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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms are exacerbated by sleep disorder. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not sleep problems among college students are related to attention deficit and hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Adult Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Scale was used to evaluate the 100 college students between the ages of 18 and 23 that were selected as a part of the study. In the results was show that moderate level of sleeping disorder among college students and other sub set factors are not influence to sleep disorder. Only few factors like; Coffee consumption, Tea consumption and Room too hot and cold are affected to sleeping disorder. Therefore investigators conducted correlation analysis for checking the relationship between hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and sleep disorder and found positive and significance relationship between these two variables; hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and sleep disorder. The study's participants had a mean age of 22.39 (1.93) years and comprised 38.5% male and 61.5% female. In order to determine the best treatment options and interventions, it is crucial to assess the sleep quality of young individuals who are experiencing attention problems

This article is from BMC Pediatrics , volume 13 . Abstract Background: It is estimated that 22,800 children were living with an Acquired Brain Injury (ABI) (0.6% of children aged under 15 years) in Australia during 2003. Many children after a traumatic brain injury will experience difficulties with attention and concentration; a condition termed secondary Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder. There is conflicting evidence on whether treatment with stimulant therapy with medications such as methylphenidate or dexamphetamine will improve the attention and behavior of children with this condition. Methods/Design: Single patient trials (n-of-1s or SPTs) evaluate the effect of titrated doses of psychostimulants methylphenidate or dexamphetamine compared to placebo on attention and behavior, in children with TBI and secondary ADHD. The aggregation of multiple SPTs will produce a population estimate of the benefit. Forty-two children will be registered into the trial through rehabilitation services at three large children’s hospitals in Australia. Patients will complete up to 3 cycles of treatment. Each cycle is 2 weeks long comprising seven days each of treatment and placebo, with the first two days of each cycle considered a washout period and the data not analysed. The order of treatment and placebo is randomly allocated for each cycle. The Conners’ Parent Rating Scales long forms will be employed to measure change in attention-deficit/hyperactivity and related problems of the child, and the primary outcome measure is the Conners’ Global Index Parent Version. Secondary outcomes include the teacher and child (if aged > 12 years) Conners’ Rating Scales, the Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function among other measures. This study will provide high-level evidence using a novel methodological approach to inform clinicians about the most appropriate treatment for individual children. Through aggregation of individual trials, a population estimate of treatment effect will be provided to guide clinical practice in the treatment of children with secondary ADHD after a traumatic brain injury. Discussion: This study employs an innovative methodological approach on the effectiveness of CNS stimulants for secondary ADHD from a brain injury. The findings will both guide clinicians on treatment recommendations, and inform the concept and acceptance of SPTs in paediatric research. Trial registration: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry. ACTRN12609000873224

This article is from Frontiers in Human Neuroscience , volume 8 . Abstract None

This article is from JRSM Open , volume 5 . Abstract Objectives: To study calorie and nutrients intake in a group of patients diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) under treatment with extended-release methylphenidate (MPH-ER), and to analyse the need to design nutrition intervention strategies. Design: Observational (case-control). Setting: Navarra Hospital Complex, Pamplona, Spain. Participants: A total of 100 patients diagnosed with ADHD under treatment with MPH-ER and 100 healthy children (control group). Main outcome measures: A nutrition survey was carried out (food intake registration of 3 consecutive school days). Calorie and nutrient intake, as well as nutrition status, were evaluated and compared in both groups. Results: Nutritional status in ADHD group was significantly lower (p 

This article is from JRSM Open , volume 5 . Abstract Objectives: To study calorie and nutrients intake in a group of patients diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) under treatment with extended-release methylphenidate (MPH-ER), and to analyse the need to design nutrition intervention strategies. Design: Observational (case-control). Setting: Navarra Hospital Complex, Pamplona, Spain. Participants: A total of 100 patients diagnosed with ADHD under treatment with MPH-ER and 100 healthy children (control group). Main outcome measures: A nutrition survey was carried out (food intake registration of 3 consecutive school days). Calorie and nutrient intake, as well as nutrition status, were evaluated and compared in both groups. Results: Nutritional status in ADHD group was significantly lower (p 

This article is from JRSM Open , volume 5 . Abstract Objectives: To study calorie and nutrients intake in a group of patients diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) under treatment with extended-release methylphenidate (MPH-ER), and to analyse the need to design nutrition intervention strategies. Design: Observational (case-control). Setting: Navarra Hospital Complex, Pamplona, Spain. Participants: A total of 100 patients diagnosed with ADHD under treatment with MPH-ER and 100 healthy children (control group). Main outcome measures: A nutrition survey was carried out (food intake registration of 3 consecutive school days). Calorie and nutrient intake, as well as nutrition status, were evaluated and compared in both groups. Results: Nutritional status in ADHD group was significantly lower (p 

This article is from JRSM Open , volume 5 . Abstract Objectives: To study calorie and nutrients intake in a group of patients diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) under treatment with extended-release methylphenidate (MPH-ER), and to analyse the need to design nutrition intervention strategies. Design: Observational (case-control). Setting: Navarra Hospital Complex, Pamplona, Spain. Participants: A total of 100 patients diagnosed with ADHD under treatment with MPH-ER and 100 healthy children (control group). Main outcome measures: A nutrition survey was carried out (food intake registration of 3 consecutive school days). Calorie and nutrient intake, as well as nutrition status, were evaluated and compared in both groups. Results: Nutritional status in ADHD group was significantly lower (p 

