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Cover title. Bibliography: p. 66-67

Includes bibliographies

Includes bibliographies

Includes bibliographies

'Action Taken on the 40th Report of Public Accounts Committee (14th Lok Sabha) on "Management of Projects relating to Utilisation and Conservation of Soil and Water Undertaken by Institutes of ICAR" (13-Mar-2008)' from the Parliament Digital Library

Upper Pine River Watershed Management Plan Soil and Water Conservation Project Presented by Julie L. Spencer - Gratiot Conservation District Administrator From the Alma City Commission Meeting July 14, 2015

Upper Pine River Watershed Management Plan Soil and Water Conservation Project Presented by Julie L. Spencer - Gratiot Conservation District Administrator From the Alma City Commission Meeting July 14, 2015

Watershed management practices guide for achieving soil and water objectives, Wallowa-Whitman National Forest

Watershed management practices guide for achieving soil and water objectives, Wallowa-Whitman National Forest

'EFFICIENT AND SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF SOIL AND WATER (8-Mar-2000)' from the Parliament Digital Library

'Management of Projects relating to Utilisation and Conservation of Soil and Water undertaken by Institutes of ICAR (9-Mar-2007)' from the Parliament Digital Library

'Management of Projects relating to Utilisation and Conservation of Soil and Water undertaken by Institutes of ICAR (9-Mar-2007)' from the Parliament Digital Library

'Management of Projects relating to Utilisation and Conservation of Soil and Water undertaken by Institutes of ICAR (9-Mar-2007)' from the Parliament Digital Library

There are no author-identified signficant results in this report.

There are no author-identified signficant results in this report.

There are no author-identified signficant results in this report.

There are no author-identified signficant results in this report.

Prepared under the authority of the Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act (Public Law 566, 83rd Congress, 68 Stat. 666), as amended. Issued Oct. 1975. Includes bibliographical references

There are no author-identified significant results in this report.

'SOIL AND WATER MANAGEMENT (24-Feb-2003)' from the Parliament Digital Library

1 v. (various pagings)

In the search for diversification of sources of income, producers have adopted the cultivation of sweet potato in their rotation, especially in irrigated plains. Despite the growing interest of producers for this crop, few results exist on the production systems as practiced by producers with a view to the sustainability of the activity. The present study aims to characterize the sweet potato production system on the developed perimeter of the Kou valley. To this end, surveys were carried out in the farming community on 30 farms. The results showed that sweet potato is cultivated in rotation with rice in the plain. One hundred percent (100%) of the producers surveyed practice rotation on their agricultural plot. Fertilization is a common practice, growers use NPK and Urea. Labor remains a concern for the crop for more than 80% of producers. Strengthening the technical capacities of producers would be beneficial through appropriate training.

In the search for diversification of sources of income, producers have adopted the cultivation of sweet potato in their rotation, especially in irrigated plains. Despite the growing interest of producers for this crop, few results exist on the production systems as practiced by producers with a view to the sustainability of the activity. The present study aims to characterize the sweet potato production system on the developed perimeter of the Kou valley. To this end, surveys were carried out in the farming community on 30 farms. The results showed that sweet potato is cultivated in rotation with rice in the plain. One hundred percent (100%) of the producers surveyed practice rotation on their agricultural plot. Fertilization is a common practice, growers use NPK and Urea. Labor remains a concern for the crop for more than 80% of producers. Strengthening the technical capacities of producers would be beneficial through appropriate training.

Summary inserted

Sustainable vineyards soil management can help to mitigate the negative effect of intensive agriculture on soil ecosystem for the achievement of the sustainable development goals. Cover crops use as cover management in vineyard could be considered as nature based solution for soil restoration and proper water management. Cover crops (CC) provide many ecosystem services through carbon sequestration and climate change regulation, water purification and soil protection. However, a holistic approach is needed to understand the maximum potential ecosystem service that can be provided in different soil and climatic condition also considering vineyard needs. The current knowledge of CC management on soil erosion, water content and soil C sequestration in flat and slope field is reviewed. Results of this analysis suggest that the sustainable intensification, due to alternative vineyard soil management, could represent a strategic option for nature based solution but, contemporary, tactical choices must be taken into account to obtain a real environmental, social and economic benefit. Further studies are necessary to correlate the environmental factor (climatic characteristic), hydraulic properties and management (CC species, type of CC) with the global ecosystem service of CC management in economic and environmental terms, in order to provide for each environment clear guidelines. This step could be important to favour the spreading of CC in vineyard as a proper strategic management.

