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Two dimensional event set is introduced, and it is applied to algebraic structures. Two dimensional BCK/BCI-eventful algebra, paired B-algebra and paired BCK/BCI-algebra are defined, and several properties are investigated. Conditions for two dimensional eventful algebra to be a B-algebra and a BCK/BCI-algebra are provided. The process of inducing a paired B-algebra using a group is discussed. Using two dimensional BCI-eventful algebra, a commutative group is established.

We define algebraic structures on graph cohomology and prove that they correspond to algebraic structures on the cohomology of the spaces of imbeddings of S^1 or R into R^n. As a corollary, we deduce the existence of an infinite number of nontrivial cohomology classes in Imb(S^1,R^n) when n is even and greater than 3. Finally, we give a new interpretation of the anomaly term for the Vassiliev invariants in R^3.

Tridendriform algebras are a type of associative algebras, introduced independently by F. Chapoton and by J.-L. Loday and the third author, in order to describe operads related to the Stasheff polytopes. The vector space $\st$ spanned by the faces of permutohedra has a natural structure of tridendriform bialgebra, we prove that it is free as a tridendriform algebra and exhibit a basis. Our result implies that the subspace of primitive elements of the coalgebra $\st$ , equipped with the coboundary map of permutohedra, is a free cacti algebra.

Tridendriform algebras are a type of associative algebras, introduced independently by F. Chapoton and by J.-L. Loday and the third author, in order to describe operads related to the Stasheff polytopes. The vector space $\st$ spanned by the faces of permutohedra has a natural structure of tridendriform bialgebra, we prove that it is free as a tridendriform algebra and exhibit a basis. Our result implies that the subspace of primitive elements of the coalgebra $\st$ , equipped with the coboundary map of permutohedra, is a free cacti algebra.

We consider gauge theories in a String Field Theory-inspired formalism. The constructed algebraic operations lead in particular to homotopy algebras of the related BV theories. We discuss invariant description of the gauge fixing procedure and special algebraic features of gauge theories coupled to matter fields.

We review some aspects of the theory of noncommutative two-tori with real multiplication focusing on the role played by Heisenberg groups in the definition of algebraic structures associated to these noncommutative spaces.

Let $\sR$ be an epireflective category of $\topo$ and let $F_\sR$\, be the epireflective functor associated with $\sR$. If $\sA$ denotes a (semi)topological algebraic subcategory of $\topo$, we study when $F_\sR\,(A)$ is an epireflective subcategory of $\sA$. We prove that this is always the case for semi-topological structures and we find some sufficient conditions for topological algebraic structures. We also study when the epireflective functor preserves products, subspaces and other properties. In particular, we solve an open question about the coincidence of epireflections proposed by Echi and Lazar in \cite[Question 1.6]{Echi:MPRIA} and repeated in \cite[Question 1.9]{Echi:TP}. Finally, we apply our results in different specific topological algebraic structures.

We prove that the algebraic K-theory is lax symmetric monoidal in a canonical fashion, and that this lax symmetric monoidal structure enjoys a universal property very similar to the one enjoyed by the algebraic K-theory functor itself.

Let $I$ be a non-empty set and $\mathcal{D}$ an ultrafilter over $I$. For similar algebraic structures $B_i$, $i\in I$ let $\Pi (B_i|i\in I)$ and $\Pi _{\mathcal{D}}(B_i|i\in I)$ denote the direct product and the ultraproduct of $B_i$, respectively. Let $\mathcal{D}^*$ denote the ultraproduct congruence on $\Pi (B_i|i\in I)$. Let the $\wedge$-semilattice of all congruences on an algebraic structure $B$ denoted by ${\bf Con}(B)$. In this paper we show that, for any similar algebraic structures $A_i$, $i\in I$, there is an embedding $\Phi$ of $\Pi _{\mathcal{D}}({\bf Con}(A_i)|i\in I)$ into ${\bf Con}(\Pi _{\mathcal{D}}(A_i|i\in I)$. We also show that, for every $\sigma \in \Pi ({\bf Con}(A_i)|i\in I)$, the factor algebra $\Pi _{\mathcal{D}}(A_i|i\in I)/\Phi (\sigma /\mathcal{D}^*)$ is isomorphic to $\Pi _{\mathcal{D}}(A_i/\sigma (i)|i\in I)$. Moreover, if $A$ is an algebraic structure, $\sigma(i)\in {\bf Con}(A)$, $i\in I$ and $\mathcal{D}=\{ K_j| j\in J\}$ then the restriction of $\Phi (\sigma /\mathcal{D}^*)$ to $A$ equals $\vee _{j\in J}(\wedge _{k\in K_j}\sigma (k))$.

