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In early 2013, the leadership of the Federal Voting Assistance Program (FVAP) commissioned the RAND National Defense Research Institute to undertake a collaborative, multiyear project known formally as FVAP and the Road Ahead. The project was established to assist FVAP in aligning its strategy and operations to better serve its mission and stakeholders and to strengthen FVAPs capacity to set its own course, embrace change, and communicate its role in the voting community. This report focuses on the collaborative development and application of the logic model, which served as the analytical foundation for the project. It describes the underlying method and frames the approach in generalizable step-by-step terms, drawing examples from the project with FVAP. The report derives from a more-detailed report that more fully documents both the process and its results, including recommendations, guidance, and organizational change.

To understand the essence of the work of Lutfi Zadeh, who introduced a number of scientific innovations into the treasury of world culture and had a great influence on his contemporaries with his fundamental discoveries and amazing ideas, as well as objectively assess the new impulses and directions that he brought to the public consciousness, it is first of all necessary to comprehend real, but also philosophical essence of discoveries, to sound them in the language of philosophical thinking. The fuzzy logic of the great scientist and thinker, who has gained great authority in modem scientific circles, illuminating theoretical thinking from a new angle and significantly raising the horizons of human knowledge over the traditional binary logic of Aristotle, is accepted by world scientists with admiration and intensively studied as one of the fundamental discoveries of the twentieth century. It is no coincidence that at present this theory has become the subject of wide discussion, the subject of dialogues at international conferences, symposia, scientific seminars, periodically held in Japan, Germany, the USA, Rus-sia, China, Turkey, France and in a number of other countries. This fact itself is an important indicator of high appreciation by world scientists of the theories of Lutfi Zadeh. 

The relationship between abstract interpretation and partial deduction has received considerable attention and (partial) integrations have been proposed starting from both the partial deduction and abstract interpretation perspectives. In this work we present what we argue is the first fully described generic algorithm for efficient and precise integration of abstract interpretation and partial deduction. Taking as starting point state-of-the-art algorithms for context-sensitive, polyvariant abstract interpretation and (abstract) partial deduction, we present an algorithm which combines the best of both worlds. Key ingredients include the accurate success propagation inherent to abstract interpretation and the powerful program transformations achievable by partial deduction. In our algorithm, the calls which appear in the analysis graph are not analyzed w.r.t. the original definition of the procedure but w.r.t. specialized definitions of these procedures. Such specialized definitions are obtained by applying both unfolding and abstract executability. Our framework is parametric w.r.t. different control strategies and abstract domains. Different combinations of such parameters correspond to existing algorithms for program analysis and specialization. Simultaneously, our approach opens the door to the efficient computation of strictly more precise results than those achievable by each of the individual techniques. The algorithm is now one of the key components of the CiaoPP analysis and specialization system.

The relationship between abstract interpretation and partial deduction has received considerable attention and (partial) integrations have been proposed starting from both the partial deduction and abstract interpretation perspectives. In this work we present what we argue is the first fully described generic algorithm for efficient and precise integration of abstract interpretation and partial deduction. Taking as starting point state-of-the-art algorithms for context-sensitive, polyvariant abstract interpretation and (abstract) partial deduction, we present an algorithm which combines the best of both worlds. Key ingredients include the accurate success propagation inherent to abstract interpretation and the powerful program transformations achievable by partial deduction. In our algorithm, the calls which appear in the analysis graph are not analyzed w.r.t. the original definition of the procedure but w.r.t. specialized definitions of these procedures. Such specialized definitions are obtained by applying both unfolding and abstract executability. Our framework is parametric w.r.t. different control strategies and abstract domains. Different combinations of such parameters correspond to existing algorithms for program analysis and specialization. Simultaneously, our approach opens the door to the efficient computation of strictly more precise results than those achievable by each of the individual techniques. The algorithm is now one of the key components of the CiaoPP analysis and specialization system.

The relationship between abstract interpretation and partial deduction has received considerable attention and (partial) integrations have been proposed starting from both the partial deduction and abstract interpretation perspectives. In this work we present what we argue is the first fully described generic algorithm for efficient and precise integration of abstract interpretation and partial deduction. Taking as starting point state-of-the-art algorithms for context-sensitive, polyvariant abstract interpretation and (abstract) partial deduction, we present an algorithm which combines the best of both worlds. Key ingredients include the accurate success propagation inherent to abstract interpretation and the powerful program transformations achievable by partial deduction. In our algorithm, the calls which appear in the analysis graph are not analyzed w.r.t. the original definition of the procedure but w.r.t. specialized definitions of these procedures. Such specialized definitions are obtained by applying both unfolding and abstract executability. Our framework is parametric w.r.t. different control strategies and abstract domains. Different combinations of such parameters correspond to existing algorithms for program analysis and specialization. Simultaneously, our approach opens the door to the efficient computation of strictly more precise results than those achievable by each of the individual techniques. The algorithm is now one of the key components of the CiaoPP analysis and specialization system.