Sustainable vineyards soil management can help to mitigate the negative effect of intensive agriculture on soil ecosystem for the achievement of the sustainable development goals. Cover crops use as cover management in vineyard could be considered as nature based solution for soil restoration and proper water management. Cover crops (CC) provide many ecosystem services through carbon sequestration and climate change regulation, water purification and soil protection. However, a holistic approach is needed to understand the maximum potential ecosystem service that can be provided in different soil and climatic condition also considering vineyard needs. The current knowledge of CC management on soil erosion, water content and soil C sequestration in flat and slope field is reviewed. Results of this analysis suggest that the sustainable intensification, due to alternative vineyard soil management, could represent a strategic option for nature based solution but, contemporary, tactical choices must be taken into account to obtain a real environmental, social and economic benefit. Further studies are necessary to correlate the environmental factor (climatic characteristic), hydraulic properties and management (CC species, type of CC) with the global ecosystem service of CC management in economic and environmental terms, in order to provide for each environment clear guidelines. This step could be important to favour the spreading of CC in vineyard as a proper strategic management.

Sustainable vineyards soil management can help to mitigate the negative effect of intensive agriculture on soil ecosystem for the achievement of the sustainable development goals. Cover crops use as cover management in vineyard could be considered as nature based solution for soil restoration and proper water management. Cover crops (CC) provide many ecosystem services through carbon sequestration and climate change regulation, water purification and soil protection. However, a holistic approach is needed to understand the maximum potential ecosystem service that can be provided in different soil and climatic condition also considering vineyard needs. The current knowledge of CC management on soil erosion, water content and soil C sequestration in flat and slope field is reviewed. Results of this analysis suggest that the sustainable intensification, due to alternative vineyard soil management, could represent a strategic option for nature based solution but, contemporary, tactical choices must be taken into account to obtain a real environmental, social and economic benefit. Further studies are necessary to correlate the environmental factor (climatic characteristic), hydraulic properties and management (CC species, type of CC) with the global ecosystem service of CC management in economic and environmental terms, in order to provide for each environment clear guidelines. This step could be important to favour the spreading of CC in vineyard as a proper strategic management.

'SOIL AND WATER MANAGEMENT (13-Mar-2001)' from the Parliament Digital Library

Long-term sustainability of soils with a prolonged history of crop production can be better understood by characterizing soil aggregation, particularly the distribution of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) among particulate organic matter (POM) fractions within various soil aggregate-size fractions. The objective of this field study was to evaluate the effects of residue level, residue burning, tillage, and irrigation on macro-aggregate (>250 μm), micro-aggregate (53–250 μm), coarse (>250 μm) and fine POM (53–250 μm), and silt-clay fractions and their associated C and N in the top 10 cm of a highly erodible loessial soil (Glossaquic Fraglossudalf) after 13 years of consistent management in a wheat-soybean, double-crop (WSDC) system in the Lower Mississippi River Delta region of eastern Arkansas. The total aggregated soil fraction was 11.2% greater (P = 0.02) in the no-tillage (NT)-irrigated compared to the average of the other three tillage-irrigation combinations, which did not differ. Averaged over irrigation, burn, and residue-level treatments, the C concentration in the sand-free macro-aggregate fraction was 8.8% less (P < 0.05) under conventional tillage (15.6 g kg −1 ) than under NT (17.1 g kg −1 ). Fine POM C and N concentrations within sand-free-adjusted aggregates were 1.9 times greater (P ≤ 0.04) in the burn-low (2.59 and 0.21 g kg −1 , respectively) compared to the burn-high treatment (1.35 and 0.11 g kg −1 , respectively), while that in the no-burn under either residue level, which did not differ, were intermediate (2.43 and 0.23 g kg −1 , respectively). Results showed that alternative management practices, such as NT and non-burning, can contribute to improved soil health and long-term sustainability and the mitigation of climate-change-related greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere by reducing SOM oxidation, microbial respiration, and carbon dioxide emissions.