This article is from Translational Psychiatry , volume 2 . Abstract Prenatal exposure to teratogenic substances, such as nicotine or alcohol, increases the risk of developing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). To date, studies examining this relationship have used symptom scales as outcome measures to assess the effect of prenatal exposure, and have not investigated the neurobiological pathways involved. This study explores the effect of prenatal exposure to cigarettes or alcohol on brain volume in children with ADHD and typically developing controls. Children with ADHD who had been exposed prenatally to either substance were individually matched to children with and without ADHD who had not been. Controls who had been exposed prenatally were also individually matched to controls who had not been. For prenatal exposure to both smoking and alcohol, we found a pattern where subjects with ADHD who had been exposed had the smallest brain volumes and unexposed controls had the largest, with intermediate volumes for unexposed subjects with ADHD. This effect was most pronounced for cerebellum. A similar reduction fell short of significance for controls who had been exposed to cigarettes, but not alcohol. Our results are consistent with an additive effect of prenatal exposure and ADHD on brain volume, with the effects most pronounced for cerebellum.

This article is from BMC Pediatrics , volume 12 . Abstract Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and various factors using a representative sample of US children in a comprehensive manner. This includes variables that have not been previously studied such as watching TV/playing video games, computer usage, family member’s smoking, and participation in sports. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 68,634 children, 5–17 years old, from the National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH, 2007–2008). We performed bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses with ADHD classification as the response variable and the following explanatory variables: sex, race, depression, anxiety, body mass index, healthcare coverage, family structure, socio-economic status, family members’ smoking status, education, computer usage, watching television (TV)/playing video games, participation in sports, and participation in clubs/organizations. Results: Approximately 10% of the sample was classified as having ADHD. We found depression, anxiety, healthcare coverage, and male sex of child to have increased odds of being diagnosed with ADHD. One of the salient features of this study was observing a significant association between ADHD and variables such as TV usage, participation in sports, two-parent family structure, and family members’ smoking status. Obesity was not found to be significantly associated with ADHD, contrary to some previous studies. Conclusions: The current study uncovered several factors associated with ADHD at the national level, including some that have not been studied earlier in such a setting. However, we caution that due to the cross-sectional and observational nature of the data, a cause and effect relationship between ADHD and the associated factors can not be deduced from this study. Future research on ADHD should take into consideration these factors, preferably through a longitudinal study design.

This article is from BMC Pediatrics , volume 12 . Abstract Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and various factors using a representative sample of US children in a comprehensive manner. This includes variables that have not been previously studied such as watching TV/playing video games, computer usage, family member’s smoking, and participation in sports. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 68,634 children, 5–17 years old, from the National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH, 2007–2008). We performed bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses with ADHD classification as the response variable and the following explanatory variables: sex, race, depression, anxiety, body mass index, healthcare coverage, family structure, socio-economic status, family members’ smoking status, education, computer usage, watching television (TV)/playing video games, participation in sports, and participation in clubs/organizations. Results: Approximately 10% of the sample was classified as having ADHD. We found depression, anxiety, healthcare coverage, and male sex of child to have increased odds of being diagnosed with ADHD. One of the salient features of this study was observing a significant association between ADHD and variables such as TV usage, participation in sports, two-parent family structure, and family members’ smoking status. Obesity was not found to be significantly associated with ADHD, contrary to some previous studies. Conclusions: The current study uncovered several factors associated with ADHD at the national level, including some that have not been studied earlier in such a setting. However, we caution that due to the cross-sectional and observational nature of the data, a cause and effect relationship between ADHD and the associated factors can not be deduced from this study. Future research on ADHD should take into consideration these factors, preferably through a longitudinal study design.

A scoping review investigating the experiences of people with ADHD regarding menstruation.

This show is the fourth of a six-part series called Your Teen Matters: A Series for Navigating the Middle and High School Years. Teenagers struggle with homework assignments, test taking, and appropriate classroom behavior for many reasons. A certain percentage of teens will be diagnosed with a neurobiological disorder or a learning disability. When teens have ADHD they have to work hard to complete tasks and focus on their goals. Many students with ADHD also have other learning disabilities, which adds to classroom challenges. Co-hosts Beth Samuelson, MA, founder of Student Organizational Services, and Nurse Rona, and guests discuss how to help teens with learning and attention issues achieve success. Guests: Dr. Dale Jacknow, MD. Ryan Riggins, a high school student with ADHD.

Includes index

This article is from BMC Research Notes , volume 6 . Abstract Background: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been conducted on many psychiatric disorders. Evidence from large GWAS indicates that the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1344706 in the zinc-finger protein 804A gene (ZNF804A) is associated with psychotic disorders including bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. One study also found significant association between rs1344706 and the executive control network of attention. In this study we examine the role of the rs1344706 polymorphism that previously showed association with BD and is known to alter expression of the gene in two clinical family-based ADHD samples from the UK and Taiwan. Findings: To investigate the association between rs1344706 and ADHD, two family samples of ADHD probands from the United Kingdom (n = 180) and Taiwan (n = 212) were genotyped using TaqMan SNP genotyping assays and analysed using within-family transmission disequilibrium test. No significant associations were found between rs1344706 polymorphism and ADHD in either of the samples from Taiwan (P = 0.91) and UK (P = 0.41). Even combining the two datasets together the A allele of rs1344706 SNP was still not significantly over-transmitted to affected probands (P = 0.50). Furthermore, there was no evidence of association with the specific symptoms subgroups of inattention or hyperactivity-impulsivity. Conclusions: In this study we used family-based ADHD data in the UK and Taiwanese population to test for an association between rs1344706 SNP in the ZNF804A gene and ADHD. Results showed no significant association of rs1344706 with ADHD in UK and Taiwanese samples.