Post-Scan Interactive Data Display (PSIDD) III is a user-oriented Windows-based system that facilitates the display and comparison of ultrasonic contact measurement data obtained at NASA Glenn Research Center's Ultrasonic Nondestructive Evaluation measurement facility. The system is optimized to compare ultrasonic measurements made at different locations within a material or at different stages of material degradation. PSIDD III provides complete analysis of the primary waveforms in the time and frequency domains along with the calculation of several frequency-dependent properties including phase velocity and attenuation coefficient and several frequency-independent properties, like the cross correlation velocity. The system allows image generation on all the frequency-dependent properties at any available frequency (limited by the bandwidth used in the scans) and on any of the frequency-independent properties. From ultrasonic contact scans, areas of interest on an image can be studied with regard to underlying raw waveforms and derived ultrasonic properties by simply selecting the point on the image. The system offers various modes of indepth comparison between scan points. Up to five scan points can be selected for comparative analysis at once. The system was developed with Borland Delphi software (Visual Pascal) and is based on an SQL data base. It is ideal for the classification of material properties or the location of microstructure variations in materials. Along with the ultrasonic contact measurement software that it is partnered with, this system is technology ready and can be transferred to users worldwide.

This is a status report about some of the research efforts within the Center for Remote Sensing (CRS) that are associated with image analysis. Emphasis has been placed on the manual procedure of photo analysis, photo interpretation logic, classification schemes, and knowledge based Systems. Information derived from other sources and information presented by contributors are acknowledged in the appropriate sections, Keywords include: Photo Analysis, Photo Interpreation Logic, Feature Extraction, Air Photo Keys, Image Analysis, Remote Sensing, Vegetation Classification, and Knowledge Based SYstems.

Distance estimation, that is the estimate of the distance between two nodes, plays of a fundamental part in the setting up and maintenance of sensor networks. For example, a node trying to localize itself, can, if it learns its distance from three or more nodes with known locations, use multilateration to determine where it sits. This computation is a major part of many localization algorithms. Distance estimation can also be useful in synchronization: if node A knows its distance from node B, it can request a timestamp from node B and compute the clock skew by factoring in the round trip time of the request and the response. One of the most accurate means of distance estimation is to use the time of flight of a signal. For example, one can send a signal to a seated node, have it respond, and then use the time of the round trip to measure the distance. For example, Multispectral Solutions has recently developed an ultra wide band ranging radio based on such technology that measures round trip times of packets to provide range resolution of better than one foot.

A collection of manuals, references, and software I've collected for the 16500 family of instruments and plugins. I am missing quite a bit of the plugins, but here are some.

In the paper, we show that quantum logic of linear subspaces can be used for recognition of random signals by a Bayesian energy discriminant classifier. The energy distribution on linear subspaces is described by the correlation matrix of the probability distribution. We show that the correlation matrix corresponds to von Neumann density matrix in quantum theory. We suggest the interpretation of quantum logic as a fuzzy logic of fuzzy sets. The use of quantum logic for recognition is based on the fact that the probability distribution of each class lies approximately in a lower-dimensional subspace of feature space. We offer the interpretation of discriminant functions as membership functions of fuzzy sets. Also we offer the quality functional for optimal choice of discriminant functions for recognition from some class of discriminant functions.

This research examines the integration of robotic C-arm technology in angiography, a critical tool for treating cardiac conditions. The robotic C-arm, which includes an X-ray tube, is essential for scanning patients during procedures. The study also investigates the associated risks, specifically in Indonesian hospitals with cardiac facilities. Angiography is used to diagnose and treat heart disease by visualizing blood vessels and facilitating catheterization procedures. However, its mobility poses hazards and can impact the process. To address potential risks, failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) is utilized. Traditionally, risk assessment using risk priority numbers (RPN) is conducted, but these may not accurately reflect failures due to complex evaluating processes. To overcome this limitation, fuzzy logic is employed, enhancing risk assessment accuracy. Through this approach, twenty-seven failure modes are identified across two brands, with ten major ones prioritized using fuzzy logic. These findings facilitate the development of preventive measures to mitigate future failures and enhance patient safety during angiography in hospitals. In conclusion, the study underscores the importance of robust risk management in medical equipment, particularly in dynamic environments. By integrating fuzzy logic into risk assessment, the study improves prioritization accuracy, enabling effective allocation of resources for preventive actions.

