Liability insurance law in Canada - Info and Reading Options

"Liability insurance law in Canada" Table Of Contents:

• 1- Part I — Matters of General Application
• 2- Chapter 1
• 3- The Nature of Liability Insurance
• 4- 1. Liability Insurance Defined
• 5- 2. Types of Liability Insurance Policies
• 6- 3. Indemnity, Liability and Contingency Contracts
• 7- Distinguished
• 8- 4. Statutory Requirements
• 9- 5. Injured Person’s Right of Action
• 10- Chapter 2
• 11- The Contract of Insurance
• 12- 1. Formation of the Contract
• 13- (a) Formal Requirements
• 14- (b) Interim Coverage
• 15- (c) Contents of the Policy
• 16- (d) Amending the Contract
• 17- (e) Choice of Law
• 18- (f) Misrepresentation
• 19- (g) Non-Disclosure
• 20- (h) Public Policy 23
• 21- 2. Terms of the Contract 26
• 22- (a) Express Terms 26
• 23- (i) Declarations 26
• 24- (ii) Definitions 26
• 25- (iii) Insuring Agreement 26
• 26- (iv) Exclusions 27
• 27- (v) Conditions 27
• 28- (vi) Endorsements, If Any 27
• 29- (b) Implied Terms 27
• 30- (i) Business Efficacy 27
• 31- (ii) Implied Term of Good Faith and Fair Dealing 28
• 32- 3. Construction of the Policy 29
• 33- (a) Construction According to Ordinary Meaning 30
• 34- (b) Construction According to Purpose 31
• 35- (c) Construction Contra Proferentem 33
• 36- (d) The Doctrine of Reasonable Expectations 36
• 37- (e) Construction of Exclusion Clauses 37
• 38- (f) Use of American Authority 38
• 39- 4. Burden of Proof 39
• 40- Chapter 3
• 41- Conditions of the Policy 41
• 42- 1. Premium 41
• 43- 2. Inspection and Audit 42
• 44- 3. Notice of Accident, Occurrence, Claim or Suit 44
• 45- 4. Assistance and Co-operation 47
• 46- 5. Action against Insurer 50
• 47- 6. Subrogation 52
• 48- 7. Other Insurance 53
• 49- (a) Types of Policies 53
• 50- (b) Types of Clauses 53
• 51- (i) Primary Clauses 53
• 52- (ii) Excess Clauses 55
• 53- (iii) Escape Clauses 56
• 54- (c) Resolving Coverage When Policies Overlap 56
• 55- 8. Changes to the Policy 64
• 56- 9. Cancellation and Termination 65
• 57- 10. Assignment 66
• 58- 11. Separation of Insureds and Cross Liability 67
• 59- 12. Representations 67
• 60- 13. Relief against Forfeiture 67
• 61- Chapter 4
• 62- Limits of Liability 75
• 63- 1. Deductible Provisions 75
• 64- 2. Upper Limits 77
• 65- (a) Policy Language 77
• 66- (b) Limit per Person 79
• 67- (c) Limit per Accident or Occurrence 79
• 68- (d) Aggregate Limit 80
• 69- Chapter 5
• 70- The Duty to Defend 83
• 71- 1. When the Duty to Defend Arises 83
• 72- (a) The Pleadings Rule 83
• 73- (b) Where the Pleadings Are Ambiguous 88
• 74- (c) Burden of Proof 90
• 75- (d) The Underlying Facts Exception 90
• 76- (i) Where the Underlying Facts Bring the Claim within
• 77- the Insuring Agreement 93
• 78- (ii) Where the Underlying Facts Take the Claim
• 79- outside the Insuring Agreement 94
• 80- (iii) Where the Underlying Facts Bring the Claim within
• 81- a Policy Exclusion 95
• 82- (iv) Where the Underlying Facts Bring the Claim within
• 83- an Exception to an Exclusion 99
• 84- (e) Claims within the Deductible 100
• 85- (f) Where Policy Limits Have Been Exhausted 100
• 86- (g) Multiple Causes of Action, One or More of Which Is
• 87- Outside Coverage 103
• 88- (h) The Duty to Defend Where There Are Multiple Insurers 104
• 89- (i) Overlapping Coverage 105
• 90- (ii) Excess Coverage 106
• 91- (iii) Where Coverage Is Several 107
• 92- (iv) Where Coverage Is in the Alternative 107