[1. No special title] -- [2.] Bibliography part II, Appendix B

Introduction Soil is one of the most important components of production, food security, self-sufficiency and national economy. Soil of semi-arid regions, which most of Iran's agricultural lands are located in these areas, are poor in terms of organic matter. The soil tillage operations are carried out by means of moldboard plow and removal of plant residue in most of the agricultural systems. This operation, called conventional tillage, requires not only high energy but also damages to soil physical properties and erosion in the long-term. Conventional tillage does not provide good environmental conditions to maintain moisture in the soil due to the impossibility of managing plant residue in the soil surface. In addition this tillage increases the evaporation and losses of soil water content and reduces the soil organic carbon as a result conventional tillage reduces the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the soil. The objective of this study was investigation of effect of conventional and reduced tillage systems and management of tomato residue on soil water content, yield and yield components of wheat. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Station, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, during growth season 2017-18. Tillage system (in two levels i.e. conventional and minimum tillage) and tomato residue retention (0, 30 and 60%) were in main plots and sub plots, respectively. The sowing date was 11th November in 2017.Sampling was done at harvest time and included plant height, spike number.m-2, spike length, grain number per spike, 1000 grain weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index. During the growing season, soil water content in 0-20 and 20-40 cm depth was measured by the soil moisture meter (PMS-714 model) two days after irrigation. Data were analyzed with R software; obtained averages compared with Duncan’s multiple range test at the 5% probability level. Results and Discussion The results showed that the effect of tillage system was significant on soil water content in 0-20 cm depth two days after forth irrigation, soil water content in 20-40 cm two days after fifth, sixth and seventh irrigation, spike number.m-2, grain number per spike, grain and biological yield. Maximum of this traits were obtained in reduced tillage due to increased soil nutrition, improved physical condition of the soil and soil water status. However, the effect of management of tomato residue on any of the studied traits was not significant. This could be due to reducing microbial activity, in complete decomposition of plant residues and reducing available nitrogen. The interaction effect between tillage system and tomato residue was significant on soil water content in 0-20 and 20-40 cm depth two days after forth and third irrigation, respectively, grain number per spike, 1000 grain weight and grain yield. Reduced tillage and 60% of tomato residue showed that maximum of soil water content and 1000 grain weight (38.4 g).Maximum of grain number per spike (61.9) and grain yield (7120. 7 kg.ha-1) were obtained in treatment of reduced tillage and 30% of tomato residue. Conclusions   The results of this study indicate that in order to achieve maximum grain yield and less damage to the physical and chemical properties of soil, the implementation of reduced tillage and maintenance of 30% of tomato residue is recommended in the studied area. In general, due to climate change and water resource constraints in the country, conservation tillage and residue management practices are a good way to maintain resources and sustainability.

