, is used here directly, to describe "spaces" whose geometric realisation can be misleading. An intrinsic homotopy theory, not based on such realisation but agreeing with it, is introduced. The applications developed here are aimed at image analysis in metric spaces and have connections with digital topology and mathematical morphology. A metric space X has a structure of simplicial complex at each (positive) resolution e; the resulting n-homotopy group detects those singularities which can be captured by an n-dimensional grid, with edges bound by e; this works equally well for continuous or discrete regions of euclidean spaces. Its computation is based on direct, intrinsic methods.

A simplicial complex is a set equipped with a down-closed family of distinguished finite subsets. This structure, usually viewed as codifying a triangulated space, is used here directly, to describe "spaces" whose geometric realisation can be misleading. An intrinsic homotopy theory, not based on such realisation but agreeing with it, is introduced. The applications developed here are aimed at image analysis in metric spaces and have connections with digital topology and mathematical morphology. A metric space X has a structure of simplicial complex at each (positive) resolution e; the resulting n-homotopy group detects those singularities which can be captured by an n-dimensional grid, with edges bound by e; this works equally well for continuous or discrete regions of euclidean spaces. Its computation is based on direct, intrinsic methods.

A simplicial complex is a set equipped with a down-closed family of distinguished finite subsets. This structure, usually viewed as codifying a triangulated space, is used here directly, to describe "spaces" whose geometric realisation can be misleading. An intrinsic homotopy theory, not based on such realisation but agreeing with it, is introduced. The applications developed here are aimed at image analysis in metric spaces and have connections with digital topology and mathematical morphology. A metric space X has a structure of simplicial complex at each (positive) resolution e; the resulting n-homotopy group detects those singularities which can be captured by an n-dimensional grid, with edges bound by e; this works equally well for continuous or discrete regions of euclidean spaces. Its computation is based on direct, intrinsic methods.

Quantum fluctuation is introduced into the Markov random fields (MRF's) model for image restoration in the context of Bayesian approach. We investigate the dependence of the quantum fluctuation on the quality of BW image restoration by making use of statistical mechanics. We find that the maximum posterior marginal (MPM) estimate based on the quantum fluctuation gives a fine restoration in comparison with the maximum a posterior (MAP) estimate or the thermal fluctuation based MPM estimate.

An image articulation manifold (IAM) is the collection of images formed when an object is articulated in front of a camera. IAMs arise in a variety of image processing and computer vision applications, where they provide a natural low-dimensional embedding of the collection of high-dimensional images. To date IAMs have been studied as embedded submanifolds of Euclidean spaces. Unfortunately, their promise has not been realized in practice, because real world imagery typically contains sharp edges that render an IAM non-differentiable and hence non-isometric to the low-dimensional parameter space under the Euclidean metric. As a result, the standard tools from differential geometry, in particular using linear tangent spaces to transport along the IAM, have limited utility. In this paper, we explore a nonlinear transport operator for IAMs based on the optical flow between images and develop new analytical tools reminiscent of those from differential geometry using the idea of optical flow manifolds (OFMs). We define a new metric for IAMs that satisfies certain local isometry conditions, and we show how to use this metric to develop a new tools such as flow fields on IAMs, parallel flow fields, parallel transport, as well as a intuitive notion of curvature. The space of optical flow fields along a path of constant curvature has a natural multi-scale structure via a monoid structure on the space of all flow fields along a path. We also develop lower bounds on approximation errors while approximating non-parallel flow fields by parallel flow fields.

A descriptive theory of decision making is proposed in which Decision Makers represent information as images. One image consists of principles that recommend pursuit of specific goals. A second image represents the ideal state of events if these goals were to be attained. A third image consists of the plans that have been adopted to pursue those goals. A fourth image represents the anticipated state of events if the plans on the third image are implemented. Decisions consist of (1) adopting or rejecting potential candidates to be new principles, goals, or plans, and (2) determining whether progress toward goals is being made. i.e., whether the ideal future and the anticipated results of plan implementation correspond. Decisions are made using either (1) nonanalytic strategies that rely solely upon the compatibility between candidates and existing principles, goals and plans, or the compatibility between the images of the ideal and the anticipated states of events, or (2) analytic strategies that rely upon both compatibility and the gains and losses offered by a goal or plan.