This article is from Nutrition Research and Practice , volume 5 . Abstract This study investigated the correlation between consumption of sugar intake by fifth grade students in primary schools and development of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). A total of 107 students participated, and eight boys and one girl (8.4% of the total) categorized as high risk for ADHD according to diagnostic criteria. There were significant differences in the occupations and drinking habits of the respondents' fathers between the normal group and risk group. In a comparison of students' nutrition intake status with daily nutrition intake standards for Koreans, students consumed twice as much protein as the recommended level, whereas their calcium intake was only 60% of the recommended DRI (dietary reference intake). Regarding intake volume of vitamin C, the normal group posted 143.9% of the recommended DRI, whereas the risk group showed only 65.5% of the recommended DRI. In terms of simple sugar intake from snacks, students in the normal group consumed 58.4 g while the risk group consumed 50.2 g. These levels constituted 12.5% of their total daily volume of sugar intake from snacks, which is higher than the 10% standard recommended by the WHO. In conclusion, children who consumed less sugar from fruit snacks or whose vitamin C intake was less than RI was at increased risks for ADHD (P < 0.05). However, no significant association was observed between total volume of simple sugar intake from snacks and ADHD development.

This article is from Nutrition Research and Practice , volume 5 . Abstract This study investigated the correlation between consumption of sugar intake by fifth grade students in primary schools and development of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). A total of 107 students participated, and eight boys and one girl (8.4% of the total) categorized as high risk for ADHD according to diagnostic criteria. There were significant differences in the occupations and drinking habits of the respondents' fathers between the normal group and risk group. In a comparison of students' nutrition intake status with daily nutrition intake standards for Koreans, students consumed twice as much protein as the recommended level, whereas their calcium intake was only 60% of the recommended DRI (dietary reference intake). Regarding intake volume of vitamin C, the normal group posted 143.9% of the recommended DRI, whereas the risk group showed only 65.5% of the recommended DRI. In terms of simple sugar intake from snacks, students in the normal group consumed 58.4 g while the risk group consumed 50.2 g. These levels constituted 12.5% of their total daily volume of sugar intake from snacks, which is higher than the 10% standard recommended by the WHO. In conclusion, children who consumed less sugar from fruit snacks or whose vitamin C intake was less than RI was at increased risks for ADHD (P < 0.05). However, no significant association was observed between total volume of simple sugar intake from snacks and ADHD development.

This article is from Nutrition Research and Practice , volume 5 . Abstract This study investigated the correlation between consumption of sugar intake by fifth grade students in primary schools and development of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). A total of 107 students participated, and eight boys and one girl (8.4% of the total) categorized as high risk for ADHD according to diagnostic criteria. There were significant differences in the occupations and drinking habits of the respondents' fathers between the normal group and risk group. In a comparison of students' nutrition intake status with daily nutrition intake standards for Koreans, students consumed twice as much protein as the recommended level, whereas their calcium intake was only 60% of the recommended DRI (dietary reference intake). Regarding intake volume of vitamin C, the normal group posted 143.9% of the recommended DRI, whereas the risk group showed only 65.5% of the recommended DRI. In terms of simple sugar intake from snacks, students in the normal group consumed 58.4 g while the risk group consumed 50.2 g. These levels constituted 12.5% of their total daily volume of sugar intake from snacks, which is higher than the 10% standard recommended by the WHO. In conclusion, children who consumed less sugar from fruit snacks or whose vitamin C intake was less than RI was at increased risks for ADHD (P < 0.05). However, no significant association was observed between total volume of simple sugar intake from snacks and ADHD development.

The goal of present study was to compare the performance of ADHD and normal children on planning tests. 45 children with ADHD aged between 7 to 12 were selected in Mashhad city through convenience and randomized sampling. We used SNAP، CBCL، TRF, CSI-4 and clinical interview for diagnosis of ADHD and put them into ADHD-I, ADHD-H, ADHD-C subtypes. Each subtype comprised 15 children with ADHD. The children's planning ability was assessed by Tower of London, the Porteus Mazes, and the Wechsler Mazes subtest. The results indicated that performance of ADHD group on the planning tests was poorer than control group. There were no significant difference across the ADHD subtypes. The differences were in several components of Tower of London, including response time, number of errors, and the total score. In conclusion, results supported that planning and organizing ability were poorer in the ADHD children than the controls.