Cover title

Introduction The challenges of climate change and increasing greenhouse gas emissions have led to consequences such as global warming and successive droughts. Additionally, the rise in agricultural activities has significantly increased the pressure on available water resources. Consequently, it has become essential to consider wastewater resources. To make appropriate management decisions and find solutions to reduce CO 2 emissions in the agricultural sector, it is crucial to understand how soil moisture and sources of irrigation affect greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly CO 2 . Therefore, the aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of water stress and irrigation management on soil CO 2 emissions, water productivity, and soybean yield and yield components. Materials and Methods This research was carried out at Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources with latitude (36° 33′ N) and longitude (53° 00׳ E), elevation (14 m, above sea level), average temperature (17.9°C) and total of precipitation (650 mm), during the growing season (2022-2023). The experiment was carried out in the form of a split plot based on a randomized complete block design in three replications in growth season 1402-1403, Sari. Experimental treatments include; the main factor was water stress in three levels ((non-stress, FC100), FC75 and FC50) and the sub factor was irrigation management in two levels (Urban Wastewater (UWW) and Well Water (WW). Results and Discussion Based on the findings, the highest amount of CO 2 emission in the middle and end stages of sampling in 60, 75, 90 and 105 day after sowing in non-stress conditions-FC100 was observed with 535.9, 534.5, 543.6 and 444.5 ppm.min -1 , respectively. In addition, its lowest amount was related to water stress-FC50 with 505.3, 499.8, 506.5 and 409.8 ppm.min -1 , respectively. The results showed that the highest amount of Co 2 emission was assigned to irrigation with urban wastewater with 536.5, 540.1, 538 and 516.9, respectively. Due to the increase in the plant growth rate and approaching the grain maturity, the amount of CO 2 emission increased with the increase in temperature, root system development, plant roots respiration and the soil microorganism’s activities. The highest amount of water productivity was observed in the non-stress condition FC100 with a 0.62 kg.m -3 . Which compared to water stress conditions-FC75 and FC50 increased by 43.5% and 51.6%, respectively. Also, the results showed that in the non-stress condition-FC100 and irrigation with urban wastewater, the highest pod number (304.8), grain number of per pod (665.1), 100-grain weight (18.7 g), grain yield (1060.4 kg.ha -1 ) and total dry matter (743.3 kg.ha -1 ) were obtained. In the condition of irrigation with urban wastewater, the highest number of pods, grain number of per pod, 100-grain weight, grain yield and total dry matter was observed with 234.5, 495.8, 18.5 g, 679.4 kg.ha -1 and 645.7 kg.ha -1 , respectively. While their lowest amount was assigned to water stress conditions-FC50 with 218.6, 483.3, 17.7 g, 555.1 kg.ha -1 and 625.5 kg.ha -1 , respectively. Optimum soil moisture conditions under non-stress conditions-FC100 and water stress conditions-FC75, especially when irrigating with urban wastewater, increased the yield and yield components by providing nutrients needed by the plant. Conclusion The results showed that in the early stages of soil sampling, irrigation management (source of irrigation) did not significantly affect the amount of CO 2 emission. However, in the middle and final stages of sampling, the growth and development of plant organs and increased soil respiration due to the development of the root system caused the release of CO 2 . This effect was more pronounced during irrigation with wastewater than with well water. Based on the findings, considering the water scarcity crisis and the challenge of water stress during the soybean growth season, it appears that accurate management and efficient use of wastewater resources is both inevitable and a suitable solution. Acknowledgement Sari Agricultural sciences and Natural Resources University (SANRU) financially supported this research under contract number: 02-1397-05.

Introduction The challenges of climate change and increasing greenhouse gas emissions have led to consequences such as global warming and successive droughts. Additionally, the rise in agricultural activities has significantly increased the pressure on available water resources. Consequently, it has become essential to consider wastewater resources. To make appropriate management decisions and find solutions to reduce CO 2 emissions in the agricultural sector, it is crucial to understand how soil moisture and sources of irrigation affect greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly CO 2 . Therefore, the aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of water stress and irrigation management on soil CO 2 emissions, water productivity, and soybean yield and yield components. Materials and Methods This research was carried out at Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources with latitude (36° 33′ N) and longitude (53° 00׳ E), elevation (14 m, above sea level), average temperature (17.9°C) and total of precipitation (650 mm), during the growing season (2022-2023). The experiment was carried out in the form of a split plot based on a randomized complete block design in three replications in growth season 1402-1403, Sari. Experimental treatments include; the main factor was water stress in three levels ((non-stress, FC100), FC75 and FC50) and the sub factor was irrigation management in two levels (Urban Wastewater (UWW) and Well Water (WW). Results and Discussion Based on the findings, the highest amount of CO 2 emission in the middle and end stages of sampling in 60, 75, 90 and 105 day after sowing in non-stress conditions-FC100 was observed with 535.9, 534.5, 543.6 and 444.5 ppm.min -1 , respectively. In addition, its lowest amount was related to water stress-FC50 with 505.3, 499.8, 506.5 and 409.8 ppm.min -1 , respectively. The results showed that the highest amount of Co 2 emission was assigned to irrigation with urban wastewater with 536.5, 540.1, 538 and 516.9, respectively. Due to the increase in the plant growth rate and approaching the grain maturity, the amount of CO 2 emission increased with the increase in temperature, root system development, plant roots respiration and the soil microorganism’s activities. The highest amount of water productivity was observed in the non-stress condition FC100 with a 0.62 kg.m -3 . Which compared to water stress conditions-FC75 and FC50 increased by 43.5% and 51.6%, respectively. Also, the results showed that in the non-stress condition-FC100 and irrigation with urban wastewater, the highest pod number (304.8), grain number of per pod (665.1), 100-grain weight (18.7 g), grain yield (1060.4 kg.ha -1 ) and total dry matter (743.3 kg.ha -1 ) were obtained. In the condition of irrigation with urban wastewater, the highest number of pods, grain number of per pod, 100-grain weight, grain yield and total dry matter was observed with 234.5, 495.8, 18.5 g, 679.4 kg.ha -1 and 645.7 kg.ha -1 , respectively. While their lowest amount was assigned to water stress conditions-FC50 with 218.6, 483.3, 17.7 g, 555.1 kg.ha -1 and 625.5 kg.ha -1 , respectively. Optimum soil moisture conditions under non-stress conditions-FC100 and water stress conditions-FC75, especially when irrigating with urban wastewater, increased the yield and yield components by providing nutrients needed by the plant. Conclusion The results showed that in the early stages of soil sampling, irrigation management (source of irrigation) did not significantly affect the amount of CO 2 emission. However, in the middle and final stages of sampling, the growth and development of plant organs and increased soil respiration due to the development of the root system caused the release of CO 2 . This effect was more pronounced during irrigation with wastewater than with well water. Based on the findings, considering the water scarcity crisis and the challenge of water stress during the soybean growth season, it appears that accurate management and efficient use of wastewater resources is both inevitable and a suitable solution. Acknowledgement Sari Agricultural sciences and Natural Resources University (SANRU) financially supported this research under contract number: 02-1397-05.

