Role Of Dutch And Balinese Co-speech Gesture In The Emergence Of Structure In An Artificial Sign Language In The Lab - Info and Reading Options

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The grammatical use of space for referential strategies such as spatial modification and role shift is attested across many sign languages (e.g., Engberg-Pedersen 1993; Liddell 2003). However, in some sign languages like Kata Kolok (rural sign language used in the North of Bali) and Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language(rural sign language used in southern Israel) these strategies have not developed (de Vos 2012, Padden et al. 2010). One reason put forward as to why sign languages have not developed spatial strategies is rooted in the time-depth hypothesis, suggesting that these languages are not old enough yet for these strategies to have arisen (Sandler et al. 2005). Yet, while Kata Kolok and Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language are younger compared to, for example, American or British Sign Language they vastly differ in age, moreover, another “young” Nicaraguan Sign Language developed spatial strategies early on in its emergence (Senghas et al. 1997). Furthermore, Motamedi et al. (2021) found that when they asked hearing participants to communicate using only gestures, they also produced spatial strategies to distinguish arguments. The experiment simulated intergenerational transmission using an iterated learning design with five generations which makes the artificial mini sign languages developed in the lab younger still than Nicaraguan Sign Language. Thus, on its own, the time-depth hypothesis seems an unsatisfactory explanation as to why some sign languages lack anaphoric uses of space. The aim of the current study is to investigate another possible explanation - the gestural origin hypothesis. The gestural origin hypothesis suggests that typological differences like the presence or absence of spatial modification could be rooted in the surrounding co-speech gesture system (Nyst 2019). In order to explore this, the study at hand will replicate the study conducted by Motamedi et al. (2021) (https://osf.io/hp5md/) in the Netherlands and in Bali. Following the gestural origin hypothesis, Dutch participants are expected to develop strategies similar to English-speaking participants in Motamedi et al. (2021) as Dutch and English have similar co-speech gesture systems. The Balinese co-speech gesture system, on the other hand, is different from most Western ones. Especially relevant to this study, it uses a geocentric rather than an egocentric pointing system (Wassman & Dasen 2006). Kata Kolok shares this canonical use of geocentric pointing with the Balinese co-speech gesture system and does not allow for spatial modification either. Thus, if the surrounding co-speech gesture system is relevant to the development of referential strategies, then hearing Balinese participants should produce strategies different from the participants in the English and the Dutch experiments and might serve as an indication to why Kata Kolok has not developed certain spatial strategies.

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