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Streamflow projections are fundamental sources for future water resources strategic planning and management, particularly in high-altitude scarcely-gauged basins located in high mountain Asia. Therefore, quantification of the climate change impacts on major hydrological components (evapotranspiration, soil water storage, snowmelt-runoff, rainfall-runoff and streamflow) is of high importance and remains a challenge. For this purpose, we analysed general circulation models (GCMs) using a multiple bias correction approach and two different hydrological models i.e. the Hydrological Modelling System (HEC-HMS) and the Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM), to examine the impact of climate change on the hydrological behaviour of the Jhelum River basin. Based on scrutiny, climate projections using four best fit CMIP5 GCMs (i.e. BCC-CSM1.1, INMCM4, IPSL-CM5A-LR and CMCC-CMS) were chosen by evaluating linear scaling, local intensity scaling (LOCI) and distribution mapping (DM) approaches at twenty climate stations. Subsequently, after calibration and validation of HEC-HMS and SRM at five streamflow gauging stations, the bias corrected projected climate data was integrated with HEC-HMS and SRM to simulate projected streamflow. Results demonstrate that the DM approach fitted the projections best. The climate projections exhibited maximum intra-annual rises in precipitation by 183.2 mm (12.74%) during the monsoon for RCP4.5 and a rise in Tmin (Tmax) by 4.77 °C (4.42 °C) during pre-monsoon, for RCP8.5 during 2090s. The precipitation and temperature rise is expected to expedite and increase snowmelt-runoff up to 48% and evapotranspiration and soil water storage up to 45%. The projections exhibited significant increases in streamflows by 330 m3/s (22.6%) for HEC-HMS and 449 m3/s (30.7%) for SRM during the pre-monfaf0000soon season by the 2090s under RCP8.5. Overall, our results reveal that the pre-monsoon season is potentially utmost affected under scenario-periods, and consequently, which has the potential to alter the precipitation and flow regime of the Jhelum River basin due to significant early snow- and glacier-melt.

A tour of the Antarctic cryosphere, including this look at a steep valley on the Antarctic Peninsula. We descended into a steep valley that was filled with ice flowing into the remnants of the former Larsen B Ice Shelf that broke apart a few years ago. The ice that’s flowing down through the valleys is pushing the ice in the ice shelves away and eventually huge chunks of ice break off and form icebergs. On the ice shelf the ice goes afloat and forms huge flat surfaces that seem to be endless. Beneath the ice is ocean water. NASA's Operation IceBridge mission comprises the largest airborne research campaign ever flown over Earth's polar region. The mission is designed to continue critical ice sheet measurements in a period between active satellite missions and help scientists understand how much the major ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica could contribute to sea level rise. This image was taken during the IceBridge Antarctic 2009 field campaign. Credit: NASA/Michael Studinger

The cryosphere consists of those parts of the Earth's surface where water is found in solid form, including areas of snow, sea ice, glaciers, permafrost, ice sheets, and icebergs. This animation shows a wealth of data collected from satellite observations of the cryosphere and the impact that recent cryospheric changes are making on our planet.