The goal of this work is to prove an embedding theorem for compact almost complex manifolds into complex algebraic varieties. It is shown that every almost complex structure can be realized by the transverse structure to an algebraic distribution on an affine algebraic variety, namely an algebraic subbundle of the tangent bundle. In fact, there even exist universal embedding spaces for this problem, and their dimensions grow quadratically with respect to the dimension of the almost complex manifold to embed. We give precise variation formulas for the induced almost complex structures and study the related versality conditions. At the end, we discuss the original question raised by F.Bogomolov: can one embed every compact holomorphic manifold as a C infinity smooth subvariety that is transverse to an algebraic foliation on a complex projective algebraic variety?

We connect the homotopy type of simplicial moduli spaces of algebraic structures to the cohomology of their deformation complexes. Then we prove that under several assumptions, mapping spaces of algebras over a monad in an appropriate diagram category form affine stacks in the sense of Toen-Vezzosi's homotopical algebraic geometry. This includes simplicial moduli spaces of algebraic structures over a given object (for instance a cochain complex). When these algebraic structures are parametrised by properads, the tangent complexes give the known cohomology theory for such structures and there is an associated obstruction theory for infinitesimal, higher order and formal deformations. The methods are general enough to be adapted for more general kinds of algebraic structures.

The most prominent class of integrable quantum field theories in 1+1 dimensions is affine Toda theory. Distinguished by a rich underlying Lie algebraic structure these models have in recent years attracted much attention not only as test laboratories for non-perturbative methods in quantum field theory but also in the context of off-critical models. After a short introduction the mathematical preliminaries such as root systems, Coxeter geometry, dual algebras, q-deformed Coxeter elements and q-deformed Cartan matrices are introduced. Using this mathematical framework the bootstrap analysis of the affine Toda S-matrices with real coupling is performed and several universal Lie algebraic formulae proved. The Lie algebraic methods are then extended to define a new class of colour valued S-matrices and also here universal expressions are derived. The second part of the thesis presents a detailed analysis of the high-energy regime of the integrable models discussed in the first part. By means of the thermodynamic Bethe ansatz the central charges of the ultraviolet conformal field theories are calculated and in case of affine Toda theories also the first order term in the scaling function is analytically obtained. For the colour valued S-matrices the connection to WZNW coset models is discussed. A particular subclass of them, the so-called Homogeneous Sine-Gordon models, is investigated in some detail and it is found that the presence of unstable particles in these theories gives rise to a staircase pattern in the corresponding scaling function. This thesis summarizes the results of previously published articles listed in the introduction.

We review how modular categories, and commutative and non-commutative Frobenius algebras arise in rational conformal field theory. For Euclidean CFT we use an approach based on sewing of surfaces, and in the Minkowskian case we describe CFT by a net of operator algebras.

In this book, for the first time we introduce the notion of neutrosophic algebraic structures for groups, loops, semigroups and groupoids and also their neutrosophic N-algebraic structures.

We introduce {\it covariant structures} $\left\{(\A,\k),(\a,\aa),\(\ha,\haa\)\right\}$ formed of a separable $C^*$-algebra $\A$, a measurable twisted action $(\a,\aa)$ of the second-countable locally compact group $\G$\,, a measurable twisted action $(\ha,\haa)$ of another second-countable locally compact group $\hG$ and a strictly continuous function $\k:\G\times\hG\to\U\M(\A)$ suitably connected with $(\a,\aa)$ and $\(\ha,\haa\)$\,. Natural notions of covariant morphisms and representations are considered, leading to a sort of twisted crossed product construction. Various $C^*$-algebras emerge by a procedure that can be iterated indefinitely and that also yields new pairs of twisted actions. Some of these $C^*$-algebras are shown to be isomorphic. The constructions are non-commutative, but are motivated by Abelian Takai duality that they eventually generalize.

We modify a previous result, which showed that certain diagrams of spaces are essentially simplicial monoids, to construct diagrams of spaces which model simplicial groups. Furthermore, we show that these diagrams can be generalized to models for Segal groupoids. We then modify Segal's model for simplicial abelian monoids in such a way that it becomes a model for simplicial abelian groups.

The aim of this paper is to find all algebraic threefolds admitting quasi-regular Poisson structure. There are three types of such varieties: abelian varieties, smooth flat conic bundles over abelian surfaces and quotients of the product of a curve and a symplectic surface by a finite group.

We establish a formal variational calculus of supervariables, which is a combination of the bosonic theory of Gel'fand-Dikii and the fermionic theory in our earlier work. Certain interesting new algebraic structures are found in connection with Hamiltonian superoperators in terms of our theory. In particular, we find connections between Hamiltonian superoperators and Novikov-Poisson algebras that we introduced in our earlier work in order to establish a tensor theory of Novikov algebras. Furthermore, we prove that an odd linear Hamiltonian superoperator in our variational calculus induces a Lie superalgebra, which is a natural generalization of the Super-Virasoro algebra under certain conditions.

In this note we study contact structures on 5-dimensional manifolds. We give a complete answer under the assumption that the Abundance conjecture holds in dimension 5.

A few notions are introduced in algebra in order to better study the congruences. Especially the Smarandache semigroups are very important for the study of congruences.