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by inattention, hyperactivity and/or impulsivity (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). The global prevalence of ADHD in adults is 2.58% (Simon, Czobor, Bálint, Mészáros, & Bitter, 2009; Song et al., 2021), with a lower prevalence of 2.18% reported among older adults (Dobrosavljevic, Solares, Cortese, Andershed, & Larsson, 2020). The prevalence of ADHD in psychiatric outpatient clinics may be as high as 14.61% (Adamis, Flynn, Wrigley, Gavin, & McNicholas, 2022). In most cases, ADHD onset is in early childhood, and studies have shown that ADHD symptoms may persist into adulthood (Soler-Gutiérrez, Pérez-González, & Mayas, 2023; Wender, Wolf, & Wasserstein, 2001). Although overt symptoms of ADHD such as hyperactivity and impulsivity may be lower in older adults (Callahan & Plamondon, 2019), these may be expressed as other difficulties in later life such as excessive talking, fidgeting, and feelings of inner restlessness (Zalsman & Shilton, 2016). These difficulties often have significant impacts on lifestyle (Adamou et al., 2013; Michielsen et al., 2015), this could impact physical health conditions. Several previous reviews have summarized the relationship between ADHD and physical diseases. Some have focused narrowly on specific physical health conditions such as diabetes (Cortese et al., 2016), cardiovascular disease (Li et al., 2023), and obesity (Cortese et al., 2016), but recent publications suggest that ADHD is associated with a broad range of somatic health conditions (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, and celiac disease). As such, a comprehensive summary of these findings is warranted. Two recent review articles have discussed the connection between adult ADHD and a broad range of comorbid diseases, uncovering strongest associations between ADHD and obesity, sleep disorders, and asthma (Instanes et al., 2018) as well as cardiovascular disease (Fischer & Nilsen, 2024). However, both these reviews synthesized evidence qualitatively, whereas conducting a meta-analysis or meta-regression could lead to a precise effect size estimation of the association between ADHD and physical health conditions (O’Connor & Sargeant, 2014). In addition, over the last five years, there has been a significant increase in the number of large population-based studies exploring the association between adult ADHD and various health conditions (Dobrosavljevic et al., 2023; Du Rietz et al., 2021; Garcia-Argibay et al., 2022; Li et al., 2022; Libutzki, Neukirch, Reif, & Hartman, 2024), warranting the need for an updated synthesis of this evidence to provide a clear understanding of the state of knowledge in this regard. Therefore, this present systematic review aims to synthesize all available evidence on the association between adult ADHD and health conditions into a single comprehensive review. Therefore, this current systematic review and meta-analysis aims to quantitatively synthesize the evidence on the association between ADHD and different physical health conditions in adults.

According to current data, nutritional condition in neonates, particularly the length of nursing, has an important role in the etiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and/or attention deficient hyper active disorder (ADHD). We wanted to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of relevant studies that found a relationship between ASD/ADHD and breastfeeding status. In December 2022, ten computerized databases and a manual search of reference lists were utilized to locate relevant papers.

According to current data, nutritional condition in neonates, particularly the length of nursing, has an important role in the etiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and/or attention deficient hyper active disorder (ADHD). We wanted to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of relevant studies that found a relationship between ASD/ADHD and breastfeeding status. In December 2022, ten computerized databases and a manual search of reference lists were utilized to locate relevant papers.

This systematic review will focus on the clinical effectiveness of BCI-based gaming system for children with ADHD

Includes bibliographical references (p. 103-112) and index

This project aims to provide an overview of sensory integration and processing (SI/P) models and assessment in adults diagnosed with ADHD and to identify gaps in the current global research knowledge. The chosen method for this literature-based research is scoping review. The theoretical framework for the review is the SI theory pioneered by A. Jean Ayres. The methodology of the review follows JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis. The search strategy will follow PRISMA-ScR, consisting of three-step strategy. Chosen search terms for the initial search are based on commonly used SI/P models and ADHD diagnostics. The five chosen databases for searching are CINAHL, PsycInfo, MEDLINE, Scopus and Web of Science. Evidence selection will be based on pre-specified criteria, which considers the population, concept and context. Selection of sources is further demonstrated via a flowchart, specifying the number of included and excluded records and relevant rationale. Software used for management of the search results will be RefWorks. A charting table will be provided in the data extraction process, accompanied by a descriptive summary. Content analysis process will be followed to present the data.

We would like to conduct a meta-analysis examining the relationship between Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Gaming Disorder (GD) symptoms.

We would like to conduct a meta-analysis examining the relationship between Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Gaming Disorder (GD) symptoms.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to provide a model to explain the relationship between borderline personality traits and childhood trauma using the mediating role of parenting stress, psychosocial stress and ADHD in students. 

Introduction: The aim of this study was to provide a model to explain the relationship between borderline personality traits and childhood trauma using the mediating role of parenting stress, psychosocial stress and ADHD in students. 

This study delineates personality correlates of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD.) A standardized projective technique (the Roberts Apperception Test for Children (RATC) and the Conners Parent Rating Scale were administered to 52 ADHD children, ages 6-15. Results indicated that, when compared to the RATC standardization sample, ADHD children had little ability to cope with their feelings, had little awareness of problems in their environment, perceived only marginal support from their environment, were highly depressed, and perceived much aggression in their environment. The paper concludes that psychotherapeutic approaches should focus on increasing the supports available in the child's environment, relieving depression, enabling the child to appropriately express anger, and improving their problem-identifying and problem-solving abilities. (27 references) (JDD)