A Tour of the Cryosphere. Courtesy of NASA. Credits at the end of the video. The cryosphere consists of those parts of the Earth's surface where water is found in solid form, including areas of snow, sea ice, glaciers, permafrost, ice sheets, and icebergs. In these regions, surface temperatures remain below freezing for a portion of each year. Since ice and snow exist relatively close to their melting point, they frequently change from solid to liquid and back again due to fluctuations in surface temperature. Although direct measurements of the cryosphere can be difficult to obtain due to the remote locations of many of these areas, using satellite observations scientists monitor changes in the global and regional climate by observing how regions of the Earth's cryosphere shrink and expand. This animation portrays fluctuations in the cryosphere through observations collected from a variety of satellite-based sensors. The animation begins in Antarctica, showing ice thickness ranging from 2.7 to 4.8 kilometers thick along with swaths of polar stratospheric clouds. In a tour of this frozen continent, the animation shows some unique features of the Antarctic landscape found nowhere else on earth. Ice shelves, ice streams, glaciers, and the formation of massive icebergs can be seen. A time series shows the movement of iceberg B15A, an iceberg 295 kilometers in length which broke off of the Ross Ice Shelf in 2000. Moving farther along the coastline, a time series of the Larsen ice shelf shows the collapse of over 3,200 square kilometers ice since January 2002. As we depart from the Antarctic, we see the seasonal change of sea ice and how it nearly doubles the size of the continent during the winter. From Antarctica, the animation travels over South America showing areas of permafrost over this mostly tropical continent. We then move further north to observe daily changes in snow cover over the North American continent. The clouds show winter storms moving across the United States and Canada, leaving trails of snow cover behind. In a close-up view of the western US, we compare the difference in land cover between two years: 2003 when the region received a normal amount of snow and 2002 when little snow was accumulated. The difference in the surrounding vegetation due to the lack of spring melt water from the mountain snow pack is evident. As the animation moves from the western US to the Arctic region, the areas effected by permafrost are visible. In December, we see how the incoming solar radiation primarily heats the Southern Hemisphere. As time marches forward from December to June, the daily snow and sea ice recede as the incoming solar radiation moves northward to warm the Northern Hemisphere. Using satellite swaths that wrap the globe, the animation shows three types of instantaneous measurements of solar radiation observed on June 20, 2003: shortwave (reflected) radiation, longwave (thermal) radiation and net flux (showing areas of heating and cooling). Correlation between reflected radiation and clouds are evident. When the animation fades to show the monthly global average net flux, we see that the polar regions serve to cool the global climate by radiating solar energy back into space throughout the year. The animation shows a one-year cycle of the monthly average Arctic sea ice concentration followed by the mean September minimum sea ice for each year from 1979 through 2004. A red outline indicates the mean sea ice extent for September over 22 years, from 1979 to 2002. The minimum Arctic sea ice animation clearly shows how over the last 5 years the quantity of polar ice has decreased by 10 - 14% from the 22 year average.

NASA Explorers is a new digital series that takes you inside the space agency and follows the pioneers, risk-takers and experts at the front line of exploration. Season 1, “Cryosphere,” joins NASA scientists on their journey to the frozen ends of the Earth as they study our rapidly changing world from satellites, planes and boots on the ground. The Cryosphere is a place we all depend on, but many of us will never go to. As temperatures rise, the frozen regions of Earth are changing rapidly. NASA scientists are locked in a race against time to understand our shifting climate and how it affects life on Earth.

The cryosphere consists of those parts of the Earth's surface where water is found in solid form, including areas of snow, sea ice, glaciers, permafrost, ice sheets, and icebergs. In these regions, surface temperatures remain below freezing for a portion of each year. Since ice and snow exist relatively close to their melting point, they frequently change from solid to liquid and back again due to fluctuations in surface temperature. Although direct measurements of the cryosphere can be difficult to obtain due to the remote locations of many of these areas, using satellite observations scientists monitor changes in the global and regional climate by observing how regions of the Earth's cryosphere shrink and expand.This animation portrays fluctuations in the cryosphere through observations collected from a variety of satellite-based sensors. The animation begins in Antarctica, showing some unique features of the Antarctic landscape found nowhere else on earth. Ice shelves, ice streams, glaciers, and the formation of massive icebergs can be seen clearly in the flyover of the

The cryosphere consists of those parts of the Earth's surface where water is found in solid form, including areas of snow, sea ice, glaciers, permafrost, ice sheets, and icebergs. In these regions, surface temperatures remain below freezing for a portion of each year. Since ice and snow exist relatively close to their melting point, they frequently change from solid to liquid and back again due to fluctuations in surface temperature. Although direct measurements of the cryosphere can be difficult to obtain due to the remote locations of many of these areas, using satellite observations scientists monitor changes in the global and regional climate by observing how regions of the Earth's cryosphere shrink and expand.This animation portrays fluctuations in the cryosphere through observations collected from a variety of satellite-based sensors. The animation begins in Antarctica, showing some unique features of the Antarctic landscape found nowhere else on earth. Ice shelves, ice streams, glaciers, and the formation of massive icebergs can be seen clearly in the flyover of the

A general description of the remote sensing of cryosphere surface temperatures from satellites will be provided. This will give historical information on surface-temperature measurements from space. There will also be a detailed description of measuring the surface temperature of the Greenland Ice Sheet using Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data which will be the focus of the presentation. Enhanced melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet has been documented in recent literature along with surface-temperature increases measured using infrared satellite data since 1981. Using a recently-developed climate data record, trends in the clear-sky ice-surface temperature (IST) of the Greenland Ice Sheet have been studied using the MODIS IST product. Daily and monthly MODIS ISTs of the Greenland Ice Sheet beginning on 1 March 2000 and continuing through 31 December 2010 are now freely available to download at 6.25-km spatial resolution on a polar stereographic grid. Maps showing the maximum extent of melt for the entire ice sheet and for the six major drainage basins have been developed from the MODIS IST dataset. Twelve-year trends of the duration of the melt season on the ice sheet vary in different drainage basins with some basins melting progressively earlier over the course of the study period. Some (but not all) of the basins also show a progressively-longer duration of melt. The consistency of this IST record, with temperature and melt records from other sources will be discussed.

