Keystrokes: A Practical Exploration Of Dual Code Theory In Timed Word Association Tasks - Info and Reading Options

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Prior research suggests that multiple systems may be involved in the generation of word associations and that these systems are activated at different times in a word association task (1–3). An fMRI study found that “activations early in conceptual processing overlapped with activations for word association [while] activations late in conceptual processing overlapped with activations for situation generation” (2). While such studies do not scale and have been criticised in terms of low test-retest reliability for a range of cognitive tasks (4), measuring the exact time keystrokes are logged may represent an promising record of the generation of a given word, that combined with techniques to measure a word’s proximity to the cue word in vector space (word embeddings), may represent a scalable method to test the extent to which activation time and word generation may indicate the presence of dual (or several) conceptual coding systems (5–7). The present research seeks to extend tentative evidence gathered from a prior study (5) at a much finer level of detail, through the analysis of keystrokes, when specific words are generated, and differences in the semantic similarity of those words to the cue words chosen for the word association (property generation) task. The task will be conducted using the panel service Prolific, to recruit 500 participants to provide timed, free word associations for several concepts including objects (e.g. oranges) and concepts (e.g. integrity). Each question will have a timer that automatically proceeds to the next question upon expiration after 20 seconds. Demographics will be derived for the prolific service by matching the anonymous ID provided by Prolific to the demographic information each participant has provided to the service. The survey will contain six word-associations, and should take no longer than 3 minutes to complete, with reading time included. A specialised survey question has been developed by the researchers to measure a unique universal timestamp for each keystroke and character in a secure survey.js implementation. No personal information will be stored on the survey.js server, as the survey itself is 100% anonymous, and data only gains context in terms of demographics, once joined with the Prolific data via the unique anonymous ID used by prolific. At no stage will the research team have access to any personally identifiable data, nor will it have the means of identifying any respondent beyond the demographics provided. 1. Santos A, Chaigneau SE, Simmons WK, Barsalou LW. Property generation reflects word association and situated simulation. Lang Cogn. 2011;3(1):83–119. 2. Simmons WK, Hamann SB, Harenski CL, Hu XP, Barsalou LW. fMRI evidence for word association and situated simulation in conceptual processing. J Physiol-Paris. 2008;102(1–3):106–19. 3. Zhang Q, Yin Y, Lin H. Are Situation Models Implemented in Modality-Specific Simulation? Int J Soc Sci Educ Res. 2021;4(4):36–41. 4. Kragel P, Kraynak T, Gianaros P, Wager T. fMRI can be highly reliable, but it depends on what you measure [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://psyarxiv.com/9eaxk/download?format=pdf 5. MacNiven S, Lennon JJ, Roberts J, MacNiven M. In other words: Glasgow (Perception through Word Associations). OSF Prepr [Internet]. 2023; Available from: https://osf.io/yfaw2/download 6. Thawani A, Srivastava B, Singh A. Swow-8500: Word association task for intrinsic evaluation of word embeddings. Proc 3rd Workshop Eval Vector Space Represent NLP. 2019;43–51. 7. Krishnaswamy N, Pustejovsky J. Affordance embeddings for situated language understanding. Front Artif Intell. 2022 Jan 1;5:774752.

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