ABSTRACT Aims: The objective of the current study is to investigate the prevalence of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) among individuals diagnosed with diabetes mellitus (DM). Additionally, this study aims to evaluate the potential association between ADHD and metabolic syndrome (MetS), atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), and other lipid parameters, considering the different types of DM. Methods: The study comprised 213 adult patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus, consisting of 120 females and 93 males. Participants completed the Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale (ASRS) as a screening tool for symptoms. The study assessed many physiological indicators, including body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure, glucose levels, cholesterol levels, high-density lipoprotein levels, low-density lipoprotein levels, triglyceride levels, uric acid levels, and glycated hemoglobin levels. Results: The study yielded a prevalence rate of 10.7% for ADHD among diabetes individuals. The prevalence of ADHD was found to be more common in individuals diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) compared to those with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with rates of 15.4% and 9.8% respectively. The study revealed that individuals diagnosed with T2DM who also had MetS, organ involvement, concurrent disorders, and stress-related eating had significantly higher scores on the ASRS/T scale. There was a correlation observed between the ASRS-HI and AIP levels in individuals diagnosed with T2DM. The statistical analysis revealed that ADHD-HI and T scores significantly influenced the severity of MetS. A progressive increase in ASRS/T and ASRS/I scores was observed with the duration of DM. Conclusion: In conclusion, by recognizing and treating accompanying neuropsychiatric conditions such as ADHD symptoms in diabetic patients, individuals may exhibit improved adherence to lifestyle modifications and antidiabetic therapies. This approach potentially reduces the risks of acute and chronic complications, including cardiovascular risk, through the enhanced management of DM.

ABSTRACT Aims: The objective of the current study is to investigate the prevalence of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) among individuals diagnosed with diabetes mellitus (DM). Additionally, this study aims to evaluate the potential association between ADHD and metabolic syndrome (MetS), atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), and other lipid parameters, considering the different types of DM. Methods: The study comprised 213 adult patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus, consisting of 120 females and 93 males. Participants completed the Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale (ASRS) as a screening tool for symptoms. The study assessed many physiological indicators, including body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure, glucose levels, cholesterol levels, high-density lipoprotein levels, low-density lipoprotein levels, triglyceride levels, uric acid levels, and glycated hemoglobin levels. Results: The study yielded a prevalence rate of 10.7% for ADHD among diabetes individuals. The prevalence of ADHD was found to be more common in individuals diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) compared to those with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with rates of 15.4% and 9.8% respectively. The study revealed that individuals diagnosed with T2DM who also had MetS, organ involvement, concurrent disorders, and stress-related eating had significantly higher scores on the ASRS/T scale. There was a correlation observed between the ASRS-HI and AIP levels in individuals diagnosed with T2DM. The statistical analysis revealed that ADHD-HI and T scores significantly influenced the severity of MetS. A progressive increase in ASRS/T and ASRS/I scores was observed with the duration of DM. Conclusion: In conclusion, by recognizing and treating accompanying neuropsychiatric conditions such as ADHD symptoms in diabetic patients, individuals may exhibit improved adherence to lifestyle modifications and antidiabetic therapies. This approach potentially reduces the risks of acute and chronic complications, including cardiovascular risk, through the enhanced management of DM.

Includes bibliographical references (p. 241-244) and index

Includes bibliographical references (p. 241-244) and index

This article is from Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine , volume 35 . Abstract Background:: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) persists in a majority of adolescents. It has been reported that ADHD patients have poor social functioning and risk for developing co-morbid psychiatric illnesses. Aims:: To determine the retention of diagnosis of ADHD and to assess social adjustment, academic functioning and co-morbidities at follow-up. Design:: Retrospective cohort study. Materials and Methods:: ADHD patients of 5-14 years of age who came to the out-patient department from 2005 to 2008 were contacted telephonically. Fifty one patients could be contacted. Parents of patients were interviewed using Vanderbilt ADHD Diagnostic Parent Rating Scale for diagnosing ADHD and co-morbidities. Social Adjustment Inventory for Children and Adolescent was administered for assessing their academic and social functioning. Chi square test, Mann–Whitney Test, Kruskal–Wallis Test, and Pearson's product moment correlations were used for statistical analysis. Results:: At current assessment, out of 51 patients, 38 were still fulfilling diagnosis of ADHD. Of these, 21 were of inattention type, 3 were hyperactive, and 14 were of combined type. Social functioning and academic functioning were significantly better in those who currently did not fulfill the criteria for ADHD (N=13). Twelve patients developed features of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)/conduct disorder (CD) at follow-up. Conclusions:: ADHD persists in the majority of adolescents. Decline with age is seen more in hyperactive/impulsive symptoms than inattentive symptoms. Several adolescents also develop features of ODD/CD in addition to poorer functioning. Continuation of treatment is crucial to prevent such consequences.