A few notions are introduced in algebra in order to better study the congruences. Especially the Smarandache semigroups are very important for the study of congruences.

A few notions are introduced in algebra in order to better study the congruences. Especially the Smarandache semigroups are very important for the study of congruences.

A few notions are introduced in algebra in order to better study the congruences. Especially the Smarandache semigroups are very important for the study of congruences.

In this book authors introduce the notion of finite complex modulo integer intervals. Finite complex modulo integers was introduced by the authors in 2011. Now using this finite complex modulo integer intervals several algebraic structures are built.

The \emph{generating chromatic number} of a group $G$, $\chigen(G)$, is the maximum number of colors $k$ such that there is a monochromatic generating set for each coloring of the elements of $G$ in $k$ colors. If no such maximal $k$ exists, we set $\chigen(G)=\infty$. Equivalently, $\chigen(G)$ is the maximal number $k$ such that there is no cover of $G$ by proper subgroups ($\infty$ if there is no such maximal $k$). We provide characterizations, for arbitrary gruops, in the cases $\chigen(G)=\infty$ and $\chigen(G)=2$. For nilpotent groups (in particular, for abelian ones), all possible chromatic numbers are characterized. Examples show that the characterization for nilpotent groups do not generalize to arbitrary solvable groups. We conclude with applications to vector spaces and fields.

We aim at studying collections of algebraic structures defined over a commutative ring and investigating the complexity of significant constructions carried out on these objects. The assignment of measures of size, via a multiplicity theory, to the algebras and to the construction itself is a novel aspect to the subject.

We aim at studying collections of algebraic structures defined over a commutative ring and investigating the complexity of significant constructions carried out on these objects. The assignment of measures of size, via a multiplicity theory, to the algebras and to the construction itself is a novel aspect to the subject.

The ring of Fermat reals is an extension of the real field containing nilpotent infinitesimals, and represents an alternative to Synthetic Differential Geometry in classical logic. In the present paper, our first aim is to study this ring from using standard topological and algebraic structures. We present the Fermat topology, generated by a complete pseudo-metric, and the omega topology, generated by a complete metric. The first one is closely related to the differentiation of (non standard) smooth functions defined on open sets of Fermat reals. The second one is connected to the differentiation of smooth functions defined on infinitesimal sets. Subsequently, we prove that every (proper) ideal is a set of infinitesimals whose order is less than or equal to some real number. Finally, we define and study roots of infinitesimals. A computer implementation as well as an application to infinitesimal Taylor formulas with fractional derivatives are presented.

In this paper we review various strikingly parallel algebraic structures behind Hilbert schemes of points on surfaces and certain finite groups called the wreath products. We explain connections among Hilbert schemes, wreath products, infinite-dimensional Lie algebras, and vertex algebras. As an application we further describe the cohomology ring structure of the Hilbert schemes. We organize this exposition around several general principles which have been supported by various works on these subjects.

We prove a cyclic cohomological analogue of Haefliger's van Est-type theorem for the groupoid of germs of diffeomorphisms of a manifold. The differentiable version of cyclic cohomology is associated to the algebra of transverse differential operators on that groupoid, which is shown to carry an intrinsic Hopf algebraic structure. We establish a canonical isomorphism between the periodic Hopf cyclic cohomology of this extended Hopf algebra and the Gelfand-Fuchs cohomology of the Lie algebra of formal vector fields. We then show that this isomorphism can be explicitly implemented at the cochain level, by a cochain map constructed out of a fixed torsion-free linear connection. This allows the direct treatment of the index formula for the hypoelliptic signature operator - representing the diffeomorphism invariant transverse fundamental $K$-homology class of an oriented manifold - in the general case, when this operator is constructed by means of an arbitrary coupling connection.

We show that reasonably well behaved 3d and 4D TQFts must contain certain algebraic structures. In 4D, we find both Hopf categories and trialgebras.

The basic methods of constructing the sets of mutually unbiased bases in the Hilbert space of an arbitrary finite dimension are discussed and an emerging link between them is outlined. It is shown that these methods employ a wide range of important mathematical concepts like, e.g., Fourier transforms, Galois fields and rings, finite and related projective geometries, and entanglement, to mention a few. Some applications of the theory to quantum information tasks are also mentioned.

The basic methods of constructing the sets of mutually unbiased bases in the Hilbert space of an arbitrary finite dimension are discussed and an emerging link between them is outlined. It is shown that these methods employ a wide range of important mathematical concepts like, e.g., Fourier transforms, Galois fields and rings, finite and related projective geometries, and entanglement, to mention a few. Some applications of the theory to quantum information tasks are also mentioned.

The basic methods of constructing the sets of mutually unbiased bases in the Hilbert space of an arbitrary finite dimension are discussed and an emerging link between them is outlined. It is shown that these methods employ a wide range of important mathematical concepts like, e.g., Fourier transforms, Galois fields and rings, finite and related projective geometries, and entanglement, to mention a few. Some applications of the theory to quantum information tasks are also mentioned.

