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Essays on cooperative learning focus on the use of this strategy to address the special needs of linguistically and culturally diverse student groups in elementary and secondary education. The volume contains several essays on theory, principles, and techniques of cooperative learning and a series of model instructional units for a variety of grade levels and subject areas. These include: "Cooperative Learning for Students from Diverse Language Backgrounds: An Introduction" (Daniel D. Holt); "The Structural Approach to Cooperative Learning" (Spencer Kagan); "Cooperative Learning and Second Language Acquisition" (Mary McGroarty); "Principles of Cooperative Learning for Language and Content Gains" (Spencer Kagan, Mary McGroarty); "Using Cooperative Learning at the Elementary Level" (Corine Madrid); "Using Cooperative Learning at the Secondary Level" (Barbara Chips); "Model Unit for K-1 Language Arts/Social Studies" (Carole Cooper, Angie Gilligan); "Model Unit for Grades 2-3 Language Arts" (Sue Heredia-Arriaga, Sue Gonzales); "Model Unit for Grade 4 Social Studies" (Sue Heredia-Arriaga, Mary Alvarez-Greeson); "Model Unit for Secondary Level Intermediate ESL" (Carole Cromwell, Linda Sasser); and "Model Unit for Grade 10 History-Social Science" (Daniel D. Holt, Diane Wallace). A "Coaching Instrument for Cooperative Learning," a checklist for implementing cooperative learning principles, is appended. (Contains 133 references.) (MSE)

This book was written for scholars, policymakers, and educators and provides both an introduction to issues in literacy and language diversity and compelling questions for those who work in the field. Based on national data, the extent of language diversity in the United States is explored; what is known about English literacy, native language literacy, and biliteracy is considered; and what is needed to make informed national policy decisions about this subject is discussed. This book is written from a pro-language diversity point of view and critiques policies and practices that view language diversity as a problem that must be remedied through education. It highlights recent positive developments in adult literacy that incorporate language diversity as a resource. Chapter titles include the following: "Common Myths and Stereotypes about Literacy and Language Diversity in the United States"; "Literacy and the Great Divide: Cognitive or Social?"; "Defining and Measuring Literacy: Uses and Abuses"; "Literacy, Schooling, and the Socioeconomic Divide"; "Language, Diversity, and the Ascription of Status"; "Literacy and Language Diversity in Sociocultural Contexts"; "Contemporary Bilingual Education Theory and the Great Divide"; and "The Impact of Literacy Policies and Practices on Language Minority Learners." Numerous tables, illustrations, and figures appear throughout the text. Each chapter concludes with suggestions for further reading. (Contains an index and approximately 350 references.) (KFT)

This book was written for scholars, policymakers, and educators and provides both an introduction to issues in literacy and language diversity and compelling questions for those who work in the field. Based on national data, the extent of language diversity in the United States is explored; what is known about English literacy, native language literacy, and biliteracy is considered; and what is needed to make informed national policy decisions about this subject is discussed. This book is written from a pro-language diversity point of view and critiques policies and practices that view language diversity as a problem that must be remedied through education. It highlights recent positive developments in adult literacy that incorporate language diversity as a resource. Chapter titles include the following: "Common Myths and Stereotypes about Literacy and Language Diversity in the United States"; "Literacy and the Great Divide: Cognitive or Social?"; "Defining and Measuring Literacy: Uses and Abuses"; "Literacy, Schooling, and the Socioeconomic Divide"; "Language, Diversity, and the Ascription of Status"; "Literacy and Language Diversity in Sociocultural Contexts"; "Contemporary Bilingual Education Theory and the Great Divide"; and "The Impact of Literacy Policies and Practices on Language Minority Learners." Numerous tables, illustrations, and figures appear throughout the text. Each chapter concludes with suggestions for further reading. (Contains an index and approximately 350 references.) (KFT)