This article is from PeerJ , volume 2 . Abstract Background. The number of students with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) enrolled in colleges and universities has increased markedly over the past few decades, giving rise to questions about how best to document symptoms and impairment in the post-secondary setting. The aim of the present study was to investigate the utility and psychometric properties of a widely-used rating scale for adults with ADHD, the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-V1.1), in a sample of post-secondary students with ADHD.Methods. A total of 135 college students (mean age = 24, 42% males) with ADHD were recruited from Student Disability Services in post-secondary institutions. We compared informant responses on the ASRS administered via different modalities. First, students’ self-report was ascertained using the ASRS Screener administered via telephone interview, in which they were asked to provide real-life examples of behavior for each of the six items. Next, students self-reported symptoms on the 18-item paper version of the ASRS Symptom Checklist administered about 1–2 weeks later, and a collateral report using an online version of the 18-item ASRS Symptom Checklist. Students also completed self-report measures of everyday cognitive failure (CFQ) and executive functioning (BDEFS).Results. Results revealed moderate to good congruency between the 18-item ASRS-Self and ASRS-Collateral reports (correlation = .47), and between student self-report on the 6-item telephone-based and paper versions of the ASRS, with the paper version administered two weeks later (correlation = .66). The full ASRS self-report was related to impairment, such as in executive functioning (correlation = .63) and everyday cognitive failure (correlation = .74). Executive functioning was the only significant predictor of ASRS total scores.Discussion. Current findings suggest that the ASRS provides an easy-to-use, reliable, and cost-effective approach for gathering information about current symptoms of ADHD in college and university students. Collateral reports were moderately related to self-reports, although we note the difficulty in obtaining informant reports for this population. Use of a telephone interview to elicit behavioral descriptions for each item may be useful in future research that is required to specifically test the utility of the ASRS in, for example, documenting and confirming current reports of impairment due to ADHD symptoms and its positive and negative predictive power for diagnosis.

This article is from Psychiatry Investigation , volume 11 . Abstract Objective: Previous studies have reported comorbidity of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and allergic diseases. The current study investigated ADHD like behavioral symptoms and parenting stress in pediatric allergic rhinitis. Methods: Eighty-seven children (6-13 years old) with allergic rhinitis and 73 age- and sex-matched children of control group were recruited. Diagnosis and severity assessments of allergic rhinitis were determined by a pediatric allergist. The Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF), ADHD Rating Scale (ARS), and Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) were completed by their mothers. Results: In the allergic rhinitis group, the total PSI-SF score (p

This project aims to answer the following questions: Primary Question. 1. What is the prevalence of undisclosed discrepancies between pre-registered outcomes and outcomes reported in the final peer reviewed publication in randomised control trials (RCTs) investigating pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions in ADHD? Secondary Question(s) 1. The degree of outcome specification in pre-registered protocols for RCTs investigating pharmacological and non pharmacological interventions in ADHD? 2. What is the prevalence of prospective (pre-) registration in RCTs investigating pharmacological and non pharmacological interventions in ADHD?

This proposed study aims to find a causal relationship between acute cannabis use and the reduction of distressing Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptomology defined as racing thoughts. This investigation is crucial to aid individuals suffering with stressful impairments associated with ADHD and to gain a greater understanding of cannabis use and ADHD because of the high comorbidity of ADHD and Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD). There is a very limited amount of studies that investigate this relationship hence it is crucial to fill this gap in the literature. The proposed study will be a between groups randomised placebo control study where cannabis use is the manipulated independent variable and level of racing thoughts is the dependent variable. The Racing and Crowded Thoughts Questionnaire (RCTQ) will be used as the baseline and post treatment measure. The expected results of the study are that the acute cannabis intervention will lead to a reduction in racing thoughts in the 278-300 participants with ADHD.

A previous study (Marotta et al., 2014) showed that individuals with ADHD have a selective impairment in orienting attention in response to eye-gaze direction. However, they preserved attentional orienting in response to non-social stimuli (arrow and peripheral cues). Moreover, in a later study (Marotta et al., 2017), we observed that ADHD individuals were also less sensitive than matched controls to the eye-gaze direction when it was used as a distracting stimulus in a Stroop-like task. No difference between ADHD and controls was observed when arrows were used as distracting stimuli. These findings may suggest that only the social-specific components elicited by eye-gaze but not the domain-general directional component of the spatial congruency effect could be impaired by ADHD symptomatology. Consistent with a preserved domain-general component of the spatial congruency effect, Polner (2015) showed no association between ADHD-like traits and congruency effect when no-social directional stimuli such arrows were used as targets in a spatial interference task (e.g. spatial Stroop/Simon like task). Here, we will examine, for the first time, the relationship between the RCE and ADHD-like traits [measured by means of the Barkley Adult ADHD Rating Scale-IV (Barkley, 2011) and Adult ADHD Self-Report Screening Scale for DSM-5 (Ustun et al., 2017)] in a large sample of healthy adults. The SCE elicited by arrows will also be investigated. Suppose only the social-specific components elicited by eye-gaze but not the domain-general component of the SCE is impaired by ADHD. In that case, a negative correlation should be observed only between ADHD-like traits and the RCE elicited by eye-gaze, but not between ADHD traits and the SCE elicited by arrows.

This project systematically reviews and meta-analyzes the prevalence of Binge Eating Disorder (BED) in individuals with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and/or Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and examines the strength of these associations. Given emerging evidence suggesting higher rates of BED in ADHD and ASD populations, this review aims to clarify prevalence estimates and quantify the association using odds ratios, relative risks, and correlations. We will search major databases for observational studies published since 2013, assess risk of bias, and perform meta-analysis where feasible. Findings will support early identification of BED in ADHD and ASD populations, informing prevention and intervention strategies in clinical practice.

This article systematically reviews published clinical trials that have been done to compare the efficacy and tolerability of atomoxetine in children and adolescents. A systematic review, which has not been done hitherto to the best of our knowledge, is necessary in appraising the suitability of use of atomoxetine for comorbid anxiety disorders in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The clinical implications may be very practical to child and adolescent mental health professionals and may aid them in making treatment algorithm decisions that include atomoxetine for children with comorbid ADHD and anxiety.

