The Limits Of Tolerance: A Matter Of Simple Reciprocity? (Experimental Study 2) - Info and Reading Options

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In this between-subjects experimental study, we aim to replicate and extend previous work (https://osf.io/u2nrx) on how individuals define the boundaries of tolerance in the context of discussions on secularism, focusing on non-religious individuals in favor of secularism. Building on research highlighting the role of mutual, equality-based respect in fostering tolerance toward outgroups (Forst, 2012; Reininger et al., 2020; Simon & Schaefer, 2016; 2018), we manipulate two dimensions of outgroup respect attitudes: (1) whether a conservative-traditional Catholic outgroup expresses respect versus disrespect toward the non-religious ingroup, and (2) whether the outgroup’s attitudes toward a third group (Muslims) are unspecified, disrespectful, or respectful. Rather than implementing a fully crossed design, we focus on four experimental conditions that capture the theoretically most relevant combinations. Participants are asked to imagine a scenario in which the outgroup (1) disrespects their ingroup with no information about the third group provided (Condition 1), (2) respects the ingroup with no information about the third group provided (Condition 2), (3) respects the ingroup but disrespects the third group (Condition 3), or (4) respects the ingroup and respects the third group (Condition 4). Following previous studies, we expect that participants will express greater intolerance toward the outgroup when it disrespects the ingroup (Condition 1) compared to when it respects the ingroup (Condition 2). Likewise, we expect greater intolerance when the outgroup disrespects the third group (Condition 3) compared to when it respects the third group (Condition 4), holding respect toward the ingroup constant. Crucially, we further hypothesize an interaction: participants’ tolerance toward the outgroup should be constrained in the condition where it respects the ingroup but simultaneously disrespects the third group (Condition 3), compared to when it respects the ingroup and no information about the third group is provided (Condition 2). Finally, we explore whether these hypothesized effects are mediated by concerns about respect directed toward the ingroup and the third group, and moderated by perceived similarity and the inclusion of the third group within a superordinate identity.

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