This book was written for scholars, policymakers, and educators and provides both an introduction to issues in literacy and language diversity and compelling questions for those who work in the field. Based on national data, the extent of language diversity in the United States is explored; what is known about English literacy, native language literacy, and biliteracy is considered; and what is needed to make informed national policy decisions about this subject is discussed. This book is written from a pro-language diversity point of view and critiques policies and practices that view language diversity as a problem that must be remedied through education. It highlights recent positive developments in adult literacy that incorporate language diversity as a resource. Chapter titles include the following: "Common Myths and Stereotypes about Literacy and Language Diversity in the United States"; "Literacy and the Great Divide: Cognitive or Social?"; "Defining and Measuring Literacy: Uses and Abuses"; "Literacy, Schooling, and the Socioeconomic Divide"; "Language, Diversity, and the Ascription of Status"; "Literacy and Language Diversity in Sociocultural Contexts"; "Contemporary Bilingual Education Theory and the Great Divide"; and "The Impact of Literacy Policies and Practices on Language Minority Learners." Numerous tables, illustrations, and figures appear throughout the text. Each chapter concludes with suggestions for further reading. (Contains an index and approximately 350 references.) (KFT)

This book was written for scholars, policymakers, and educators and provides both an introduction to issues in literacy and language diversity and compelling questions for those who work in the field. Based on national data, the extent of language diversity in the United States is explored; what is known about English literacy, native language literacy, and biliteracy is considered; and what is needed to make informed national policy decisions about this subject is discussed. This book is written from a pro-language diversity point of view and critiques policies and practices that view language diversity as a problem that must be remedied through education. It highlights recent positive developments in adult literacy that incorporate language diversity as a resource. Chapter titles include the following: "Common Myths and Stereotypes about Literacy and Language Diversity in the United States"; "Literacy and the Great Divide: Cognitive or Social?"; "Defining and Measuring Literacy: Uses and Abuses"; "Literacy, Schooling, and the Socioeconomic Divide"; "Language, Diversity, and the Ascription of Status"; "Literacy and Language Diversity in Sociocultural Contexts"; "Contemporary Bilingual Education Theory and the Great Divide"; and "The Impact of Literacy Policies and Practices on Language Minority Learners." Numerous tables, illustrations, and figures appear throughout the text. Each chapter concludes with suggestions for further reading. (Contains an index and approximately 350 references.) (KFT)

This book was written for scholars, policymakers, and educators and provides both an introduction to issues in literacy and language diversity and compelling questions for those who work in the field. Based on national data, the extent of language diversity in the United States is explored; what is known about English literacy, native language literacy, and biliteracy is considered; and what is needed to make informed national policy decisions about this subject is discussed. This book is written from a pro-language diversity point of view and critiques policies and practices that view language diversity as a problem that must be remedied through education. It highlights recent positive developments in adult literacy that incorporate language diversity as a resource. Chapter titles include the following: "Common Myths and Stereotypes about Literacy and Language Diversity in the United States"; "Literacy and the Great Divide: Cognitive or Social?"; "Defining and Measuring Literacy: Uses and Abuses"; "Literacy, Schooling, and the Socioeconomic Divide"; "Language, Diversity, and the Ascription of Status"; "Literacy and Language Diversity in Sociocultural Contexts"; "Contemporary Bilingual Education Theory and the Great Divide"; and "The Impact of Literacy Policies and Practices on Language Minority Learners." Numerous tables, illustrations, and figures appear throughout the text. Each chapter concludes with suggestions for further reading. (Contains an index and approximately 350 references.) (KFT)

This book was written for scholars, policymakers, and educators and provides both an introduction to issues in literacy and language diversity and compelling questions for those who work in the field. Based on national data, the extent of language diversity in the United States is explored; what is known about English literacy, native language literacy, and biliteracy is considered; and what is needed to make informed national policy decisions about this subject is discussed. This book is written from a pro-language diversity point of view and critiques policies and practices that view language diversity as a problem that must be remedied through education. It highlights recent positive developments in adult literacy that incorporate language diversity as a resource. Chapter titles include the following: "Common Myths and Stereotypes about Literacy and Language Diversity in the United States"; "Literacy and the Great Divide: Cognitive or Social?"; "Defining and Measuring Literacy: Uses and Abuses"; "Literacy, Schooling, and the Socioeconomic Divide"; "Language, Diversity, and the Ascription of Status"; "Literacy and Language Diversity in Sociocultural Contexts"; "Contemporary Bilingual Education Theory and the Great Divide"; and "The Impact of Literacy Policies and Practices on Language Minority Learners." Numerous tables, illustrations, and figures appear throughout the text. Each chapter concludes with suggestions for further reading. (Contains an index and approximately 350 references.) (KFT)

