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"FROM END TO MEANS (Problems And Their Solutions) II. The Nature Of Problems And Their Grading (2009)" and the language of the book is русский язык - Russian.


“FROM END TO MEANS (Problems And Their Solutions) II. The Nature Of Problems And Their Grading (2009)” Metadata:

  • Title: ➤  FROM END TO MEANS (Problems And Their Solutions) II. The Nature Of Problems And Their Grading (2009)
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  • Language: Russian - русский язык

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  • Internet Archive ID: ➤  FromEndToMeansproblemsAndTheirSolutionsIi.TheNatureOfProblemsAnd

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Virtually all XX century passed under the sign of a rapt interest in creative thinking, and especially in its core â the solution of nonstandard problems. Under such conditions, the coming of a general theory revealing the logical structure of problem and the mechanism of its solution might seem to be only a matter of time. But strangely enough, it has not occurred.<br /> The manuals up to now portray problem-solving fragmentarily and scrappily. Even those having made the largest contribution to its understanding were focused on either particular aspects of the process or its perspectives as applied to a scope of mental activity. So, Polya limited himself to mathematical thinking and, thereby, reduced problem-solving to the handling of abstract patterns. Duncker actually substituted heuristics for methods of thinking. Ackoff treated the search for solutions as an art rather than an orderly procedure. And Simon and Newell, despite putting in use the term âgeneral problem solverâ, mostly touched upon âwell-definedâ problems easily reducible to a standard form.<br /> As regards genuine nonstandard problems they were commonly overlooked. That is why the making of the general theory of problem-solving still remains a topical issue. Just such a theory is suggested in the present article.<br /><br /> 1. Adaptational problems<br /> 2. Substitutional problems<br /> 3. Instrumental problems<br /> 4. Procedural problems<br /><br /> First published in: "Credo new". 2009. â 3.

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