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Nuclear weapons must be dramatically reduced, if not eliminated, and greater reliance must be placed on conventional capabilities But the reduction question is how deep, how fast, and how much risk America is willing to tolerate. The post Cold War world has allowed America to place its nuclear forces in a closet and largely ignore the need to evolve a new nuclear strategy that meets the challenges of a much different world. Russia is on a path of societal reform with the lowest ever intent of using their massive nuclear arsenal. This cooperative relationship is a welcome change after 40 years of on-edge confrontation America is now the dominate superpower with the massive challenge to reshape new security arrangements in a world that welcomes such change. However, this fresh-air of cooperation also offers the luxury to cease grappling with the 40 year nuclear debate and neglect evolving Its strategy This is a reckless position now widely assumed by many policy makers and military leaders.

Nuclear weapons must be dramatically reduced, if not eliminated, and greater reliance must be placed on conventional capabilities But the reduction question is how deep, how fast, and how much risk America is willing to tolerate. The post Cold War world has allowed America to place its nuclear forces in a closet and largely ignore the need to evolve a new nuclear strategy that meets the challenges of a much different world. Russia is on a path of societal reform with the lowest ever intent of using their massive nuclear arsenal. This cooperative relationship is a welcome change after 40 years of on-edge confrontation America is now the dominate superpower with the massive challenge to reshape new security arrangements in a world that welcomes such change. However, this fresh-air of cooperation also offers the luxury to cease grappling with the 40 year nuclear debate and neglect evolving Its strategy This is a reckless position now widely assumed by many policy makers and military leaders.

Inequality and security consumption - uncertain, w/priming scen and real payoffs

Inequality and security consumption - uncertain, w/priming scen and real payoffs

Inequality and security consumption - uncertain, w/priming scen and real payoffs

Investing for an Uncertain Future-Priorities for UK Energy and Climate Security

Since the independence era in the 1960s, the nation building process in Central Africa has never gained the expected momentum to further social and economic development. Insecurity is among those forces holding back the emergence of modern states in the sub region. No other part of the Continent is so torn and ravaged by conflicts, rebellions and social unrest as this one. Political organizations and security agreements thought to bring peace and stability are powerless. The sub region is entangled in unthinkable difficulties and outnumbers other African sub regions in numbers of past and current peace keeping operations and security initiatives but still pains to find its ways to peace and stability. The scope of security problems to resolve seems unfathomable and solutions unachievable. The paper explains the rationale behind the failures and setbacks of local, regional and international community security initiatives; it outlines the scope of problems and argues about the need for a local truly all encompassing security arrangement and presents the challenges to tackle such as human rights, civilian leadership of the military, good governance, free election and political legitimacy as the prerequisite to further security and stability in Central Africa.

Major topics of this symposium include: (1) A National Security Strategy For A New Century, (2) National Military Strategy of the United States Of America, (3) Preparing Now For an Uncertain Future, (4) The Nature of Future Military Operations, (5) Transforming SOF for the 2020 Environment, (6) PSYOP and Information Operations-Integration and Interface, (7) SOF Aviation, (8) Civil Affairs Challenges of Post-Conflict Transitions in Failed Societies, (9) C4I: War in the Information Age for SOF, (10) Weapons Systems Modernization: The Future Demands Better, and (11) Waging Peace: SOF's Role in Peace Operations.

Iraq's uncertain future hangs like a pall over the Persian Gulf. Five years after sanctions were imposed, followed closely by a punishing war, the regime in Baghdad still clings to power. Moreover, despite Saddam Hussein's recent enforced cooperation with the United Nations, he has not complied with all relevant U.N. ceasefire resolutions. What lies ahead for Iraq? Is the current regime likely to survive? What difference does its survival or demise make to Gulf security? What challenges face the United States and the international community in dealing with Iraq in the near term as well as in the more distant future? As part of the Gulf War cease-fire, the United Nations, under American leadership, placed unprecedented constraints on Iraq. They have been imposed using various instruments, sanctioned by Security Council resolutions, and implemented by U.S. and allied forces. They include: (1) an austere sanctions regime which has deprived Iraq of oil revenues and all imports not related to sustenance and medical necessities; (2) a program to destroy Iraq's weapons of mass destruction (WMD) as well as intrusive monitoring to prevent future WMD production; (3) no fly zones in the north and south to limit Iraq's capacity for repressing its population; (4) rectification of Iraq's border with Kuwait and a monitored demilitarized border zone.

The New Zealand Defense Force (NZDF) is currently undergoing an unprecedented period of change. A Defense White Paper called for a review of the New Zealand Defense Force and recommended that the NZDF develop an amphibious capability and commence an integration of the three services around the capability of an ATF. The Ministry of Defense has issued a Capability Plan, which confirms the White Papers requirements and outlines the plan for the NZDF to 2035. It is ambitious in that it calls for an Amphibious Task Force (ATF) to be at the core of the NZDF by 2015 and for the NZDF to achieve a greater degree of integration by 2020. The NZDF has the capability to deploy an ATF and currently conducts limited amphibious operations in the South Pacific, both independently and with allied nations such as Australia, France, and the United States of America. The establishment of an ATF at the core of the NZDF will require a greater level of integration than currently exists. There are shortfalls in command and control infrastructure, doctrine, education, training, and joint culture that the NZDF will need to address in the medium term.

