The Influence Of Classroom Experience On Reading Efficiency For Curriculum Words And How This Relates To Word Spelling And Understanding - Info and Reading Options

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Literacy is essential for societal success, education, and employment (Cooper et al., 2014). In alphabetic languages, teaching children systematic letter-sound relationships enables them to read words aloud (phonic decoding), allowing them access to word meanings based on their oral vocabulary knowledge. This is described as the print-to-sound-to-meaning pathway (Coltheart et al., 2001; Gough & Tunmer, 1986; Harm & Seidenberg, 2004). Theories propose that children then build a direct print-to-meaning pathway, which is ultimately a more efficient way to comprehend text. However, extensive reading experience is needed to build these direct mappings, since they are not systematic and therefore require whole-word knowledge (e.g., the meaning of CAP is unrelated to CAT, CUP, or TAP; Coltheart et al., 2001; Harm & Seidenberg, 2004). There is limited evidence supporting the idea that reading experience drives a shift from phonic decoding to whole-word reading. For example, older relative to younger children show reduced effects of print-to-sound consistency (Grainger et al., 2012; Waters et al., 1984) and word length (Kwok et al., 2017; Zoccolotti et al., 2005). However, we do not know how consistency and length effects develop longitudinally due to real-world experience with words. This longitudinal study therefore investigates if children’s reliance on phonic decoding when reading year 5 curriculum words decreases over the school year in which they learn them. More specifically, it will compare how word length and spelling-to-sound consistency influence children’s reading accuracy and response time at the end of year 4 (before they have experience with these words) and again at the end of year 5 (after they have experience with these words). It will also test if word spelling (precision of whole-word written form knowledge) and/or understanding (whole-word meaning knowledge) of these same items predicts improvements in reading response time and accuracy. Results will be relevant for optimising literacy instruction since they will show how reading efficiency is supported by the precision of children’s spelling and understanding of words. ​​References​ Coltheart, M., Rastle, K., Perry, C., Langdon, R., & Ziegler, J. (2001). DRC: A dual route cascaded model of visual word recognition and reading aloud. Psychological Review, 108(1), 204–256. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.108.1.204 Cooper, B. R., Moore, J. E., Powers, C. J., Cleveland, M., & Greenberg, M. T. (2014). Patterns of early reading and social skills associated with academic success in elementary School. Early Education and Development, 25(8), 1248–1264. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2014.932236 Gough, P. B., & Tunmer, W. E. (1986). Decoding, reading, and reading disability. Remedial and Special Education, 7(1), 6–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/074193258600700104 Grainger, J., Lété, B., Bertand, D., Dufau, S., & Ziegler, J. C. (2012). Evidence for multiple routes in learning to read. Cognition, 123(2), 280–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2012.01.003 Harm, M. W., & Seidenberg, M. S. (2004). Computing the meanings of words in reading: Cooperative division of labor between visual and phonological processes. Psychological Review, 111(3), 662–720. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.111.3.662 Kwok, R. K. W., Cuetos, F., Avdyli, R., & Ellis, A. W. (2017). Reading and Lexicalization in Opaque and Transparent Orthographies: Word Naming and Word Learning in English and Spanish. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 70(10), 2105–2129. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2016.1223705 Waters, G. S., Seidenberg, M. S., & Bruck, M. (1984). Children’s and adults’ use of spelling-sound information in three reading tasks. Memory & Cognition, 12(3), 293–305. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03197678 Zoccolotti, P., De Luca, M., Di Pace, E., Gasperini, F., Judica, A., & Spinelli, D. (2005). Word length effect in early reading and in developmental dyslexia. Brain and Language, 93(3), 369–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2004.10.010

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