Introduction The challenges of climate change and increasing greenhouse gas emissions have led to consequences such as global warming and successive droughts. Additionally, the rise in agricultural activities has significantly increased the pressure on available water resources. Consequently, it has become essential to consider wastewater resources. To make appropriate management decisions and find solutions to reduce CO 2 emissions in the agricultural sector, it is crucial to understand how soil moisture and sources of irrigation affect greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly CO 2 . Therefore, the aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of water stress and irrigation management on soil CO 2 emissions, water productivity, and soybean yield and yield components. Materials and Methods This research was carried out at Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources with latitude (36° 33′ N) and longitude (53° 00׳ E), elevation (14 m, above sea level), average temperature (17.9°C) and total of precipitation (650 mm), during the growing season (2022-2023). The experiment was carried out in the form of a split plot based on a randomized complete block design in three replications in growth season 1402-1403, Sari. Experimental treatments include; the main factor was water stress in three levels ((non-stress, FC100), FC75 and FC50) and the sub factor was irrigation management in two levels (Urban Wastewater (UWW) and Well Water (WW). Results and Discussion Based on the findings, the highest amount of CO 2 emission in the middle and end stages of sampling in 60, 75, 90 and 105 day after sowing in non-stress conditions-FC100 was observed with 535.9, 534.5, 543.6 and 444.5 ppm.min -1 , respectively. In addition, its lowest amount was related to water stress-FC50 with 505.3, 499.8, 506.5 and 409.8 ppm.min -1 , respectively. The results showed that the highest amount of Co 2 emission was assigned to irrigation with urban wastewater with 536.5, 540.1, 538 and 516.9, respectively. Due to the increase in the plant growth rate and approaching the grain maturity, the amount of CO 2 emission increased with the increase in temperature, root system development, plant roots respiration and the soil microorganism’s activities. The highest amount of water productivity was observed in the non-stress condition FC100 with a 0.62 kg.m -3 . Which compared to water stress conditions-FC75 and FC50 increased by 43.5% and 51.6%, respectively. Also, the results showed that in the non-stress condition-FC100 and irrigation with urban wastewater, the highest pod number (304.8), grain number of per pod (665.1), 100-grain weight (18.7 g), grain yield (1060.4 kg.ha -1 ) and total dry matter (743.3 kg.ha -1 ) were obtained. In the condition of irrigation with urban wastewater, the highest number of pods, grain number of per pod, 100-grain weight, grain yield and total dry matter was observed with 234.5, 495.8, 18.5 g, 679.4 kg.ha -1 and 645.7 kg.ha -1 , respectively. While their lowest amount was assigned to water stress conditions-FC50 with 218.6, 483.3, 17.7 g, 555.1 kg.ha -1 and 625.5 kg.ha -1 , respectively. Optimum soil moisture conditions under non-stress conditions-FC100 and water stress conditions-FC75, especially when irrigating with urban wastewater, increased the yield and yield components by providing nutrients needed by the plant. Conclusion The results showed that in the early stages of soil sampling, irrigation management (source of irrigation) did not significantly affect the amount of CO 2 emission. However, in the middle and final stages of sampling, the growth and development of plant organs and increased soil respiration due to the development of the root system caused the release of CO 2 . This effect was more pronounced during irrigation with wastewater than with well water. Based on the findings, considering the water scarcity crisis and the challenge of water stress during the soybean growth season, it appears that accurate management and efficient use of wastewater resources is both inevitable and a suitable solution. Acknowledgement Sari Agricultural sciences and Natural Resources University (SANRU) financially supported this research under contract number: 02-1397-05.