1. Introduction In developing countries, the ever increasing human population and the associated anthropogenic activities have accelerated the phenomenon of urbanization in the past decade. With the rising population and the associated unsustainable practices, there has been an enormous increase in the quantum as well as the diversity of the solid waste being generated. The problem of solid waste has assumed significant dimension especially in the urban centers. Domestic, industrial and other wastes, whether these are of low or medium level, have become a perennial problem as they continue to cause environmental pollution and degradation.So,rapid urbanization and population increase have called for an improved waste management services. In this research, authors tried to use Fuzzy Logic method to obtain Fuzzy maps and used FANP method to weight criteria analytic network process. The ultimate goal of this research is to select a suitable site for landfill based on the FANP methodin Ali Abad Katool city. 2. Study Area Aliabad Katoolcity with an area of 1160 square kilometers is one of Golestan province cities. Which it is limited to Gonbadkavoos and Aghghola cities from the north and Gorgan city from the west and Ramiyan city from the east and the Alborz mountains and Semnan city from the south. It is located in latitude of 36 degrees and 36 minutes until 37 degrees and 5 minutes of north and longitude of 54 degrees and 41 minutes and 9 minutes of east,and based on housing census of 2011, has a total population of 132.757. 3. Material and Methods 3-1- Multi Criteria Evaluation method(MCE) In This method, in order to expose to a specific goal, it is required to evaluate several criteria (Voogd, 1983; Carver,1991; Eastman, 2012). The purpose of the multi-criteria evaluation is to select the best alternative (the best site or pixels) on the basis of their ranking by evaluating multi main Criteria. There are several methods for the analysis of multi criteria evaluation. The most important of those include a weighted linear combination method, Boolean methods, value approaches functiondesirability, AHP, ideal point method and agreement method. Multi criteria evaluation often performed by one of these two methods:Boolean overlay and weighted linear combination. The fist process involves the overlap Boolean whereby all criteria reduced to the appropriate logic modes and then combined by one or more logical operators such as subscription (AND) and sum (OR).Second process is the weighted linear combination (WLC) in which continuous metrics (factors) is standardized to the normal numerical range and then combined with a weighted average. The result is a continuous raster map which covers one or more Boolean constraints to match with the qualitative metrics and eventually lead to the final decision. 3-2- Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) Weighted linear combination (WLC) method is themost common technique in the analysis of multi-criteria evaluation.This technique also called scoring method. This method is based on the average weight. Analyzer or decision maker, weighting the criteria based on the relative importance of each criterion. Then, by multiplying the relative weight in the attribute value, final value is obtained for eachan alternative after specifying the final value of each alternative, the alternative that has the greatest value would be the most appropriate alternative for the intended purpose. In this decision rule, the value of each alternative is calculated by the following formula (Shahabi & Niyazi, 2009). 3-3- Map Standardization in Fuzzy Logic In fuzzy logic, according the value which follows the intended criterion, each region obtains the value membership that expresses the desirability of the area. This means that each area with a larger value membership has a higher desirability. Fuzzy logic isnot certainty like Boolean logic and each layer is rated on a scale from 0 to 1. Another influential factor in fuzzy map standardization is determining the threshold which is called control points. But, one thing that should be considered in choosing function is the type of intended criterion that is increasing or decreasing and shows the control points and type of fuzzy function. 4. Results and Discussion - Pairwise Comparisons of Criteria and Sub-Criteria Internal Relationships Pairwise comparisons of criteria and sub-criteria which they conducted with expert’s opinions are shown in this article. 4-1- Steps of Obtaining Criteria and Sub-Criteria Weightswith Fuzzy Analytic Network Process Based on various sources and experts’ opinions and FANP techniques, pairwise comparisons were performed between criteria and sub-criteria (Because of the high number of pairwise comparisons tables they arenot mentioned). And then, according to pairwise comparisons, weightsof each criterion and sub criterion are obtained in 5 steps which are shown in. 4-2- Calculating Required Land for Aliabad City’s Landfill To calculate area of the required land for landfill over the next 20 years,landfill trench method with a depth of 4m is done.Also distance between the trenches is considered equal to its width. With these assumptions, Useful areas, makes up 50% of the range set. 4-3- Obtaining Data Layer Maps In this study, map production was conducted based on fuzzy logic. Each effective data layer on landfill site selection standardized in IDRISI software according to table 3 charts. As well as their fuzzy maps produced in this software. These fuzzy data layer maps are shown in. In conjunction with fuzzy logic analysis included both “fuzzy membership functions, which assigned ratings for attribute values in a given thematic layer between 0 and 1, and “fuzzy overlay tool,” which merged multiple fuzzy membership results into the composite index map. 4-4- Overlaying Data Layers Produced maps have been overlaid by applying 5 operators 1-Gamma,2- Product,3- AND,4- OR, 5- SUM in GIS and IDRISI software to perform site selection and achieve suitable areas for landfill. And, urban residential areas were eliminated from the final layer maps. All maps are shown in the article. 5. Conclusion Map production with Fuzzy Sum and Fuzzy OR operators is not a suitable method for landfill site selection due to the ignoring unfavorable factors. Unlike Fuzzy OR and Fuzzy Sum, Fuzzy Product operator considers conservative approach and just shows the best places for this site selection. Also, Fuzzy Gamma operator with the numbers of 0.3 and 0.5, Fuzzy Gamma and Fuzzy AND with the number of 0.9 respectively have a less conservative approach than Fuzzy Product. But in general, these operators with Fuzzy Product are suitable for landfill site selection. In the meantime, based on Natural Breaks (Jenks) method from relevant operators maps are listed with four categories, suitable, average, weak and very weak (the classification of these operators is given in Figure 5).Then suitable category became classified. Methods which their Spots area were less than required area of landfill for estimated population of next 20 years of AliabadKatoolcity were excluded. Finally (AND), (Gamma) methods with the number of 0.9, determined a suitable landfill site for a period of 20 years as seen in it. Details and the priority of suitable areas for landfill site selection are given in this article.