This book was written for scholars, policymakers, and educators and provides both an introduction to issues in literacy and language diversity and compelling questions for those who work in the field. Based on national data, the extent of language diversity in the United States is explored; what is known about English literacy, native language literacy, and biliteracy is considered; and what is needed to make informed national policy decisions about this subject is discussed. This book is written from a pro-language diversity point of view and critiques policies and practices that view language diversity as a problem that must be remedied through education. It highlights recent positive developments in adult literacy that incorporate language diversity as a resource. Chapter titles include the following: "Common Myths and Stereotypes about Literacy and Language Diversity in the United States"; "Literacy and the Great Divide: Cognitive or Social?"; "Defining and Measuring Literacy: Uses and Abuses"; "Literacy, Schooling, and the Socioeconomic Divide"; "Language, Diversity, and the Ascription of Status"; "Literacy and Language Diversity in Sociocultural Contexts"; "Contemporary Bilingual Education Theory and the Great Divide"; and "The Impact of Literacy Policies and Practices on Language Minority Learners." Numerous tables, illustrations, and figures appear throughout the text. Each chapter concludes with suggestions for further reading. (Contains an index and approximately 350 references.) (KFT)

This book was written for scholars, policymakers, and educators and provides both an introduction to issues in literacy and language diversity and compelling questions for those who work in the field. Based on national data, the extent of language diversity in the United States is explored; what is known about English literacy, native language literacy, and biliteracy is considered; and what is needed to make informed national policy decisions about this subject is discussed. This book is written from a pro-language diversity point of view and critiques policies and practices that view language diversity as a problem that must be remedied through education. It highlights recent positive developments in adult literacy that incorporate language diversity as a resource. Chapter titles include the following: "Common Myths and Stereotypes about Literacy and Language Diversity in the United States"; "Literacy and the Great Divide: Cognitive or Social?"; "Defining and Measuring Literacy: Uses and Abuses"; "Literacy, Schooling, and the Socioeconomic Divide"; "Language, Diversity, and the Ascription of Status"; "Literacy and Language Diversity in Sociocultural Contexts"; "Contemporary Bilingual Education Theory and the Great Divide"; and "The Impact of Literacy Policies and Practices on Language Minority Learners." Numerous tables, illustrations, and figures appear throughout the text. Each chapter concludes with suggestions for further reading. (Contains an index and approximately 350 references.) (KFT)

Quantifying diversity is of central importance for the study of structure, function and evolution of microbial communities. The estimation of microbial diversity has received renewed attention with the advent of large-scale metagenomic studies. Here, we consider what the diversity observed in a sample tells us about the diversity of the community being sampled. First, we argue that one cannot reliably estimate the absolute and relative number of microbial species present in a community without making unsupported assumptions about species abundance distributions. The reason for this is that sample data do not contain information about the number of rare species in the tail of species abundance distributions. We illustrate the difficulty in comparing species richness estimates by applying Chao's estimator of species richness to a set of in silico communities: they are ranked incorrectly in the presence of large numbers of rare species. Next, we extend our analysis to a general family of diversity metrics ("Hill diversities"), and construct lower and upper estimates of diversity values consistent with the sample data. The theory generalizes Chao's estimator, which we retrieve as the lower estimate of species richness. We show that Shannon and Simpson diversity can be robustly estimated for the in silico communities. We analyze nine metagenomic data sets from a wide range of environments, and show that our findings are relevant for empirically-sampled communities. Hence, we recommend the use of Shannon and Simpson diversity rather than species richness in efforts to quantify and compare microbial diversity.