Perma.cc archive of https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/ created on 2022-07-29 17:40:25.326949+00:00.

Perma.cc archive of https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/ created on 2022-07-29 17:40:25.326949+00:00.

This manuscript is a collection of problems and solutions related to modeling the cryosphere using the finite element software FEniCS. Included is an introduction to the finite element method; solutions to a variety of problems in one, two, and three dimensions; an overview of popular stabilization techniques for numerically-unstable problems; and an introduction to the governing equations of ice-sheet dynamics with associated FEniCS implementations. The software developed for this project, Cryospheric Problem Solver (CSLVR), is fully open-source and has been designed with the goal of simplifying many common tasks associated with modeling the cryosphere. CSLVR possesses the ability to download popular geological and geographical data, easily convert between geographical projections, develop sophisticated two- or three-dimensional finite-element meshes, convert data between many popular formats, and produce production-quality images of data. Scripts are presented which model the flow of ice using geometry defined by mathematical functions and observed Antarctic and Greenland ice-sheets data. A new way of solving the internal energy distribution of ice to match observed intra-ice water contents within temperate regions is thoroughly explained.

Released on March 27, 2009, FROZEN is NASA's second major production for the Science On a Sphere platform, a novel cinema-in-the-round technology developed by the Space Agency's sibling NOAA. Viewers see the Earth suspended in darkness as if it were floating in space. Moving across the planet's face, viewers see the undulating wisps of clouds, the ephemeral sweep of fallen snow, the churning crash of shifting ice, and more. FROZEN brings the Earth alive. Turning in space, the sphere becomes a portal onto a virtual planet, complete with churning, swirling depictions of huge natural forces moving below. FROZEN features the global cryosphere, those places on Earth where the temperature doesn't generally rise above water's freezing point. As one of the most directly observable climate gauges, the changing cryosphere serves as a proxy for larger themes. But just as thrilling as this unusual--and unusually realistic--look at the planet's structure and behavior is the sheer fun and fascination of looking at a spherically shaped movie. FROZEN bends the rules of cinema, revealing new ways to tell exciting, valuable stories of all kinds. The movie may be FROZEN, but the experience itself rockets along. Note: Designed exclusively for playback on spherical projections surfaces, FROZEN introduces mainstream audiences to the cryosphere--places on Earth where the temperatures don't rise above water's freezing point. The following trailer showcases some of the visual themes contained in the movie and points to the film's main website.This film has been prepared exclusively for playback on spherical projections systems. It will not appear in its proper format on a traditional computer or television screen. If you are interested in dowloading the complete final movie file for spherical playback, please visit :

Near the Bering Glacier Global Fiducial site in southern Alaska large cryospheric fluctuations occur in a region of upper crustal faulting and folding associated with collision and accretion of the Yakutat terrane. In this study we report constraints on seasonal, annual and decadal cryospheric changes estimated over the last decade from field, aircraft and satellite measurements, and we evaluate the influence of cryospheric changes on the background seismic rate. Multi-year images from the Bering Glacier global fiducial site are available since mid-2003 to constrain changes in extent of the Bering Glacier and to discern feature changes in the glacial surface. Starting around the same time, satellite gravimetric measurements from the Gravity Recovery and Climate experiment (GRACE) commenced. Large spatial-scale mass change calculated from the GRACE 1deg x 1deg mascon solution of Luthcke et al. [2012] indicate a general trend of annual ice mass loss for southern Alaska but with large, variable seasonal mass fluctuations. Since 2007, the station position of a continuous GPS site near Cape Yakataga (Alaska EarthScope PBO site, AB35) has been available as well. In addition to changes in the geodetic position due to tectonic motion, this GPS station shows large seasonal excursions in the detrended vertical and horizontal position components consistent with snow loading in the fall and winter and melt onset/mass decrease in the spring/summer. To better understand the timing of processes responsible for the onset of cryospheric mass loss documented in the GRACE data, we examined changes in the snow cover extent and the onset of melt in the spring. We calculated the surface displacements of the solid Earth and theoretical earthquake failure criteria associated with these annual and seasonal ice and snow changes using layered elastic half-space. Additionally, we compared the seismic rate (M>1.8) from a reference background time period against other time periods with variable ice or tectonic change characteristics to test the significance of seismic rate changes. Our earlier results suggest statistically significant changes in the background seismic rate associated with large seasonal mass changes. INDEX

Perma.cc archive of https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/ created on 2022-06-03 09:20:42.427144+00:00.