1. Introduction In developing countries, the ever increasing human population and the associated anthropogenic activities have accelerated the phenomenon of urbanization in the past decade. With the rising population and the associated unsustainable practices, there has been an enormous increase in the quantum as well as the diversity of the solid waste being generated. The problem of solid waste has assumed significant dimension especially in the urban centers. Domestic, industrial and other wastes, whether these are of low or medium level, have become a perennial problem as they continue to cause environmental pollution and degradation.So,rapid urbanization and population increase have called for an improved waste management services. In this research, authors tried to use Fuzzy Logic method to obtain Fuzzy maps and used FANP method to weight criteria analytic network process. The ultimate goal of this research is to select a suitable site for landfill based on the FANP methodin Ali Abad Katool city. 2. Study Area Aliabad Katoolcity with an area of 1160 square kilometers is one of Golestan province cities. Which it is limited to Gonbadkavoos and Aghghola cities from the north and Gorgan city from the west and Ramiyan city from the east and the Alborz mountains and Semnan city from the south. It is located in latitude of 36 degrees and 36 minutes until 37 degrees and 5 minutes of north and longitude of 54 degrees and 41 minutes and 9 minutes of east,and based on housing census of 2011, has a total population of 132.757. 3. Material and Methods 3-1- Multi Criteria Evaluation method(MCE) In This method, in order to expose to a specific goal, it is required to evaluate several criteria (Voogd, 1983; Carver,1991; Eastman, 2012). The purpose of the multi-criteria evaluation is to select the best alternative (the best site or pixels) on the basis of their ranking by evaluating multi main Criteria. There are several methods for the analysis of multi criteria evaluation. The most important of those include a weighted linear combination method, Boolean methods, value approaches functiondesirability, AHP, ideal point method and agreement method. Multi criteria evaluation often performed by one of these two methods:Boolean overlay and weighted linear combination. The fist process involves the overlap Boolean whereby all criteria reduced to the appropriate logic modes and then combined by one or more logical operators such as subscription (AND) and sum (OR).Second process is the weighted linear combination (WLC) in which continuous metrics (factors) is standardized to the normal numerical range and then combined with a weighted average. The result is a continuous raster map which covers one or more Boolean constraints to match with the qualitative metrics and eventually lead to the final decision. 3-2- Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) Weighted linear combination (WLC) method is themost common technique in the analysis of multi-criteria evaluation.This technique also called scoring method. This method is based on the average weight. Analyzer or decision maker, weighting the criteria based on the relative importance of each criterion. Then, by multiplying the relative weight in the attribute value, final value is obtained for eachan alternative after specifying the final value of each alternative, the alternative that has the greatest value would be the most appropriate alternative for the intended purpose. In this decision rule, the value of each alternative is calculated by the following formula (Shahabi & Niyazi, 2009). 3-3- Map Standardization in Fuzzy Logic In fuzzy logic, according the value which follows the intended criterion, each region obtains the value membership that expresses the desirability of the area. This means that each area with a larger value membership has a higher desirability. Fuzzy logic isnot certainty like Boolean logic and each layer is rated on a scale from 0 to 1. Another influential factor in fuzzy map standardization is determining the threshold which is called control points. But, one thing that should be considered in choosing function is the type of intended criterion that is increasing or decreasing and shows the control points and type of fuzzy function. 4. Results and Discussion - Pairwise Comparisons of Criteria and Sub-Criteria Internal Relationships Pairwise comparisons of criteria and sub-criteria which they conducted with expert’s opinions are shown in this article. 4-1- Steps of Obtaining Criteria and Sub-Criteria Weightswith Fuzzy Analytic Network Process Based on various sources and experts’ opinions and FANP techniques, pairwise comparisons were performed between criteria and sub-criteria (Because of the high number of pairwise comparisons tables they arenot mentioned). And then, according to pairwise comparisons, weightsof each criterion and sub criterion are obtained in 5 steps which are shown in. 4-2- Calculating Required Land for Aliabad City’s Landfill To calculate area of the required land for landfill over the next 20 years,landfill trench method with a depth of 4m is done.Also distance between the trenches is considered equal to its width. With these assumptions, Useful areas, makes up 50% of the range set. 4-3- Obtaining Data Layer Maps In this study, map production was conducted based on fuzzy logic. Each effective data layer on landfill site selection standardized in IDRISI software according to table 3 charts. As well as their fuzzy maps produced in this software. These fuzzy data layer maps are shown in. In conjunction with fuzzy logic analysis included both “fuzzy membership functions, which assigned ratings for attribute values in a given thematic layer between 0 and 1, and “fuzzy overlay tool,” which merged multiple fuzzy membership results into the composite index map. 4-4- Overlaying Data Layers Produced maps have been overlaid by applying 5 operators 1-Gamma,2- Product,3- AND,4- OR, 5- SUM in GIS and IDRISI software to perform site selection and achieve suitable areas for landfill. And, urban residential areas were eliminated from the final layer maps. All maps are shown in the article. 5. Conclusion Map production with Fuzzy Sum and Fuzzy OR operators is not a suitable method for landfill site selection due to the ignoring unfavorable factors. Unlike Fuzzy OR and Fuzzy Sum, Fuzzy Product operator considers conservative approach and just shows the best places for this site selection. Also, Fuzzy Gamma operator with the numbers of 0.3 and 0.5, Fuzzy Gamma and Fuzzy AND with the number of 0.9 respectively have a less conservative approach than Fuzzy Product. But in general, these operators with Fuzzy Product are suitable for landfill site selection. In the meantime, based on Natural Breaks (Jenks) method from relevant operators maps are listed with four categories, suitable, average, weak and very weak (the classification of these operators is given in Figure 5).Then suitable category became classified. Methods which their Spots area were less than required area of landfill for estimated population of next 20 years of AliabadKatoolcity were excluded. Finally (AND), (Gamma) methods with the number of 0.9, determined a suitable landfill site for a period of 20 years as seen in it. Details and the priority of suitable areas for landfill site selection are given in this article.

The goals of the Wisconsin-English-Language-Arts Curriculum Project were (1) to study what should be taught in English language arts in grades K-12, (2) to develop a sequential curriculum for those grades, (3) to design, identify, and test appropriate teaching methods and instructional materials, and (4) to establish demonstration centers to determine the success of the curriculum recommendations. The sequential curriculum--eventually published as one volume, "English Language-Arts in Wisconsin" (ED 018 410)--was developed in three stages: literature and reading; speaking and writing; and language and grammar. Development of each stage involved committee discussions and reports, conferences, guest lecturers, and summer workshops. (Appendices of this report list participants in the project and provide a chronological account of the 5 years of the project's existence.) (JS)