We derive (quasi-)quantum groups in 2+1 dimensional topological field theory directly from the classical action and the path integral. Detailed computations are carried out for the Chern-Simons theory with finite gauge group. The principles behind our computations are presumably more general. We extend the classical action in a d+1 dimensional topological theory to manifolds of dimension less than d+1. We then ``construct'' a generalized path integral which in d+1 dimensions reduces to the standard one and in d dimensions reproduces the quantum Hilbert space. In a 2+1 dimensional topological theory the path integral over the circle is the category of representations of a quasi-quantum group. In this paper we only consider finite theories, in which the generalized path integral reduces to a finite sum. New ideas are needed to extend beyond the finite theories treated here.

Poisson algebraic structures on current manifolds (of maps from a finite dimensional Riemannian manifold into a 2-dimensional manifold) are investigated in terms of symplectic geometry. It is shown that there is a one to one correspondence between such current manifolds and Poisson current algebras with three generators. A geometric meaning is given to q-deformations of current algebras. The geometric quantization of current algebras and quantum current algebraic maps is also studied.

Poisson algebraic structures on current manifolds (of maps from a finite dimensional Riemannian manifold into a 2-dimensional manifold) are investigated in terms of symplectic geometry. It is shown that there is a one to one correspondence between such current manifolds and Poisson current algebras with three generators. A geometric meaning is given to q-deformations of current algebras. The geometric quantization of current algebras and quantum current algebraic maps is also studied.

It is shown in what way monomial group connects Abelian group Z^{n} and total linear group GL(n). It is shown that any subgroup of Abelian group Z^{n} induces subgroup of monomial group $S_{2}\wr S_n}$, which in its turn induces corresponding subgroup of GL_{n}(R).

A garland based on a manifold $P$ is a finite set of manifolds homeomorphic to $P$ with some of them glued together at marked points. Fix a manifold $M$ and consider a space $\NN$ of all smooth mappings of garlands based on $P$ into $M$. We construct operations $\bullet$ and $[-,-]$ on the bordism groups $\bor_*(\NN)$ that give $\bor_*(\NN)$ the natural graded commutative assosiative and graded Lie algebra structures. We also construct two auto-homomorphisms $\pr$ and $\li$ of $\bor_*(\NN)$ such that $\pr(\li \alpha_1\bullet \li \alpha_2)= [\alpha_1, \alpha_2]$ for all $\alpha_1, \alpha_2 \in \bor_*(\NN)$. If $P$ is a boundary, then $\pr \circ \li=0$ and thus $\Delta^2=0$ for $\Delta=\li \circ \pr$. We show that under certain conditions the operations $\Delta$ and $\bullet$ give rise to Batalin-Vilkoviski and Gerstenhaber algebra structures on $\bor_*(\NN)$. In a particular case when $P=S^1$, the algebra $\bor_*(\NN)$ is related to the string-homology algebra constructed by Chas and Sullivan.

In this paper we prove that A(a,n) is a Smarandache semigroup.

In this book, for the first time we introduce the notions of Ngroups, N-semigroups, N-loops and N-groupoids. We also define a mixed N-algebraic structure. We expect the reader to be well versed in group theory and have at least basic knowledge about Smarandache groupoids, Smarandache loops, Smarandache semigroups and bialgebraic structures and Smarandache bialgebraic structures.

In this book, for the first time we introduce the notions of Ngroups, N-semigroups, N-loops and N-groupoids. We also define a mixed N-algebraic structure. We expect the reader to be well versed in group theory and have at least basic knowledge about Smarandache groupoids, Smarandache loops, Smarandache semigroups and bialgebraic structures and Smarandache bialgebraic structures.

In this book, for the first time we introduce the notions of Ngroups, N-semigroups, N-loops and N-groupoids. We also define a mixed N-algebraic structure. We expect the reader to be well versed in group theory and have at least basic knowledge about Smarandache groupoids, Smarandache loops, Smarandache semigroups and bialgebraic structures and Smarandache bialgebraic structures.

This is intended as an analysis of the global properties of static and stationary spacetimes with complete (timelike) Killing field, with particular attention to quotients by group actions. This is presented in terms of algebraic structures which are fairly simple for the static case and more involved for the stationary case; the most important tool, the fundamental cocycle, is a cohomological class for static spacetimes but of somewhat looser structure in the stationary case. In particular: (1) A new measurement, similar to the spacetime interval in Minkowski space, is devised for detecting whether two points are causally related in a stationary spacetime; this proves very useful for analysis. (2) All stationary spacetimes are categorized by how they behave with respect to the fundamental cocycle; this enables a complete characterization of global causality properties. (3) It is shown how these tools determine whether global hyperbolicity of a stationary spacetime is inherited by its quotients. (4) Examples are examined in detail, a large range including both ones of mathematical curiosity and ones of physical interest, such as cosmic strings in flat, accelerated, Schwarzschild, Kerr, and other backgrounds.