Children and Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (CHADD), provides education, advocacy and support for individuals with ADHD. In addition to their informative website, CHADD also publishes a variety of printed materials to keep members and professionals current on research advances, medications and treatments affecting individuals with ADHD. "Putting People First" is a community service of Chicago Access Network Television (CAN TV).

The present study is being conducted for my undergraduate Psychology dissertation. Internalising problems refer to a dimension of psychopathology characterised by the inward direction of emotional distress (Kotov et al., 2017). Anxiety and depression represent the most common manifestations of internalising problems (McManus et al., 2016) and impose significant burden on individuals and society. Anxiety often involves excessive worry or apprehension, alongside physical symptoms like nausea and trembling (World Health Organisation, 2024d), whilst depression typically involves low mood, loss of interest in activities, and feelings of hopelessness and fatigue (World Health Organisation, 2024c). Every year anxiety and depression cost the global economy 1 trillion USD due to reduced productivity (The Lancet Global Health, 2020), underscoring their importance for research and intervention. A population disproportionately affected by internalising problems is autistic people. In addition to core social-communication difficulties and restrictive, repetitive patterns of behaviour (World Health Organisation, 2024a), autistic people are 2-4 times more likely to experience anxiety and depression than the general population (Hudson et al., 2019; Nimmo-Smith et al., 2020), with lifetime prevalence rates of 42% and 37%, respectively (Hollocks et al., 2019). Proposed mechanisms for anxiety in autism include sensory processing differences, which can heighten threat perception; alexithymia, impairing emotion acceptance; and cognitive rigidity, placing importance on precise rules (South & Rodgers, 2017). Meanwhile, high social motivation, coupled with greater social-communication difficulties can contribute to depression through loneliness (Smith & White, 2020). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), characterised by inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity (World Health Organisation, 2024b), is another neurodevelopmental condition also associated with anxiety and depression (Katzman et al., 2017). However, executive function deficits, particularly in working memory, instead play a key role by impairing emotion regulation (Groves et al., 2022; Zhang et al., 2021). This impaired emotion regulation then mediates ADHD and internalising problems, with avoidance a contributing factor (Bodalski et al., 2019). Notably, avoidance can reinforce anxiety by preventing fear testing (Hofmann & Hay, 2018), and perpetuate depression by limiting problem-solving (Trew, 2011). Thus, both autism and ADHD are clearly associated with internalising problems through distinct mechanisms. However, these conditions often co-occur, with an estimated 28% of autistic people also having ADHD (Lai et al., 2019). ADHD traits are also dimensionally elevated in autistic people but with the reverse less common (Pehlivanidis et al., 2020), and high levels of both traits have been found in anxiety and depression (Carling & Gullon-Scott, 2020; Powell et al., 2021; Radtke et al., 2019; Shen et al., 2020). Yet strikingly minimal research directly compares their contributions to internalising problems. Existing cross-neurodevelopmental research primarily focuses on children, despite autism and ADHD being lifelong conditions where internalising risk increases (Gotham et al., 2015) and then persists (Schiltz et al., 2023) into adulthood. They additionally either possess small sample sizes or seldom report effect sizes (Craig et al., 2015; Dellapiazza et al., 2021; Schiltz et al., 2017), indicating that they may be underpowered with potentially reduced implications for clinical practice (Thapar et al., 2023). Hargitai et al. (2023) therefore found strength in a trait-based approach, identifying dimensional ADHD dominance in predicting internalising problems, adding to a landscape of mixed results. Still, the internalising symptoms measured (e.g. restlessness) overlapped considerably with core neurodevelopmental traits suggesting scoring on items for reasons other than experience of anxiety and depression. Coupled with short measures, a larger proportion of the results may have been impacted by such a limitation, thus warranting replication using measures with less overlap, like the DASS-21, to improve validity. Importantly, such replication could increase understanding of the mechanisms behind internalising problems in the general population, whilst providing preliminary insights for autism and ADHD, ultimately aiming to inform future interventions, increasing quality of life (Thiel et al., 2024; Zhang et al., 2021). As such, the present study aims to quantify the relative contributions of autistic and ADHD traits to anxious and depressive symptoms using more distinct measures. Based on previous research, both neurodevelopmental traits are hypothesised to be positively associated with internalising symptoms. ADHD, however, is hypothesised to be a stronger predictor.

This article is from Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health , volume 5 . Abstract Background: The relatively short durations of the initial pivotal randomized placebo-controlled trials involving atomoxetine HCl for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) provided limited insight into the time courses of ADHD core symptom responses to this nonstimulant, selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. The aim of this analysis was to evaluate time courses of treatment responses or remission, as assessed by attainment of prespecified scores on the ADHD Rating Scale-IV-Parent Version: Investigator Administered and Scored (ADHDRS-IV-PI) and the Clinical Global Impressions-ADHD-Severity (CGI-ADHD-S) scales, during up to 1 year of atomoxetine treatment in children with ADHD. Methods: Using pooled data from three Canadian open-label studies involving 338 children ages 6-11 years with ADHD who were treated with atomoxetine for 3, 6 and 12 months, and survival analysis methods for interval-censored data, we estimated the time to: 1) improvement and robust improvement defined by ≥25% and ≥40% reductions from baseline ADHDRS-IV-PI total scores, respectively; and 2) remission using two definitions: a final score of ADHDRS-IV-PI ≤18 or a final score of CGI-ADHD-S ≤2. Results: The median time to improvement was 3.7 weeks (~1 month), but remission of symptoms did not occur until a median of 14.3 weeks (~3.5 months) using the most stringent CGI-ADHD-S threshold. Probabilities of robust improvement were 47% at or before 4 weeks of treatment; 76% at 12 weeks; 85% at 26 weeks; and 96% at 52 weeks. Probabilities of remission at these corresponding time points were 30%, 59%, 77%, and 85% (using the ADHDRS-IV scale) and 8%, 47%, 67%, and 75% (using the CGI-ADHD-S scale). The change from atomoxetine treatment month 5 to month 12 of -1.01 (1.03) was not statistically significant (p = .33). Conclusions: Reductions in core ADHD symptoms during atomoxetine treatment are gradual. Although approximately one-half of study participants showed improvement at 1 month of atomoxetine treatment, remission criteria were not met until about 3 months. Understanding the time course of children's responses to atomoxetine treatment may inform clinical decision making and also influence the durations of trials comparing the effects of this medication with other ADHD treatments. Trial Registrations: clinicaltrials.gov: NCT00191633, NCT00216918, NCT00191880.

