Within-Person Processes Of Co-Rumination, Friendship Quality, And Depressive Symptoms In Early Adolescence

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Co-rumination is an interaction style defined as “excessively discussing personal problems within a dyadic relationship” (Rose, 2002, p. 1830) and lies at the intersection of rumination and self-disclosure. Co-rumination has been suggested to have adjustment tradeoffs (Rose, 2021): Adolescents who report more co-rumination with a close same-sex friend report more self-disclosure and better friendship quality, but also more rumination and internalizing problems (Rose, 2002). This finding has been replicated: We know that adolescents who experience more co-rumination also experience more friendship quality (Felton, Cole, Havewala, Kurdziel, & Brown, 2019), but also more depressive symptoms (see meta-analysis by Spendelow, Simonds, & Avery, 2017). However, it is not clear whether when an individual experiences an increase in co-rumination, friendship quality and depressive symptoms also increase, and which direction of effect mainly drives the association. The link between co-rumination and depressive symptoms has been attributed to the overlap with rumination (Rose, 2002), as co-rumination may invoke focus on negative aspects of a situation, which may then lead to a range of internalizing problems. Conversely, having depressive symptoms is associated with a negative bias, and this may spillover into conversations with friends. Some studies found that adolescents who report more co-rumination with friends also report more later depressive symptoms (Bastin, Bijttebier, Raes, & Vasey, 2014; Rose, Carlson, & Waller, 2007; Stone & Gibb, 2015), although other studies did not find this effect (Starr & Davila, 2009). The reverse effect is studied less frequently: One study that examined this effect did not find an effect of depressive symptoms on later co-rumination (Stone & Gibb, 2015), whereas another only found the effect in girls (Rose et al., 2007). Knowing which direction is stronger has important implications for interventions. If co-rumination is merely a result of experiencing depressive symptoms, it would be more beneficial to focus interventions on other aspects of the symptoms. However, if co-rumination is a precursor to depressive symptoms or even depressive disorder, co-rumination within friendships can be targeted in interventions. Moreover, these studies focus on differences between adolescents, but the associations between these constructs have rarely been studied with regard to individual change. The theorized mechanisms involve intraindividual processes, suggesting for example that when an individual experiences an increase in co-rumination, this also increases their depressive symptoms. Interventions are more appropriate if they target constructs that we know covary within individuals over time, as interventions also target individual change. Links between co-rumination and friendship quality, and between friendship quality and depressive symptoms may also be bidirectional. Co-rumination and friendship quality may influence each other due to the overlap of co-rumination with self-disclosure. Self-disclosure can be both a precedent and a consequence of closeness within a friendship. Similarly, co-rumination may both be predictive of increasing friendship quality, as well as a consequence of it. Friendship quality may reduce depressive symptoms as close friends may provide social support and reduce loneliness, whereas having depressive symptoms may make adolescents more likely to withdraw from social interactions, which can contribute to reduced friendship quality. Longitudinal studies usually report effect sizes that are higher for the effect of co-rumination on friendship quality, and of friendship quality on depressive symptoms than the reverse effects, when both are studied. However, these studies do not formally test which effect is stronger (Rose et al., 2007; Schwartz-Mette, Shankman, Dueweke, Borowski, & Rose, 2020). A possible implication of the adjustment trade-offs of co-rumination is that it may have both direct and indirect effects on depressive symptoms: Increasing co-rumination is likely to predict increasing depressive symptoms, but also increasing friendship quality, which in turn may lower depressive symptoms. As a result of these opposite effects, the total effect of co-rumination on depressive symptoms may be relatively low (Spendelow et al., 2017), a phenomenon known as suppression. Possibly, the direct positive effect of co-rumination on depressive symptoms is dampened because of the indirect effect through friendship quality. Similarly, the total effect of friendship quality on depressive symptoms may be small (Schwartz-Mette et al., 2020) because friendship quality has an indirect effect on depressive symptoms through co-rumination. Previous studies on the interrelations between co-rumination, depressive symptoms and friendship quality have shown some preliminary evidence for the first mediation effect (Bastin et al., 2014; Felton et al., 2019; Rose et al., 2007; Stone & Gibb, 2015), but these studies used only one or two waves, making it more difficult to draw conclusions about the temporal order of the processes involved. Furthermore, the associations and processes mentioned may not be the same for all adolescents. Mean level gender and age differences have been found: Girls tend to co-ruminate more, have higher friendship quality and more depressive symptoms than boys do, and these differences may become larger with age (Rose, 2002). In addition, gender and age may also affect the associations between co-rumination, friendship quality, and depressive symptoms. Girls tend to be more susceptible to relational processes, and may also show stronger associations between co-rumination, friendship quality, and depressive symptoms than boys. Older adolescents may be more susceptible to co-rumination and friendship quality within a close friendship than younger adolescents, as friendships become more intimate throughout adolescence. In summary, we know that adolescents who report more co-rumination also report higher friendship quality but also more depressive symptoms, and that adolescents who report more friendship quality report less depressive symptoms. We do not know whether individual change in co-rumination also co-occurs with or predicts change in friendship quality and depressive symptoms. The current study aims to examine the intraindividual associations between co-rumination, depressive symptoms, and friendship quality. More specifically, we aim to test the direction of effects and the adjustment tradeoffs associated with co-rumination in a within-person mediation framework. We will also test whether these associations differ between boys and girls, and between older and younger adolescents. Research Questions (RQs): 1. Bidirectional links (see Figure 1 under "Design Plan") a. Are there concurrent and longitudinal, bidirectional within-person links between co-rumination and depressive symptoms in early adolescence? Is the effect of co-rumination on depressive symptoms stronger than the reverse effect? b. Are there concurrent and longitudinal, bidirectional within-person links between friendship quality and depressive symptoms in early adolescence? Is the effect of friendship quality on depressive symptoms stronger than the reverse effect? c. Are there concurrent and longitudinal, bidirectional within-person links between co-rumination and friendship quality in early adolescence? Is the effect of co-rumination on friendship stronger than the reverse effect? 2. Mediation (see Figure 2 under "Design Plan") a. Is the effect of co-rumination on depressive symptoms mediated by friendship quality? b. Is the effect of friendship quality on depressive symptoms mediated by co-rumination? 3. Moderation a. Are the hypothesized links between depressive symptoms, co-rumination, and friendship quality stronger for girls than boys? b. Are the hypothesized links between depressive symptoms, co-rumination, and friendship quality stronger for late adolescents than early adolescents?

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