Duality relations are explicitly established relating the Hamiltonians and basis classification schemes associated with the number-conserving unitary and number-nonconserving quasispin algebras for the two-level system with pairing interactions. These relations are obtained in a unified formulation for both bosonic and fermionic systems, with arbitrary and, in general, unequal degeneracies for the two levels. Illustrative calculations are carried out comparing the bosonic and fermionic quantum phase transitions.

After a short introductory chapter consisting mainly of reminders about such topics as functions, equivalence relations, matrices, polynomials and permutations, the notes fall into two chapters, dealing with rings and groups respectively

For the involvement of uncertainty of varying degrees, when the total of the membership degree exceeds one or less than one, then the newer mathematical paradigm shift, Fuzzy Theory proves appropriate. For the past two or three decades, Fuzzy Theory has become the potent tool to study and analyze uncertainty involved in all problems. But, many real world problems also abound with the concept of indeterminacy. In this book, the new, powerful tool of neutrosophy that deals with indeterminacy is utilized. Innovative neutrosophic models are described. The theory of neutrosophic graphs is introduced and applied to fuzzy and neutrosophic models.

We construct an efficient integrator for stochastic differential systems driven by Levy processes. An efficient integrator is a strong approximation that is more accurate than the corresponding stochastic Taylor approximation, to all orders and independent of the governing vector fields. This holds provided the driving processes possess moments of all orders and the vector fields are sufficiently smooth. Moreover the efficient integrator in question is optimal within a broad class of perturbations for half-integer global root mean-square orders of convergence. We obtain these results using the quasi-shuffle algebra of multiple iterated integrals of independent Levy processes.

Authors in this book introduce a new class of intervals called the natural class of intervals, also known as the special class of intervals or as natural intervals. These intervals are built using increasing intervals, decreasing intervals and degenerate intervals. We say an interval [a, b] is an increasing interval if a < b for any a, b in the field of reals R.

In this book, we for the first time introduce a new type of special fuzzy set algebraic structures using [0,1). These new structures are of infinite cardinality and enjoy special features. To make this book a self contained one we give the references of the books used in this study.

1Lilac Fairy Book

By Andrew Lang

Andrew Lang's Fairy Books or Andrew Lang's "Coloured" Fairy Books are a twelve-book series of fairy tale collections. Although Andrew Lang did not collect the stories himself from the oral tradition, the extent of his sources (who had collected them originally), made them an immensely influential collection, especially as he used foreign-language sources, giving many of these tales their first appearance in English. As acknowledged in the prefaces, although Lang himself made most of the selections, his wife and other translators did a large portion of the translating and telling of the actual stories. Many of them were illustrated by Henry J. Ford. Lancelot Speed also did some illustrations. (Summary from Wikipedia)

2Blue Fairy Book

By Andrew Lang

Andrew Lang's Blue Fairy Book (1889) was a beautifully produced and illustrated edition of fairy tales that has become a classic. This was followed by many other collections of fairy tales, collectively known as Andrew Lang's Fairy Books. (Wikipedia)

3Yellow Fairy Book

By Andrew Lang

"Andrew Lang's Fairy Books or Andrew Lang's "Coloured" Fairy Books are a twelve-book series of fairy tale collections. Although Andrew Lang did not collect the stories himself from the oral tradition, the extent of his sources (who had collected them originally), made them an immensely influential collection, especially as he used foreign-language sources, giving many of these tales their first appearance in English. As acknowledged in the prefaces, although Lang himself made most of the selections, his wife and other translators did a large portion of the translating and telling of the actual stories." (summary from Wikipedia)

4Red Fairy Book

By Andrew Lang

<i>The Red Fairy Book</i> is the second in a series of twelve books known as <i>Andrew Lang's Fairy Books</i> or <i>Andrew Lang's "Coloured" Books</i>. The series was immensely popular and proved of great influence in children's literature, increasing the popularity of fairy tales over tales of real life. (Summary adapted from Wikipedia)

5Green Fairy Book

By Andrew Lang

Andrew Lang's Fairy Books or Andrew Lang's "Coloured" Fairy Books constitute a twelve-book series of fairy tale collections. Although Andrew Lang did not collect the stories himself from the oral tradition, the extent of his sources, who had collected them originally (with the notable exception of Madame d'Aulnoy), made them an immensely influential collection, especially as he used foreign-language sources, giving many of these tales their first appearance in English. As acknowledged in the prefaces, although Lang himself made most of the selections, his wife and other translators did a large portion of the translating and telling of the actual stories.<br><br>"The irony of Lang's life and work is that although he wrote for a profession—literary criticism; fiction; poems; books and articles on anthropology, mythology, history, and travel ... he is best recognized for the works he did not write."<br /><br /> Many of the books were illustrated by Henry J. Ford, Lancelot Speed, and G. P. Jacomb-Hood also contributed some illustrations.