The goals of the Wisconsin-English-Language-Arts Curriculum Project were (1) to study what should be taught in English language arts in grades K-12, (2) to develop a sequential curriculum for those grades, (3) to design, identify, and test appropriate teaching methods and instructional materials, and (4) to establish demonstration centers to determine the success of the curriculum recommendations. The sequential curriculum--eventually published as one volume, "English Language-Arts in Wisconsin" (ED 018 410)--was developed in three stages: literature and reading; speaking and writing; and language and grammar. Development of each stage involved committee discussions and reports, conferences, guest lecturers, and summer workshops. (Appendices of this report list participants in the project and provide a chronological account of the 5 years of the project's existence.) (JS)

'Epistemology Logic And Grammar in Indian Philosophical Analysis Bimala Krishna Matilal 1971'

'Epistemology Logic And Grammar in Indian Philosophical Analysis Bimala Krishna Matilal 1971'

The U.S. Army has developed an Upgraded Logic Module (ULM) for use in its Infantry Direct Fire Simulator System (IDFSS). It is designed to analyze data collected from associated instrumentation according to prescribed programming, to report results back to the system control via a telemetry interface, and it can be backpack mounted. The thermal environment existing at Ft. Hunter Liggett, Ca. (the primary operating environment for the ULM) during the summer will add an abnormal thermal load to the ULM operating environment in the backpack. A mock-up of the actual ULM was built to model the heat dissipation of all the components and tested in different environments using extreme power consumption rates. The actual ULM was tested with typical power consumption rates and various environmental temperatures, including solar loading. Under typical operating conditions, the ULM will remain within manufacturer's tolerances for individual component temperatures. However slight increases in power consumption rates will severely stress the reliability limits of certain components, and the reliability of the entire system cannot be predicted. (Author)

The U.S. Army has developed an Upgraded Logic Module (ULM) for use in its Infantry Direct Fire Simulator System (IDFSS). It is designed to analyze data collected from associated instrumentation according to prescribed programming, to report results back to the system control via a telemetry interface, and it can be backpack mounted. The thermal environment existing at Ft. Hunter Liggett, Ca. (the primary operating environment for the ULM) during the summer will add an abnormal thermal load to the ULM operating environment in the backpack. A mock-up of the actual ULM was built to model the heat dissipation of all the components and tested in different environments using extreme power consumption rates. The actual ULM was tested with typical power consumption rates and various environmental temperatures, including solar loading. Under typical operating conditions, the ULM will remain within manufacturer's tolerances for individual component temperatures. However slight increases in power consumption rates will severely stress the reliability limits of certain components, and the reliability of the entire system cannot be predicted. (Author)

Thesis (M.S. in M.E.)--Naval Postgraduate School, 1983

A rainfall – runoff model describes the relation between the rainfall and runoff for a particular catchment area. Rainfall–runoff modelling can be carried out within a purely analytical framework based on observations of the inputs to and outputs from a catchment area. The relationship between rainfall in a period and the corresponding runoff is quite complex. The aim of this paper is to develop Fuzzy Logic Model to estimate runoff for any amount of rainfall given for the area considered. The area considered for the study is Devgadhbaria of Panam catchment area, Gujarat, India. The data considered are for the months of June, July, August, September and October for 10 years, i.e. 1996 to 2005. The whole length of data is divided into two parts for training of model and for validation of the model. In 70%-30%, data set where 70% data are used for training of the model and 30% data are used for validation process and similarly for 60%-40% and 80%-20% data sets. The model operates on an ‗ifthen‘ principle, where the ‗if‘ is a vector of fuzzy premises and the ‗then‘ is a vector of fuzzy consequences. Three Fuzzy Logic Models i.e., FL Model 1, FL Model 2 and FL Model 3 have been developed considering data set of 70%-30%, data set of 60%-40% and data set of 80%-20% respectively. All Fuzzy Logic Model developed with nine numbers of linguistic variables for each input and output. The best Fuzzy Logic Model has been analysed on basis of various performance indices, i.e., the Root Mean Square Error and Co-efficient of determination. Among all three models, the best Fuzzy Logic model is Fuzzy Logic (FL) Model 2 with the RMSE of 3.42 mm by training and 4.55 mm by validation of the model, and co-efficient of determination by training of the model is 0.9954 and by validation of the model is 0.9921 which are nearer to 1, which may be used for prediction of future runoff for the area considered under study for any amount of rainfall given. The threshold rainfall has been determined for the area considered under study, which is 27 mm. So it gives a fair idea of the minimum amount of rainfall required for runoff generation in Devgadhbaria of Panam catchment area. 

A rainfall – runoff model describes the relation between the rainfall and runoff for a particular catchment area. Rainfall–runoff modelling can be carried out within a purely analytical framework based on observations of the inputs to and outputs from a catchment area. The relationship between rainfall in a period and the corresponding runoff is quite complex. The aim of this paper is to develop Fuzzy Logic Model to estimate runoff for any amount of rainfall given for the area considered. The area considered for the study is Devgadhbaria of Panam catchment area, Gujarat, India. The data considered are for the months of June, July, August, September and October for 10 years, i.e. 1996 to 2005. The whole length of data is divided into two parts for training of model and for validation of the model. In 70%-30%, data set where 70% data are used for training of the model and 30% data are used for validation process and similarly for 60%-40% and 80%-20% data sets. The model operates on an ‗ifthen‘ principle, where the ‗if‘ is a vector of fuzzy premises and the ‗then‘ is a vector of fuzzy consequences. Three Fuzzy Logic Models i.e., FL Model 1, FL Model 2 and FL Model 3 have been developed considering data set of 70%-30%, data set of 60%-40% and data set of 80%-20% respectively. All Fuzzy Logic Model developed with nine numbers of linguistic variables for each input and output. The best Fuzzy Logic Model has been analysed on basis of various performance indices, i.e., the Root Mean Square Error and Co-efficient of determination. Among all three models, the best Fuzzy Logic model is Fuzzy Logic (FL) Model 2 with the RMSE of 3.42 mm by training and 4.55 mm by validation of the model, and co-efficient of determination by training of the model is 0.9954 and by validation of the model is 0.9921 which are nearer to 1, which may be used for prediction of future runoff for the area considered under study for any amount of rainfall given. The threshold rainfall has been determined for the area considered under study, which is 27 mm. So it gives a fair idea of the minimum amount of rainfall required for runoff generation in Devgadhbaria of Panam catchment area. 

