Is The Processing Of Health Messages Affected By Their Wording? Assessing The Impact Of Salient And Non-salient Negation On The Understanding Of Health Statements During Reading For Comprehension: An Eye-tracking Experiment. - Info and Reading Options

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Health statements frequently include explicit sentential negation: negative phrases that feature the negators 'no' or 'not', such as, 'This drug should not be taken on an empty stomach' (Burgers et al., 2015; Ibrahim & Idrus, 2021). There is, however, little understanding of (a) whether health statements with explicit sentential negation, as compared to positive health statements, are attended, understood and remembered with more difficulty; and (b) whether increased negation salience improves readers’ performance. Four online experiments and one eye tracking experiment were run to assess the effects of negation on the processing of health statements. In Experiment 1, participants read the statements normally for comprehension and pressed a key to indicate that they had finished reading (https://osf.io/s7gr9). Participants also answered comprehension questions immediately after reading each statement and in a delayed block. The designs of Experiment 2 and Experiment 3 were similar to that of Experiment 1, except that participants were instructed to skim read the statements. The statements were presented on screen for a limited duration to encourage skim reading, corresponding to 365 words per minute in Experiment 2 (https://osf.io/v8uk6), and 450 words per minute in Experiment 3 (https://osf.io/7tb8f). In Experiment 4 (https://osf.io/ys6m5), participants read the statements normally for comprehension, but only responded to comprehension questions in a delayed block. In Experiment 5 (https://osf.io/wy7d3), the statements were presented on screen for a limited duration to encourage skim reading, corresponding to 450 words per minute. In addition, readers eye movements were recorded. In each experiment, health statements, in the form of whole sentences, were presented to young adults aged 18-35. The statements were presented in three conditions: without negation, with negation (i.e. with the addition of ‘no’ or ‘not’) and with salient negation. In the salient condition, the negator (‘no’ or ‘not’) was bold and underlined. Sentence reading time (Expts 1 and 4) and evaluation time (Expts 1-5) were assessed, along with accuracy on comprehension questions presented at the two time-points (Expts 1-3, 5) to test for differences in understanding and remembering respectively; or at the delayed time-point only (Expt 4). In Expt 5, eye movement measures will be assessed. At present, the data for Expt 5 has not been analysed. The online experiments overall revealed that comprehension accuracy was poorer for statements containing negations, but that this effect was diminished when negations were made more visually salient. One possibility is that poorer comprehension and memory of negation may be linked to skipping of the negators. Short and commonly used negators such as 'no' and 'not' may be fixated less often. Research indicates that skipped words may not be processed to the same level as fixated words (Eskenazi & Folk, 2014). Therefore, if negators are skipped, this may result in less accurate understanding and remembering of health statements with negation. Making the negator more salient may reduce the likelihood that it is skipped. The current experiment aims to determine whether poor comprehension of negated statements is driven by eye movement behaviour. Participants will be instructed to read health statements, with their eye-movements being recorded to provide precise temporal and spatial information for online reading behaviour. Participants will answer comprehension questions immediately, after reading each statement, and in a delayed block. Crucially, this experiment aims to test whether making the negator salient results in modulation of reading behaviour, e.g. lower likelihood of skipping the negator, and longer fixation times on or after the negator; and whether these differences in eye-movement patterns are related to better comprehension for statements with salient negation.

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