• 93- 2. Apportionment and Reimbursement of Defence Costs 108
• 94- 3. The Scope of the Duty to Defend 111
• 95- 4. The Duty to Settle 112
• 96- 5. Proceedings to Determine the Duty to Defend 116
• 97- (a) Where the Allegations Do Not Present a Claim within
• 98- Coverage 119
• 99- (b) Where There Has Been a Misrepresentation or a Breach
• 100- of a Policy Condition 120
• 101- (c) Where the Underlying Facts Establish That the Claim Is
• 102- Excluded 125
• 103- 6. Election, Waiver and Estoppel 126
• 104- (a) Election and Waiver 126
• 105- (b) Estoppel by Representation 127
• 106- (c) Reservation of Rights and Non-Waiver Agreements 128
• 107- 7. Consequences of the Refusal to Defend 130
• 108- (a) Loss of Policy Rights 130
• 109- (b) Breach of Contract 131
• 110- (c) Bad Faith 132
• 111- 8. Right to Select and Instruct Counsel 133
• 112- (a) Breach of Condition 138
• 113- (b) Claims in Excess of Policy Limits 138
• 114- (c) Covered and Uncovered Claims 138
• 115- (d) Alternative Claims — One Covered, One Not Covered 139
• 116- (e) Punitive Damages 141
• 117- 9. Duty of Counsel 141
• 118- (a) Acting for Two Clients 142
• 119- (b) Avoiding Conflicts 144
• 120- (c) Confidentiality 145
• 121- (d) Insurer-Imposed Guidelines 147
• 122- Part II — Commercial Liability Insurance
• 123- Chapter 6
• 124- Introduction to Commercial Policies 151
• 125- 1. Types of Commercial Policies 151
• 126- 2. Structure of a Commercial Liability Policy 152
• 127- 3. Persons Insured 154
• 128- (a) Policy Language 154
• 129- (b) Proprietorships 156
• 130- (c) Partnerships and Joint Ventures 156
• 131- (d) Corporations and Other Organizations 157
• 132- (e) Employees 157
• 133- (f) Insured’s Real Estate Manager 158
• 134- (g) Newly Acquired Organizations 159
• 135- (h) Additional Insureds by Endorsement 159
• 136- (i) Severability of Insureds or “Cross-Liability” 159
• 137- 4. Premises and Operations Covered 160
• 138- (a) Premises and Operations Coverage 161
• 139- (b) Completed Operations 162
• 140- (c) Products Hazard 164
• 141- Chapter 7
• 142- The Insuring Agreement 167
• 143- 1. Structure of the Insuring Agreement 167
• 144- 2. Liability Imposed by Law 168
• 145- 3. Damages 170
• 146- 4. Bodily Injury and Property Damage 175
• 147- (a) Bodily Injury 175
• 148- (b) Property Damage 177
• 149- 5. Accident and Occurrence 183
• 150- (a) Accident versus Occurrence 183
• 151- (b) Meaning of “Accident” 184
• 152- (c) Causation 185
• 153- (d) “Accident” and Negligence 186
• 154- (e) “Accident” and Deliberate Acts 187
• 155- (f) “Accident” and Courting the Risk 190
• 156- (g) “Accident” and Business Risks 194
• 157- (h) Reconciling the Various Tests for “Accident” 199
• 158- 6. Policy Territory 199
• 159- 7. Period of Coverage 201
• 160- (a) Occurrence Policies 201
• 161- (b) Claims-Made Policies 205
• 162- 8. Contractual Liability Coverage 207
• 163- Chapter 8
• 164- Exclusions 211
• 165- 1. Contractual Liability 211
• 166- 2. Automobile, Watercraft and Aircraft 214
• 167- 3. Care, Custody or Control 222
• 168- (a) Damage to Property Owned or Occupied by or Rented to
• 169- the Insured 223
• 170- (b) Damage to Property Used by the Insured 223
• 171- (c) Damage to Property in the Care, Custody or Control of
• 172- the Insured 224
• 173- (d) Damage to Personal Property or Fixtures as a Result of
• 174- Work Performed Thereon 225
• 175- 4. Product and Performance 226
• 176- (a) Damage to Product 227