The U.S. Army has developed an Upgraded Logic Module (ULM) for use in its Infantry Direct Fire Simulator System (IDFSS). It is designed to analyze data collected from associated instrumentation according to prescribed programming, to report results back to the system control via a telemetry interface, and it can be backpack mounted. The thermal environment existing at Ft. Hunter Liggett, Ca. (the primary operating environment for the ULM) during the summer will add an abnormal thermal load to the ULM operating environment in the backpack. A mock-up of the actual ULM was built to model the heat dissipation of all the components and tested in different environments using extreme power consumption rates. The actual ULM was tested with typical power consumption rates and various environmental temperatures, including solar loading. Under typical operating conditions, the ULM will remain within manufacturer's tolerances for individual component temperatures. However slight increases in power consumption rates will severely stress the reliability limits of certain components, and the reliability of the entire system cannot be predicted.

The U.S. Army has developed an Upgraded Logic Module (ULM) for use in its Infantry Direct Fire Simulator System (IDFSS). It is designed to analyze data collected from associated instrumentation according to prescribed programming, to report results back to the system control via a telemetry interface, and it can be backpack mounted. The thermal environment existing at Ft. Hunter Liggett, Ca. (the primary operating environment for the ULM) during the summer will add an abnormal thermal load to the ULM operating environment in the backpack. A mock-up of the actual ULM was built to model the heat dissipation of all the components and tested in different environments using extreme power consumption rates. The actual ULM was tested with typical power consumption rates and various environmental temperatures, including solar loading. Under typical operating conditions, the ULM will remain within manufacturer's tolerances for individual component temperatures. However slight increases in power consumption rates will severely stress the reliability limits of certain components, and the reliability of the entire system cannot be predicted.

As the dimensions of MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) decreases, the short channel effect (SCE) becomes a dominating concern in VLSI. The Short channel effect causes an exponential increase in the leakage current. To reduce the SCE and hence leakage current, a new technology has been developed in recent years. In this recent technology a 3D multiple gate MOSFETs like FinFET (Fin Field Effect Transistor) has been developed which possess numerous advantages over conventional MOSFETs and has attracted many engineers and designers. FinFET is the new growing technology that works in the nm range to minimize short channel effects. Many companies (like Intel) have started using FinFET technology. This document is a review paper of current research on FinFET technology and discusses how it can be used in future to design new logic devices (like Adder, Comparator, MUX and De-MUX etc.) and memory devices. Various parameters of FinFET like reduced short channel effects, less leakage current, low power consumption, less propagation delay and less time delay are discussed. Various mathematical models and software (HSpice) were used to simulate power, delay, power delay product, average power dissipation and energy delay product. Thus,  FinFET technology was designed to eliminate the problem of SCE by permitting transistors to be scaled down into sub 20nm range.

As the dimensions of MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) decreases, the short channel effect (SCE) becomes a dominating concern in VLSI. The Short channel effect causes an exponential increase in the leakage current. To reduce the SCE and hence leakage current, a new technology has been developed in recent years. In this recent technology a 3D multiple gate MOSFETs like FinFET (Fin Field Effect Transistor) has been developed which possess numerous advantages over conventional MOSFETs and has attracted many engineers and designers. FinFET is the new growing technology that works in the nm range to minimize short channel effects. Many companies (like Intel) have started using FinFET technology. This document is a review paper of current research on FinFET technology and discusses how it can be used in future to design new logic devices (like Adder, Comparator, MUX and De-MUX etc.) and memory devices. Various parameters of FinFET like reduced short channel effects, less leakage current, low power consumption, less propagation delay and less time delay are discussed. Various mathematical models and software (HSpice) were used to simulate power, delay, power delay product, average power dissipation and energy delay product. Thus,  FinFET technology was designed to eliminate the problem of SCE by permitting transistors to be scaled down into sub 20nm range.

Power transformers are one of the most important and complex parts of an electric power system. Maintenance is performed for this responsible part based on the technical condition of the transformer using a predictive approach. The technical condition of the power transformer can be diagnosed using a range of different diagnostic methods, for example, analysis of dissolved gases (DGA), partial discharge monitoring, vibration monitoring, and moisture monitoring. In this paper, the authors present a digital model for predicting the technical condition of a power transformer and determining the type of defect and its cause in the event of defect detection. The predictive digital model is developed using the programming environment in LabVIEW and is based on the fuzzy logic approach to the DGA method, interpreted by the key gas method and the Dornenburg ratio method. The developed digital model is verified on a set of 110 kV and 220 kV transformers of one of the sections of the distribution network and thermal power plant in the Russian Federation. The results obtained showed its high efficiency in predicting faults and the possibility of using it as an effective computing tool to facilitate the work of the operating personnel of power enterprises.

