Online Control In Motor Imagery: The Effects Of Removing Visual Feedback On The Timing Of Real Vs. Imagined Actions - Info and Reading Options

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The present experiment is designed to test the Motor-Cognitive Model (MCM) of motor imagery, as opposed to the Functional Equivalence Model (FEM). The FEM argues that motor imagery and overt action share the same internal processes, leading to a general correspondence in their timing. In contrast, the MCM argues that, although they use the same internal representation, motor imagery and overt action differ in their execution phase. Indeed, during overt action, sensory feedback allows for online control, that is one can adjust and correct the movement in flight. During motor imagery, the absence of online feedback hinders such process: the mental image is instead monitored at the cost of executive resources (Glover et al., 2020; Glover & Baran, 2017). Accordingly, one major tenet of the MCM is that motor imagery and physical actions should not be similarly affected by factors that influence online control. Specifically, we focus here on the quality of online control. For example, if a person closes their eyes when they begin a movement, ongoing visual feedback will be eliminated, and the physical action will suffer from inaccuracy as a result. Thus, the quality of information available to online control may vary across different situations. For a physical movement, decreasing the quality of online control reduces its efficiency, resulting in it being more error prone and/or taking longer to execute. In contrast, during motor imagery, there is a complete lack of online control. Thus, motor imagery should not be impacted when the quality of the information used in online control is altered. To examine the above prediction, participants will either reach to grasp a small disc with their right hand, then place it into a small cylinder, or imagine doing so, a paradigm that we have used before (see Figure 1; Glover et al., 2020; Glover & Baran, 2017; Martel & Glover, Unpublished data). They will index the beginning and the end of their movement using keypresses (with their left index), allowing a comparison of the different conditions. One group of participants will perform the overt action, with their eyes either remaining open throughout (Full Vision trials) or closed at the onset of each movement (No Vision trials), changing the quality of online control. The second group will imagine grasping and placing the disc in the same two visual conditions. Participants in the motor imagery group will be instructed to imagine as rich a visual and kinesthetic image as possible. Each group will complete 12 trials per condition for a total of 24 trials, presented in two counterbalanced blocks across participants. A small number of practice trials will precede each block to familiarize participants with the task. The experimental setup consists of a 50 × 90 cm table, on which will sit a computer keyboard, a wooden box (dimensions: 15.7 × 42 × 22 cm) with a grey plastic tube inside (dimensions: 15 × 4.2 cm) and a small white plastic disc (Figure 1 in attached document). Both the keyboard and the wooden box will be aligned on the left side of the table. The wooden box will be placed in the top left corner of the table, with 7cm being outside of the table surface, while the keyboard will be placed adjoining it. The computer keyboard will be placed in the bottom left corner of the table, so that the participant can use her left index finger to press on the ‘L’ key without the keyboard being in the way. The starting position will be a yellow square sticker (0.5 × 0.5 cm), positioned 52 cm away from the left side of the table, and 5 cm away from the bottom table border (close to the participants). Participants will sit with their body midline aligned to the starting position. The disc (dimensions: 1 × 4 cm) will be positioned with its centre 23.5 cm to the right and 22 cm forward of the starting position. The grey cylinder will be located inside the box, its centre being 18.5 cm forward to its bottom border. Participants in the overt action group will have their movements recorded using the Polhemus motion tracking system, with markers placed on the dorsal surface of the fingernails of the thumb and index finger of their moving hand. The Polhemus tracks the position of the markers at 120Hz, and stores data of the instantaneous x, y, and z coordinates of each marker to PC for later analysis offline.

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