6Crimson Fairy Book

By Andrew Lang

The Crimson Fairy Book contains thirty-six stories collected from around the world and edited by Andrew Lang. Many tales in this book are translated, or adapted, from those told by mothers and nurses in Hungary; others are familiar to Russian nurseries; the Servians are responsible for some; a rather peculiarly fanciful set of stories are adapted from the Roumanians; others are from the Baltic shores; others from sunny Sicily; a few are from Finland, and Iceland, and Japan, and Tunis, and Portugal. No doubt many children will like to look out these places on the map, and study their mountains, rivers, soil, products, and fiscal policies, in the geography books. The peoples who tell the stories differ in colour; language, religion, and almost everything else; but they all love a nursery tale. The stories have mainly been adapted or translated by Mrs. Lang, a few by Miss Lang and Miss Blackley. (Summary from the preface)

7Short History of Scotland

By Andrew Lang

A Short History of Scotland is a concise introduction to the history of Scotland from Roman times to the last Jacobite rebellion, written by the author of a much longer Scottish history. (Summary by Sibella Denton.)

8Arabian Nights Entertainments

By Andrew Lang

The Arabian Nights is a collection of Perso-Arabic folk tales and other stories. The collection, or at least certain stories drawn from it (or purporting to be drawn from it), became widely known in the West from the 18th century, after it was translated from the Arabic — first into French and then into English and other European languages. The first English language edition, based on Galland's French rather than the original Arabic, rendered the title as The Arabian Nights' Entertainment - and this, or simply The Arabian Nights, has been the title by which it has been best known to English-speaking people ever since. (Summary from Wikipedia)

9Antiquary

By Andrew Lang and Sir Walter Scott

Illegitimacy, false identity, and bankruptcy are the major elements of Sir Walter Scott's 1816 novel, The Antiquary. Set in the period of the French Revolution, the novel's hero, Lovel, struggles to gain repute and the hand of his beloved despite his uncertain parentage. During these pursuits, he befriends the title's antiquary, Johnathan Oldbuck, who finds Lovel a captive audience to his scholarly studies and a tragic likeness to his own disappointments in love. Readers will discover whether Lovel's acts of bravery and courage ultimately earn him the birth and fortunes of a nobleman. (Summary by S. Kovalchik)

10Orange Fairy Book

By Andrew Lang

Andrew Lang's Fairy Books or Andrew Lang's "Coloured" Fairy Books constitute a twelve-book series of fairy tale collections. Although Andrew Lang did not collect the stories himself from the oral tradition, the extent of his sources, who had collected them originally (with the notable exception of Madame d'Aulnoy), made them an immensely influential collection, especially as he used foreign-language sources, giving many of these tales their first appearance in English. As acknowledged in the prefaces, although Lang himself made most of the selections, his wife and other translators did a large portion of the translating and telling of the actual stories.<br><br>Many of the books were illustrated by Henry J. Ford. Lancelot Speed, and G. P. Jacomb Hood also contributed some illustrations. (Summary by Wikipedia)

11Pink Fairy Book

By Andrew Lang

All people in the world tell nursery tales to their children, and the stories are apt to be like each other everywhere. A child who has read the Blue and Red and Yellow Fairy Books will find some old friends with new faces in the Pink Fairy Book. Courage, youth, beauty, kindness, have many trials, but they always win the battle; while witches, giants, unfriendly cruel people, are on the losing hand. So it ought to be, and so, on the whole, it is and will be; and that is all the moral of fairy tales. We cannot all be young, alas! and pretty, and strong; but nothing prevents us from being kind, and no kind man, woman, or beast or bird, ever comes to anything but good in these oldest fables of the world. (Summary of the Author's Preface by Elliott Miller)

12He

By Andrew Lang and Walter Herries Pollock

This book is a parody of the famous swashbuckling novel, She, by H. Rider Haggard. (summary by Neeru Iyer)<br><br>You will not think, therefore, that the respectful Liberty we have taken with your Wondrous Tale... indicates any lack of Loyalty to our Lady Ayesha.<br><br>Her beauties are beyond the reach of danger from Burlesque, nor does her form flit across our humble pages. (taken from the Dedication)<br /><br /> The characters of Editor and Publisher, who make comments throughout the story were read by: Editor – <a href="http://librivox.org/reader/3588">Neeru Iyer</a> and Publisher – <a href="http://librivox.org/reader/2506">Julie VW</a>

13Grey Fairy Book

By Andrew Lang

The tales in the Grey Fairy Book are derived from many countries — Lithuania, various parts of Africa, Germany, France, Greece, and other regions of the world. They have been translated and adapted by Mrs. Dent, Mrs. Lang, Miss Eleanor Sellar, Miss Blackley, and Miss Hang. 'The Three Sons of Hali' is from the last century 'Cabinet des Fees,' a very large collection. The French author may have had some Oriental original before him in parts; at all events he copied the Eastern method of putting tale within tale, like the Eastern balls of carved ivory. The stories, as usual, illustrate the method of popular fiction. A certain number of incidents are shaken into many varying combinations, like the fragments of coloured glass in the kaleidoscope. Probably the possible combinations, like possible musical combinations, are not unlimited in number, but children may be less sensitive in the matter of fairies than Mr. John Stuart Mill was as regards music. (Summary from the preface)