This article is divided into three parts: the first presents a simulation study of the effect of occupancy level on energy usage pattern of engineering building of applied science private university, Amman, Jordan. The simulation was created on simulation mechanism by means of EnergyPlus software and improved by using the building’s data such as building’s as built plan, occupant’s density level based on data about who utilize the building throughout operational hours, energy usage level, heating ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) system, lighting and its control systems. Data regarding occupancy density level estimation is used to provide the proposed controller with random number of users grounded on report were arranged by the university’s facilities operational team. The other division of this paper shows the estimated saved energy by the means of suggested advanced add-on, FUZZY-PID controlling system. The energy savings were divided into summer savings and winter savings. The third division presents economic and environmental analysis of the proposed advanced fuzzy logic controllers of smart buildings in Subtropical Jordan. The economic parameters that were used to evaluate the system economy performance are life-cycle analysis, present worth factor and system payback period. The system economic analysis was done using MATLAB software.

'Epistemology Logic And Grammar in Indian Philosophical Analysis Bimala Krishna Matilal 2005'

'Epistemology-Logic-And-Grammar-in-Indian-Philosophical-Analysis B M Matilal'

We study the application of one nanoring driven by a laser field in different states of polarization in logic circuits. In particular we show that assigning boolean values to different state of the incident laser field and to the emitted signals, we can create logic gates such as OR, XOR and AND. We also show the possibility to make logic circuits such as half-adder and full-adder using one and two nanoring respectively. Using two nanorings we made the Toffoli gate. Finally we use the final angular momentum acquired by the electron to store information and hence show the possibility to use an array of nanorings as a mass memory device.

Understanding the esotericism of human instinct in their daily life conversation is not enough then a mystery now. This is a bundle of ambiguity, vagueness, fuzziness, uncertainty, possibility and probability as a wrap that humans have built around themselves. With the advancement in artificial Intelligence, natural language processing is more capable now to work with real world and performing intelligent analysises. The real world has interactions between natural and artificial intelligent systems. Despite all it, humans retained their superiority over artificial intelligent systems. The fuzzy Logic can play an important computational role in understanding this intelligence gap in clear dimensions. Logical Semantics, Distributional Semantics and Probabilistic Logic are focused on their intention for better natural language semantic representations. But no single semantic representation fulfills all requirements needed for a satisfactory representation. The objective of the present work has two folds. The first one focused on the understanding of fuzzy logic in two dimensions as an intelligence computational technique and another as mathematical modeling of natural language semantics. The second fold illustrates this intelligence gap with real world examples of natural language processing applications such as Google and Microsoft Translator.

As in binary, a multiple-valued programmable logic array (PLA) realises a sum-of-products expression specified by the user. However, in multiple-valued logic, there are many more operations than in binary, and an important question is the choice of operations which provides the greatest number of functions for a given chip area. In this paper, we analyse various PLA configurations using operations realised in the peristaltic multiple-valued CCD technology. We compare a multiple-valued CCD PLA implementation with four other proposed designs and show that there is a significant difference in chip area required to realise the same set of functions. The basis of comparison is the set of 4-valued unary functions.

Book Digital Logic Circuit and Design. By Victor Nelson

From the bitsavers.org collection, a scanned-in computer-related document. components :: motorola :: appNotes :: Microminiaturized Logic Circuits Their Characterization Analysis and Impact Upon Computer Design May1963

From the bitsavers.org collection, a scanned-in computer-related document. components :: motorola :: appNotes :: Microminiaturized Logic Circuits Their Characterization Analysis and Impact Upon Computer Design May1963

From the bitsavers.org collection, a scanned-in computer-related document. components :: motorola :: appNotes :: Microminiaturized Logic Circuits Their Characterization Analysis and Impact Upon Computer Design May1963

From the bitsavers.org collection, a scanned-in computer-related document. components :: motorola :: appNotes :: Microminiaturized Logic Circuits Their Characterization Analysis and Impact Upon Computer Design May1963

Introduction The Implementation Research Logic Model (IRLM) is a tool that aids users in combining, organizing, and specifying the relationships between important constructs in implementation research. The goal of the IRLM is to improve the rigor, reproducibility, and transparency of implementation research projects. The article describing the IRLM was published September 25, 2020 (Implement Sci, Vol 15); it has since been highly cited and included as a required element in multiple funding opportunity announcements from federal agencies. The proliferation of IRLM use across dissemination and implementation research projects and practice provides an excellent opportunity to examine applications across a variety of different contexts. A review of these applications will also allow for a better understanding of IRLM utility across a range of settings and research questions and to consider potential refinements and recommendations to improve its utility for dissemination and implementation researchers and practitioners. Several prominent implementation frameworks have recently undergone similar updating and refinement, but they are often a decade or more after first being introduced. More frequent revision of models and frameworks might be warranted given the availability of a sufficient corpus of literature. This protocol will result in a description of the impact of the IRLM on the field of dissemination and implementation science and guidance on refinements to the IRLM to increase its utility and impact through (1) a citation analysis, (2) a scoping review, and (3) user surveys and interviews. Methods and analysis This protocol follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) extension for scoping reviews guidelines. We plan to conduct a citation search and analysis of the Smith et al. 2020 article, and a scoping review. The search will be conducted in Ovid MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Web of Science, and use grey literature search methods, to identify literature that use alternative logic models for implementation research. The search will be limited to articles written in English. Included literature will be coded as to whether it included an IRLM or other logic model, and data will be extracted as to the type of IRLM, its comprehensiveness, and other characteristics. A survey will be developed from the findings of the scoping review to be administered to individuals who used the IRLM in a published paper or grant application. Semi-structured interviews will then be conducted with survey respondents who indicate interest, and a mixed-methods analysis will be undertaken. Ethics and dissemination. Ethics approval for the scoping review and citation analysis is not applicable as only data from published literature will be used and no original data will be collected. For the survey, IRB will be completed once items are developed from the results of the scoping review and citation analysis. Results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications, conference presentations, and via online tools.