Introduction The challenges of climate change and increasing greenhouse gas emissions have led to consequences such as global warming and successive droughts. Additionally, the rise in agricultural activities has significantly increased the pressure on available water resources. Consequently, it has become essential to consider wastewater resources. To make appropriate management decisions and find solutions to reduce CO 2 emissions in the agricultural sector, it is crucial to understand how soil moisture and sources of irrigation affect greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly CO 2 . Therefore, the aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of water stress and irrigation management on soil CO 2 emissions, water productivity, and soybean yield and yield components. Materials and Methods This research was carried out at Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources with latitude (36° 33′ N) and longitude (53° 00׳ E), elevation (14 m, above sea level), average temperature (17.9°C) and total of precipitation (650 mm), during the growing season (2022-2023). The experiment was carried out in the form of a split plot based on a randomized complete block design in three replications in growth season 1402-1403, Sari. Experimental treatments include; the main factor was water stress in three levels ((non-stress, FC100), FC75 and FC50) and the sub factor was irrigation management in two levels (Urban Wastewater (UWW) and Well Water (WW). Results and Discussion Based on the findings, the highest amount of CO 2 emission in the middle and end stages of sampling in 60, 75, 90 and 105 day after sowing in non-stress conditions-FC100 was observed with 535.9, 534.5, 543.6 and 444.5 ppm.min -1 , respectively. In addition, its lowest amount was related to water stress-FC50 with 505.3, 499.8, 506.5 and 409.8 ppm.min -1 , respectively. The results showed that the highest amount of Co 2 emission was assigned to irrigation with urban wastewater with 536.5, 540.1, 538 and 516.9, respectively. Due to the increase in the plant growth rate and approaching the grain maturity, the amount of CO 2 emission increased with the increase in temperature, root system development, plant roots respiration and the soil microorganism’s activities. The highest amount of water productivity was observed in the non-stress condition FC100 with a 0.62 kg.m -3 . Which compared to water stress conditions-FC75 and FC50 increased by 43.5% and 51.6%, respectively. Also, the results showed that in the non-stress condition-FC100 and irrigation with urban wastewater, the highest pod number (304.8), grain number of per pod (665.1), 100-grain weight (18.7 g), grain yield (1060.4 kg.ha -1 ) and total dry matter (743.3 kg.ha -1 ) were obtained. In the condition of irrigation with urban wastewater, the highest number of pods, grain number of per pod, 100-grain weight, grain yield and total dry matter was observed with 234.5, 495.8, 18.5 g, 679.4 kg.ha -1 and 645.7 kg.ha -1 , respectively. While their lowest amount was assigned to water stress conditions-FC50 with 218.6, 483.3, 17.7 g, 555.1 kg.ha -1 and 625.5 kg.ha -1 , respectively. Optimum soil moisture conditions under non-stress conditions-FC100 and water stress conditions-FC75, especially when irrigating with urban wastewater, increased the yield and yield components by providing nutrients needed by the plant. Conclusion The results showed that in the early stages of soil sampling, irrigation management (source of irrigation) did not significantly affect the amount of CO 2 emission. However, in the middle and final stages of sampling, the growth and development of plant organs and increased soil respiration due to the development of the root system caused the release of CO 2 . This effect was more pronounced during irrigation with wastewater than with well water. Based on the findings, considering the water scarcity crisis and the challenge of water stress during the soybean growth season, it appears that accurate management and efficient use of wastewater resources is both inevitable and a suitable solution. Acknowledgement Sari Agricultural sciences and Natural Resources University (SANRU) financially supported this research under contract number: 02-1397-05.