This is a children's version of Jonathan Swift's novel <i>Gulliver's Travels</i>, from the <i>Told to the Children Series</i> (published in 1910). The children's adventure story covers Gulliver's visits to the lands of Lilliput and Brobdingnag. (Summary by Laurie Anne Walden)

15Olive Fairy Book

By Andrew Lang

Andrew Lang’s Olive Fairy Book (1907) was a beautifully produced and illustrated edition of fairy tales that has become a classic. This was followed by many other collections of fairy tales, collectively known as Andrew Lang’s Fairy Books. (Summary by Wikipedia)

16Brown Fairy Book

By Andrew Lang

Andrew Lang’s Brown Fairy Book (1904) was a beautifully produced and illustrated edition of fairy tales that has become a classic. This was one of many other collections of fairy tales, collectively known as Andrew Lang’s Fairy Books. (Summary by Wikipedia)

17Violet Fairy Book

By Andrew Lang

Andrew Lang’s Violet Fairy Book (1901) was a beautifully produced and illustrated edition of fairy tales that has become a classic. This was one of many other collections of fairy tales, collectively known as Andrew Lang’s Fairy Books. (Summary by Wikipedia)

Joan of Arc is a folk heroine of France and a Roman Catholic saint. Claiming divine guidance, she led the French army to several important victories during the Hundred Years' War, which paved the way for the coronation of Charles VII of France. Captured by her enemies, she was sold to the English and put on trial for charges of "insubordination and heterodoxy". She was burned at the stake for heresy when she was 19 years old. Twenty-five years after her execution, an inquisitorial court examined the trial, pronounced her innocent, and declared her a martyr. Joan of Arc was beatified in 1909 and canonized in 1920. She is one of the patron saints of France. Most of what is known today of her story comes from the detailed court records of her trials. (Summary by timothyFR)

19Letters to Dead Authors

By Andrew Lang

With twenty two letters, addressed to various already deceased authors, Andrew Lang discusses literary subjects with his usual humour and acidity. The impulse for the writing of the letters came, almost as a joke, from the editor of the 'St. James's Gazette,' and sixteen of the letters collected in the volume appeared first in that journal. According to the author, "some of the Letters are written rather to suit the Correspondent than to express the writer's own taste or opinions"; in all of them, though, the reader will find the charming wit of their author. (Summary by Leni)

LibriVox volunteers bring you 16 readings of <em>Romance</em> by Andrew Lang, probably best known as Edward Elgar's song <em>My Love Dwelt in a Northern Land</em>. Interestingly, Lang initially refused permission for his words to be used as lyrics, and Elgar's wife Alice wrote alternative words <em>Afar, amidst the Sunny Isles</em> for the song. However, Lang later relented and gave permission for his poem to be used. <br/><br />The poem was initially published in The Century Magazine, May 1882, and this is the version recorded here. Later collections of Lang's poetry omit the third verse. (Summary by Ruth Golding)

21Stories from the Faerie Queen

By Jean Lang and Edmund Spenser

A major work by Spenser, The Faerie Queen, was published between 1590 and 1596. As an allegorical work, it can be read on many levels. According to Jeanie Lang, Spenser always looked for the beautiful and the good when he wrote. Lang said, "There are many stories in The Faerie Queen, and out of these all I have told you only eight." The eight are "Una and the Lion," "St. Gergoe and the Dragon," "Britomart and the Magic Mirror," "The Quest of Sir Gregory," "Pastorella," "Cambell and Triamond," "Marinell the Sea-Nymph's Son," and "Flormell and the Witch." - Summary by Bill Boerst

22Old Friends, Essays in Epistolary Parody

By Andrew Lang

"Every fancy which dwells much with the unborn and immortal characters of Fiction must ask itself, Did the persons in contemporary novels never meet? In so little a world their paths must often have crossed, their orbits must have intersected, though we hear nothing about the adventure from the accredited narrators. In historical fiction authors make their people meet real men and women of history—Louis XI., Lazarus, Mary Queen of Scots, General Webbe, Moses, the Man in the Iron Mask, Marie Antoinette; the list is endless. But novelists, in spite of Mr. Thackeray’s advice to Alexandre Dumas, and of his own example in “Rebecca and Rowena,” have not introduced each other’s characters" (from the Introduction). In this volume, Andrew Lang shows, what a letter from one fictional character to another might look like.