Investing for an Uncertain Future-Priorities for UK Energy and Climate Security

The objective of this paper is to introduce a novel security model for the encryption of uncertain rational data units represented as single-valued rational neutrosophic numbers by combining refined neutrosophic number theoretical concepts with the El Gamal public key crypto scheme. In addition, some applications on uncertain data units will be shown and illustrated.

The objective of this paper is to introduce a novel security model for the encryption of uncertain rational data units represented as single-valued rational neutrosophic numbers by combining refined neutrosophic number theoretical concepts with the El Gamal public key crypto scheme. In addition, some applications on uncertain data units will be shown and illustrated.

The objective of this paper is to introduce a novel security model for the encryption of uncertain rational data units represented as single-valued rational neutrosophic numbers by combining refined neutrosophic number theoretical concepts with the El Gamal public key crypto scheme. In addition, some applications on uncertain data units will be shown and illustrated.

The objective of this paper is to introduce a novel security model for the encryption of uncertain rational data units represented as single-valued rational neutrosophic numbers by combining refined neutrosophic number theoretical concepts with the El Gamal public key crypto scheme. In addition, some applications on uncertain data units will be shown and illustrated.

The objective of this paper is to introduce a novel security model for the encryption of uncertain rational data units represented as single-valued rational neutrosophic numbers by combining refined neutrosophic number theoretical concepts with the El Gamal public key crypto scheme. In addition, some applications on uncertain data units will be shown and illustrated.

Investing for an Uncertain Future-Priorities for UK Energy and Climate Security

Yemen is an important U.S. partner in the fight against terrorism and violent extremism. According to U.S. officials, al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) which is based in Yemen is one of the top national security threats facing the United States. AQAP has shown the intent and capability to carry out attacks against U.S. targets both in Yemen and in the United States, including the September 2008 bombing of the U.S. embassy in the Yemen capital, Sanaa, and the failed attempts to blow up a U.S.-bound airplane in December 2009 and to send packages containing explosives on two separate airplanes bound for the United States in October 2010. Further, Yemen faces severe economic and social challenges, such as escalating unemployment at a time when over half of the population is under 18 years old. These challenges have not only made the country internally unstable, they have also created an attractive environment for recruiting militants. As a result, in recent years, U.S policymakers have dedicated greater attention and resources to addressing threats emanating from Yemen. Recognizing both the variety of threats emanating from Yemen, as well as the significant increase in U.S. assistance to Yemen, a Senate report directed the Comptroller General to, among other things, review this assistance.

Yemen is an important U.S. partner in the fight against terrorism and violent extremism. According to U.S. officials, al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) which is based in Yemen is one of the top national security threats facing the United States. AQAP has shown the intent and capability to carry out attacks against U.S. targets both in Yemen and in the United States, including the September 2008 bombing of the U.S. embassy in the Yemen capital, Sanaa, and the failed attempts to blow up a U.S.-bound airplane in December 2009 and to send packages containing explosives on two separate airplanes bound for the United States in October 2010. Further, Yemen faces severe economic and social challenges, such as escalating unemployment at a time when over half of the population is under 18 years old. These challenges have not only made the country internally unstable, they have also created an attractive environment for recruiting militants. As a result, in recent years, U.S policymakers have dedicated greater attention and resources to addressing threats emanating from Yemen. Recognizing both the variety of threats emanating from Yemen, as well as the significant increase in U.S. assistance to Yemen, a Senate report directed the Comptroller General to, among other things, review this assistance.

The United States Marine Corps (USMC) has developed the Security Cooperation Marine Air Ground Task Force (SC MAGTF) concept of force employment that will enable partner nations to foster stability in their respective regions. The USMC is prepared to be the solitary architect of this force; however the proposed employment of the SC MAGTF is a bold unilateral endeavor. A regionally focused security cooperation force is the ideal employment construct for the Department of Defense (DOD) but it must sufficiently integrate United States government agency capabilities and incorporate joint force multipliers. This thesis analyzes the potential requirement for a specialized DOD security cooperation force and determines whether a joint and interagency venture will further enhance and legitimize the US Marine Corps? current employment concept. The aim of this research is to develop a significant contribution to the format of the SC MAGTF in order to ensure its success and permanent establishment within the regional civil-military arsenal.

The rapid and extreme changes taking place in Europe-most prominently, the breakup of the Soviet empire and the reunification of Germany- have led to an environment of extreme, multidimensional uncertainty. This uncertainty demands a focus on adaptive short-run planning that is sensitive to the underlying factors and that responds to prudent policies. This Note therefore has three purposes: To restate the case for adaptive short-run planning for Europe at a time of rapid change and great uncertainty. To structure systematically a set of underlying factors that should be considered in all current planning for European security, whether short or long run. By examining such factors rather than immediate events, its utility as policy analysis may last more than a month or two. To suggest precepts for prudent policies appropriate to current uncertainties. The short-run emphasis advocated here is not present as a precept for all occasions. Europe is a much better place now that we have won the Cold War. Nonetheless, the uncertainties stemming from the current radical turn in history are widespread, with many of them based on the economics of a continent reconstructing itself.