• 177- (b) Work Performed 229
• 178- (c) Performance 230
• 179- 5. Recall (or “Sistership”) 232
• 180- 6. Employee and Workers’ Compensation 234
• 181- 7. Intentional Injury 235
• 182- 8. Environmental Liability 240
• 183- 9. Professional Services 251
• 184- Chapter 9
• 185- Endorsements 255
• 186- 1. Property Damage Endorsement 255
• 187- 2. Additional Property Damage Exclusion 256
• 188- 3. Contractual Liability Endorsement 256
• 189- 4. Broad Form Property Damage Endorsement 257
• 190- Chapter 10
• 191- Personal Injury And Advertising Injury Liability Coverage 263
• 192- 1. The Insuring Agreement 263
• 193- 2. Exclusions 267
• 194- 3. Advertising Injury 269
• 195- Part III — Other Topics
• 196- Chapter 11
• 197- Directors’ and Officers’ Liability Insurance 275
• 198- 1. In General 275
• 199- 2. Insuring Agreement 276
• 200- (a) Loss 277
• 201- (b) Claim 277
• 202- (c) Liability Imposed by Law 278
• 203- (d) Wrongful Act 278
• 204- (e) In the Capacity of Director or Officer 279
• 205- 3. Persons Insured 279
• 206- 4. Period of Coverage 280
• 207- 5. Exclusions 280
• 208- 6. Duty to Defend 281
• 209- Chapter 12
• 210- Environmental Liability Insurance 283
• 211- 1. Commercial Liability Policies 283
• 212- (a) Before the Pollution Exclusion 283
• 213- (i) Liability Imposed by Law to Pay Damages 284
• 214- (ii) Because of Bodily Injury or Property Damage 284
• 215- (iii) Caused by an Accident or Occurrence 286
• 216- (b) Exclusion of Environmental Liability 286
• 217- (c) Environmental Damage Endorsement 288
• 218- (d) Limited Pollution Liability Coverage 289
• 219- (e) Personal Injury Coverage for Pollution Claims 290
• 220- 2. Environmental Impairment Liability Policies 291
• 221- 3. Other Policies 291
• 222- Chapter 13
• 223- Professional Liability Insurance 293
• 224- 1. “Professional” Defined 293
• 225- 2. Insuring Agreement 294
• 226- 3. Notice Requirements 296
• 227- 4. Exclusions 297
• 228- Chapter 14
• 229- Personal Liability Insurance 301
• 230- 1. Form of the Policy 301
• 231- 2. Insuring Agreement: Personal and Premises Liability 301
• 232- 3. Additional Coverage for Voluntary Payments 304
• 233- 4. Defence and Supplementary Payments 305
• 234- 5. Exclusions 306
• 235- (a) Automobile, Watercraft and Aircraft 306
• 236- (b) Business Pursuits and Professional Activities 309
• 237- (c) Intentional Injury or Criminal Act 312
• 238- (d) Claims by One Insured against Another Insured 314
• 239- 6. Persons Insured 317
• 240- Chapter 15
• 241- Insurance Coverage for Sexual Torts 319
• 242- 1. Proving the Policy 319
• 243- 2. Coverage under Commercial Liability Policies 321
• 244- (a) Bodily Injury 322
• 245- (b) Whether Sexual Abuse Is an Occurrence 322
• 246- (c) Trigger of Coverage 324
• 247- (d) Intentional Injuries 326
• 248- (i) Whether Intent Is Determined Subjectively or
• 249- Objectively 327
• 250- (ii) Mixed Allegations: Intentional Wrongdoing and
• 251- Negligence 329
• 252- (iii) The Innocent Co-insured 330
• 253- (iv) Coverage for Assault and Battery 332
• 254- (e) Criminal Act Exclusion 334
• 255- (f) Sexual Molestation Exclusions 334
• 256- (g) Late Notice 335
• 257- (h) Coverage under Other Commercial Policies 335
• 258- 3. Coverage under Professional Liability Policies 336
• 259- 4. Coverage under homeowners’ and Tenants’ Policies 339

Read “Liability insurance law in Canada”:

Read “Liability insurance law in Canada” by choosing from the options below.