Introduction The Implementation Research Logic Model (IRLM) is a tool that aids users in combining, organizing, and specifying the relationships between important constructs in implementation research. The goal of the IRLM is to improve the rigor, reproducibility, and transparency of implementation research projects. The article describing the IRLM was published September 25, 2020 (Implement Sci, Vol 15); it has since been highly cited and included as a required element in multiple funding opportunity announcements from federal agencies. The proliferation of IRLM use across dissemination and implementation research projects and practice provides an excellent opportunity to examine applications across a variety of different contexts. A review of these applications will also allow for a better understanding of IRLM utility across a range of settings and research questions and to consider potential refinements and recommendations to improve its utility for dissemination and implementation researchers and practitioners. Several prominent implementation frameworks have recently undergone similar updating and refinement, but they are often a decade or more after first being introduced. More frequent revision of models and frameworks might be warranted given the availability of a sufficient corpus of literature. This protocol will result in a description of the impact of the IRLM on the field of dissemination and implementation science and guidance on refinements to the IRLM to increase its utility and impact through (1) a citation analysis, (2) a scoping review, and (3) user surveys and interviews. Methods and analysis This protocol follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) extension for scoping reviews guidelines. We plan to conduct a citation search and analysis of the Smith et al. 2020 article, and a scoping review. The search will be conducted in Ovid MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Web of Science, and use grey literature search methods, to identify literature that use alternative logic models for implementation research. The search will be limited to articles written in English. Included literature will be coded as to whether it included an IRLM or other logic model, and data will be extracted as to the type of IRLM, its comprehensiveness, and other characteristics. A survey will be developed from the findings of the scoping review to be administered to individuals who used the IRLM in a published paper or grant application. Semi-structured interviews will then be conducted with survey respondents who indicate interest, and a mixed-methods analysis will be undertaken. Ethics and dissemination. Ethics approval for the scoping review and citation analysis is not applicable as only data from published literature will be used and no original data will be collected. For the survey, IRB will be completed once items are developed from the results of the scoping review and citation analysis. Results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications, conference presentations, and via online tools.

Following a review of metric, ultrametric and generalized ultrametric, we review their application in data analysis. We show how they allow us to explore both geometry and topology of information, starting with measured data. Some themes are then developed based on the use of metric, ultrametric and generalized ultrametric in logic. In particular we study approximation chains in an ultrametric or generalized ultrametric context. Our aim in this work is to extend the scope of data analysis by facilitating reasoning based on the data analysis; and to show how quantitative and qualitative data analysis can be incorporated into logic programming.

3 volumes : (8vo)

3 volumes : (8vo)

3 volumes : (8vo)

3 volumes : (8vo)

Straintronic logic is a promising platform for beyond Moore's law computing. Using Bennett clocking mechanism, information can propagate through an array of strain-mediated multiferroic nanomagnets exploiting the dipolar coupling between the magnets without having to physically interconnect them. Here we perform a critical analysis of switching failures, i.e., error in information propagation due to thermal fluctuations through a chain of such straintronic devices. We solved stochastic Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation considering room-temperature thermal perturbations and show that magnetization switching may fail due to inherent magnetization dynamics accompanied by thermally broadened switching delay distribution. Avenues available to circumvent such issue are proposed.

Chat-log data that contains information about sender and receiver of the statements sent around in the chat can be readily turned into a directed temporal multi-network representation. In the resulting network, the activity of a chat member can, for example, be operationalized as his degree (number of distinct interaction partners) or his strength (total number of interactions). However, the data itself contains more information that is not readily representable in the network, e.g., the total number of words used by a member or the reaction time to what the members said. As degree and strength, these values can be seen as a way to operationalize the idea of activity of a chat-log member. This paper deals with the question of how the overall activity of a member can be assessed, given multiple and probably opposing criteria by using a fuzzy operator. We then present a new way of visualizing the results and show how to apply it to the network representation of chat-log data. Finally, we discuss how this approach can be used to deal with other conflicting situations, like the different rankings produced by different centrality indices.

This paper outlines new paradigms for real analysis and computability theory in the recently proposed non-Aristotelian finitary logic (NAFL). Constructive real analysis in NAFL (NRA) is accomplished by a translation of diagrammatic concepts from Euclidean geometry into an extension (NPAR) of the NAFL version of Peano Arithmetic (NPA). Such a translation is possible because NPA proves the existence of every infinite proper class of natural numbers that is definable in the language of NPA. Infinite sets are not permitted in NPAR and quantification over proper classes is banned; hence Cantor's diagonal argument cannot be legally formulated in NRA, and there is no `cardinality' for any collection (`super-class') of real numbers. Many of the useful aspects of classical real analysis, such as, the calculus of Newton and Leibniz, are justifiable in NRA. But the paradoxes, such as, Zeno's paradoxes of motion and the Banach-Tarski paradox, are resolved because NRA admits only closed super-classes of real numbers; in particular, open/semi-open intervals of real numbers are not permitted. The NAFL version of computability theory (NCT) rejects Turing's argument for the undecidability of the halting problem and permits hypercomputation. Important potential applications of NCT are in the areas of quantum and autonomic computing.