23Tales of King Arthur and the Round Table (version 2)

By Andrew Lang

The tales of King Arthur and his Knights are of Celtic origin. The Celts were the people who occupied Britain at the time when the history of the country opens, and a few words are necessary to explain why the characters in the stories act and speak as though they belonged to a later age. These stories are adapted from the Book of Romance by ANDREW LANG.<br /><br /> It is believed that King Arthur lived in the sixth century, just after the Romans withdrew from Britain, and when the Britons, left to defend themselves against the attacks of the marauding Saxons, rose and defeated them at Mount Badon, securing to themselves peace for many years. It was probably about this time that King Arthur and his company of Knights performed the deeds which were to become the themes of stories and lays for generations afterwards.<br /><br /> In olden times, it was the custom of minstrels and story-tellers to travel through the land from court to court, telling of tales of chivalry and heroism, and for many centuries the tales of King Arthur formed the stock from which the story-teller drew.<br /><br /> In this way the stories came to be handed down from father to son, in Brittany (whose people are of the same family as the Welsh) as well as in Wales and England, and by this means alone were they prevented from being lost. But in the reigns of Henry II. and Richard I., they were set down on paper, and so became literature. Before this, however, a British writer had written out some of the tales, and from him as well as from the lips of the bards and story-tellers of their own generation, the writers in the time of Henry II. were able to collect their information. One of the most famous of the books compiled by old English writers was the “Historia Britonum,” which was written (in Latin) by Geoffrey, Bishop of Asaph. It contained an account of a war which King Arthur waged in Western Europe, but made no mention of the Holy Grail.<br /><br /> From this and other books of romances compiled in England, and very largely, too, from books of French romances, Sir Thomas Malory obtained the material for his “Morte d’Arthur,” which was written in 1470. This is the most famous of the early books of Arthurian legend, and it is from the “Morte d’Arthur” that most of the stories in this book are taken. Some, however, are taken from the “High History of the Holy Graal,” translated from the French by Dr. Sebastian Evans. The language throughout has been modified with a view to making the legends more easy of study. - Summary by The introduction and BC

24Tales Of King Arthur And The Round Table

By Andrew Lang

The tales of King Arthur and his Knights are of Celtic origin. The Celts were the people who occupied Britain at the time when the history of the country opens… It is believed that King Arthur lived in the sixth century, just after the Romans withdrew from Britain… the stories came to be handed down from father to son, in Brittany (whose people are of the same family as the Welsh) as well as in Wales and England… [story-tellers altered the stories to suit their times down through the centuries] …and so in their altered and historically inaccurate form they have reached us at the present day. …Sir Thomas Malory obtained the material for his “Morte d’Arthur,” which was written in 1470. This is the most famous of the early books of Arthurian legend, and it is from the “Morte d’Arthur” that most of the stories in this book are taken…. The language throughout has been modified with a view to making the legends more easy of study. - Summary by Book Introduction and david wales

25Tales of Troy: Ulysses the Sacker of Cities

By Andrew Lang

These are short stories about the life of Ulysses, the stealing of Helen, Paris, battles, Trojan horses, and more! - Summary by Maggie Travers

26Strange Story Book

By Leonora Blanche Lang

A collection of stories compiled by the widow of the renowned children's short-story collector, Andrew Lang. She describes this as the final installment of his series of fairy stories and includes some of those stories he had not included in other collections. In the preface, she pays tribute to her husband, saying he liked old things more than new, he loved all beasts' because they were beasts', fairies, cricket and dancing. He longed to visit far away places, but hated to travel. But most of all he befriended children wherever he went and they shared stories with him. Only his own children mocked him. - Summary by Lynne Thompson

27Strange Story Book (version 2)

By Leonora Blanche Lang

This is the last book in the The Andrew Lang "Color" Fairy Books series published after his death by his wife. She wrote the stories and he had edited them before his demise. It is a collection of stories that are a bit different than the Fairy Books: still colorful and well written but telling tales about decidedly odd topics. A word of <font color="red">Caution: </font> please read the stories before your children do, some of them contain some violent imagery. - Summary by Linda Andrus

28Summer's Ending

By Andrew Lang

Andrew Lang was a Scottish poet, novelist, literary critic, and contributor to the field of anthropology. He is best known as a collector of folk and fairy tales. The Andrew Lang lectures at the University of St Andrews are named after him. - Summary by Wikipedia

29World's Desire

By H. Rider Haggard and Andrew Lang

H. Rider Haggard (author of King Solomon's Mines the Allan Quatermain Series, and many more) and Andrew Lang (author of, among others, the rainbow coloured fairytale books) collaborate to lend their talent to one of the most fascinating and well known stories of all times. Odysseus returns home from the war, but does not find the peace and quiet which he craves. His home is ravaged, and his wife Penelope is dead. He comunicates with an old flame, the beautiful Helen of Troy, who sends him to his ultimate and defining last journey. Read about his adventures, and what might have been, in this beautiful novel by two of Britian's best Vctorian novelists. - Summary by Stav Nisser and Wikipedia.