This between-subject study aims to objectively investigate group differences in reward motivation between adults with low and high trait levels of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), using two behavioural tasks and one self-report questionnaire. The independent variable is trait ADHD, defined by the adult ADHD self-report scale screener. The dependent variables are performance on the reward/motivation measures: the Joystick-Operated Runway Task, Effort Expenditure for Rewards Task, and the achievement sub-scale of the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire.

A systematic review will be conducted to compare diagnostic guidelines for autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder from different countries, states/provinces and/or cultural groups.

This study examines adult ADHD symptoms, their relationship with alcohol-related constructs, dependence severity and associations with AUD treatment outcome in Alcohol Use Disorder

The aim of this study is to investigate the potential neuropsychological effects of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Complex (or non-complex) Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (C-PTSD/ PTSD). Given that CBT regulates prefrontal dysfunction and that most mental health disorders involve some prefrontal dysfunction, it makes sense that CBT is one of the most recognized treatments for psychological disorders (Li et al., 2022; Fordham et al., 2021). While prefrontal dysfunction might be evident in many psychological conditions, such as ADHD and PTSD, there are also substantial differences in the contributors of this dysfunction, including symptoms, causation and neural mechanisms (Martinez et al., 2016; Goldin et al.,2021). CBT does not necessarily address these differences and there is limited review in the literature of its effectiveness in comparison to other therapeutic approaches. Martinez et al. (2016) show that both C-PTSD/PTSD and ADHD seem to overlap in some of the symptoms, especially ones related to executive dysfunction. Martinez et al. (2016) highlight that executive dysfunction symptoms in individuals with PTSD include impulsivity and difficulty inhibiting inappropriate responses, this stems from trauma and emotional dysregulation (especially overactivation of amygdala). Furthermore, Martinez et al. (2016) highlight that ADHD executive dysfunction also includes hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention; this stems from developmental differences in the structure and function of the brain (reduced PFC activity), this encourages reward seeking behaviour and makes it difficult to filter distractions. Study done by Goldin et al. (2021) reveals that CBT was associated with direct increase of PFC activity which was associated with indirect decrease of amygdala hyperactivity. Additionally, MBSR group was associated with direct decrease of amygdala hyperactivity and increase of activity in attention and emotional processing regions (anterior cingulate cortex, insula, and temporal gyrus; Goldin et al., 2021). These findings can conclude that MBSR is more directly associated with reduction of amygdala activity while indirectly associated with increasing PFC activity. While CBT is associated with directly increasing PFC activation, and indirectly reducing the amygdala activity, making it a more suitable treatment for individuals with ADHD. Given that executive disruptions stems from hyperactivity in amygdala for individuals with C-PTSD/PTSD and inherited developmental differences in the PFC in individuals with ADHD. We hypothesize that CBT will be associated with improved executive functioning and reduced symptom severity in individuals with ADHD. While MBSR will correlate with improved executive functioning and reduced symptoms severity in individuals with C-PTSD/PTSD.

This article is from BMC Psychiatry , volume 12 . Abstract Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a commonly diagnosed neuropsychiatric disorder in childhood, but the frequency of the condition is not well established in many countries. The aim of the present study was to quantify the overall prevalence of ADHD among children and adolescents in Spain by means of a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: PubMed/MEDLINE, IME, IBECS and TESEO were comprehensively searched. Original reports were selected if they provided data on prevalence estimates of ADHD among people under 18 years old in Spain and were cross-sectional, observational epidemiological studies. Information from included studies was systematically extracted and evaluated. Overall pooled-prevalence estimates of ADHD were calculated using random-effects models. Sources of heterogeneity were explored by means sub-groups analyses and univariate meta-regressions. Results: Fourteen epidemiological studies (13,026 subjects) were selected. The overall pooled-prevalence of ADHD was estimated at 6.8% [95% confidence interval (CI) 4.9 – 8.8%] representing 361,580 (95% CI 260,550 – 467,927) children and adolescents in the community. There was significant heterogeneity (P < 0.001), which was incompletely explained by subgroup analyses and meta-regressions. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the prevalence of ADHD among children and adolescents in Spain is consistent with previous studies conducted in other countries and regions. This study represents a first step in estimating the national burden of ADHD that will be essential to building evidence-based programs and services.