A descriptive theory of decision making is proposed in which Decision Makers represent information as images. One image consists of principles that recommend pursuit of specific goals. A second image represents the ideal state of events if these goals were to be attained. A third image consists of the plans that have been adopted to pursue those goals. A fourth image represents the anticipated state of events if the plans on the third image are implemented. Decisions consist of (1) adopting or rejecting potential candidates to be new principles, goals, or plans, and (2) determining whether progress toward goals is being made. i.e., whether the ideal future and the anticipated results of plan implementation correspond. Decisions are made using either (1) nonanalytic strategies that rely solely upon the compatibility between candidates and existing principles, goals and plans, or the compatibility between the images of the ideal and the anticipated states of events, or (2) analytic strategies that rely upon both compatibility and the gains and losses offered by a goal or plan.

Exact image method, recently introduced for the exact solution of electromagnetic field problems involving homogeneous half spaces and microstrip-like geometries, is developed for the problem of homogeneous slab of dielectric and/or magnetic material in free space. Expressions for image sources, creating the exact reflected and transmitted fields, are given and their numerical evaluation is demonstrated. Nonradiating modes, guided by the slab and responsible for the loss of convergence of the image functions, are considered and extracted. The theory allows, for example, an analysis of finite ground planes in microstrip antenna structures.

In this paper, a new technique is used to an unsupervised learning image classification based on integration between neutrosophic sets and optimization linear programming.

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data enables direct observation of land surface at repetitive intervals and therefore allows temporal detection and monitoring of land changes. However, the problem of radar automatic change detection is made more difficult, mainly with the presence of speckle noise. This paper presents a new method for SAR image change detection using the Dezert-Smarandache Theory (DSmT).

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data enables direct observation of land surface at repetitive intervals and therefore allows temporal detection and monitoring of land changes. However, the problem of radar automatic change detection is made more difficult, mainly with the presence of speckle noise. This paper presents a new method for SAR image change detection using the Dezert-Smarandache Theory (DSmT).

By combining the compressed sensing theory and the digital watermark technology, a digital watermarking method based on the theory of compressed sensing is proposed in this paper. The method is divided into three steps: compressed sensing compression process, compressed sensing recovery process and compressed sensing extraction. The watermarket is embedded through the embedded mechanism between the compressed sensing compression process and the compressed sensing recovery process. The experiments show that the proposed watermark method has stronger robustness and is more safe to against the attacks.

This study presents the technology to combine the remote sensing image of SPOT and FORMOSAT-2 satellite image by Fuzzy theory and Back Propagation Network (BPN). This method adopt three experience identify factors of NDVI, shape, and color to establish the membership function. The fuzzy results show that the successful rate of identification was about 87 percent. The BPN results show that the successful rate of identification was about 91 percent. Therefore the result proves that the three indexes are the best choice in extracting of change area from image, because the error is the lowest among the two methods in this study.

This study presents the technology to combine the remote sensing image of SPOT and FORMOSAT-2 satellite image by Fuzzy theory and Back Propagation Network (BPN). This method adopt three experience identify factors of NDVI, shape, and color to establish the membership function. The fuzzy results show that the successful rate of identification was about 87 percent. The BPN results show that the successful rate of identification was about 91 percent. Therefore the result proves that the three indexes are the best choice in extracting of change area from image, because the error is the lowest among the two methods in this study.

This study presents the technology to combine the remote sensing image of SPOT and FORMOSAT-2 satellite image by Fuzzy theory and Back Propagation Network (BPN). This method adopt three experience identify factors of NDVI, shape, and color to establish the membership function. The fuzzy results show that the successful rate of identification was about 87 percent. The BPN results show that the successful rate of identification was about 91 percent. Therefore the result proves that the three indexes are the best choice in extracting of change area from image, because the error is the lowest among the two methods in this study.