Introduction The challenges of climate change and increasing greenhouse gas emissions have led to consequences such as global warming and successive droughts. Additionally, the rise in agricultural activities has significantly increased the pressure on available water resources. Consequently, it has become essential to consider wastewater resources. To make appropriate management decisions and find solutions to reduce CO 2 emissions in the agricultural sector, it is crucial to understand how soil moisture and sources of irrigation affect greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly CO 2 . Therefore, the aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of water stress and irrigation management on soil CO 2 emissions, water productivity, and soybean yield and yield components. Materials and Methods This research was carried out at Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources with latitude (36° 33′ N) and longitude (53° 00׳ E), elevation (14 m, above sea level), average temperature (17.9°C) and total of precipitation (650 mm), during the growing season (2022-2023). The experiment was carried out in the form of a split plot based on a randomized complete block design in three replications in growth season 1402-1403, Sari. Experimental treatments include; the main factor was water stress in three levels ((non-stress, FC100), FC75 and FC50) and the sub factor was irrigation management in two levels (Urban Wastewater (UWW) and Well Water (WW). Results and Discussion Based on the findings, the highest amount of CO 2 emission in the middle and end stages of sampling in 60, 75, 90 and 105 day after sowing in non-stress conditions-FC100 was observed with 535.9, 534.5, 543.6 and 444.5 ppm.min -1 , respectively. In addition, its lowest amount was related to water stress-FC50 with 505.3, 499.8, 506.5 and 409.8 ppm.min -1 , respectively. The results showed that the highest amount of Co 2 emission was assigned to irrigation with urban wastewater with 536.5, 540.1, 538 and 516.9, respectively. Due to the increase in the plant growth rate and approaching the grain maturity, the amount of CO 2 emission increased with the increase in temperature, root system development, plant roots respiration and the soil microorganism’s activities. The highest amount of water productivity was observed in the non-stress condition FC100 with a 0.62 kg.m -3 . Which compared to water stress conditions-FC75 and FC50 increased by 43.5% and 51.6%, respectively. Also, the results showed that in the non-stress condition-FC100 and irrigation with urban wastewater, the highest pod number (304.8), grain number of per pod (665.1), 100-grain weight (18.7 g), grain yield (1060.4 kg.ha -1 ) and total dry matter (743.3 kg.ha -1 ) were obtained. In the condition of irrigation with urban wastewater, the highest number of pods, grain number of per pod, 100-grain weight, grain yield and total dry matter was observed with 234.5, 495.8, 18.5 g, 679.4 kg.ha -1 and 645.7 kg.ha -1 , respectively. While their lowest amount was assigned to water stress conditions-FC50 with 218.6, 483.3, 17.7 g, 555.1 kg.ha -1 and 625.5 kg.ha -1 , respectively. Optimum soil moisture conditions under non-stress conditions-FC100 and water stress conditions-FC75, especially when irrigating with urban wastewater, increased the yield and yield components by providing nutrients needed by the plant. Conclusion The results showed that in the early stages of soil sampling, irrigation management (source of irrigation) did not significantly affect the amount of CO 2 emission. However, in the middle and final stages of sampling, the growth and development of plant organs and increased soil respiration due to the development of the root system caused the release of CO 2 . This effect was more pronounced during irrigation with wastewater than with well water. Based on the findings, considering the water scarcity crisis and the challenge of water stress during the soybean growth season, it appears that accurate management and efficient use of wastewater resources is both inevitable and a suitable solution. Acknowledgement Sari Agricultural sciences and Natural Resources University (SANRU) financially supported this research under contract number: 02-1397-05.