Perma.cc archive of https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/sotc/sea_ice.html created on 2016-08-26 23:22:05+00:00.

First Wednesdays - On Thin Ice: Climate Change in the Cryosphere - 2015

The flight on Nov. 16 took scientists through a tour of the Antarctic cryosphere, including this look at a steep valley on the Peninsula. Small caps of stagnant ice cover the summits while the ice in the valley moves quickly towards the coast. Credit: Michael Studinger, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory

The type of information system that is needed to meet the requirements of ocean, coastal, and polar region users was examined. The requisite qualities of the system are: (1) availability, (2) accessibility, (3) responsiveness, (4) utility, (5) continuity, and (6) NASA participation. The system would not displace existing capabilities, but would have to integrate and expand the capabilities of existing systems and resolve the deficiencies that currently exist in producer-to-user information delivery options.

This animation portrays fluctuations in the cryosphere through observations collected from a variety of satellite-based sensors. The animation begins in Antarctica, showing ice thickness ranging from 2.7 to 4.8 kilometers thick along with swaths of polar stratospheric clouds. In a tour of this frozen continent, the animation shows some unique features of the Antarctic landscape found nowhere else on earth. Ice shelves, ice streams, glaciers, and the formation of massive icebergs can be seen.

Global warming has already had a significant impact on social ecosystems. The Tibetan Plateau (TP), which is characterized by a cryosphere, is also recognized to have a profound influence on regional and global climate systems, as well as the ecological economy. Therefore, research on the cryosphere is of significant importance. This paper comprehensively reviews the current status and recent changes of the cryosphere (e.g., glacier, snow cover, and frozen ground) in the TP from the perspectives of observations and simulations. Because of enhanced climate warming in the TP, a large portion of glaciers have experienced significant retreat since the 1960s, with obvious regional differences. The retreat is the smallest in the TP interior, and gradually increases towards the edges. Glacier simulations are comparatively few and still under development. Snow cover is a highly sensitive element of the cryosphere and decreases with large interdecadal variations from the 1960s to the 2010s in general. Simulations of snow cover mostly focus on the mutual feedback between the snow cover anomaly, climate and atmospheric circulation. In situ observations and simulations both indicate that the mean annual temperature of frozen ground increases, causing permafrost thaw and degradation and decreasing the seasonal freeze depth of seasonally frozen ground. Under future climate warming, the cryospheric elements in the TP will continue to diminish on the whole. Studies of climate and the cryosphere are ongoing. To date, the lack of observations is the biggest challenge on the TP, resulting in a divergence of cryosphere dynamics and its simulation being a bottleneck. To overcome these issues, a strategy that combines sets of in situ and remote sensing measurements and improved numerical models is of great importance for achieving breakthroughs with respect to research on the TP cryosphere and its interaction with climate.

The alpine cryosphere including snow, glaciers and permafrost are critical to water management in the Aral Sea Basin (ASB) and larger Central Asia (CA) under changing climate: as they store large amounts of water in its solid forms. Most cryospheric components in the Aral Sea Basin are close to melting point, and hence very vulnerable to a slight increase in air temperature with significant consequences to long-term water availability and to water resources variability and extremes. Current knowledge about different components of cryosphere and their connection to climate in the Basin and in the entire Central Asia, varies. While it is advanced in the topics of snow and glaciers, knowledge on permafrost it rather limited. Observed trends in runoff point in the direction of increasing water availability in July and August at least until mid-century and increasing possibility for water storage in reservoirs and aquifers. However, eventually this will change as glaciers waste away. Future runoff may change considerably after mid-century and start to decline if not compensated by increasing precipitation. Cryosphere monitoring systems are the basis for sound estimates of water availability and water-related hazards associated with snow, glaciers and permafrost. They require a well-distributed observational network for all cryospheric variables. Such systems need to be re-established in the Basin after the breakup of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s. This process is slowly emerging in the region. Collaboration between local operational hydro-meteorological services and academic sector, and with international research networks may improving the observing capabilities in high mountain regions of CA Asia in general and the ASB specifically.

Changes in the area and volume of polar ice sheets are intricately linked with changes in global climate and may severely impact the densely populated coastal regions on Earth. Melting of the West Antarctic part of the ice sheet alone could cause a sea-level rise of as much as 8 m. The potential sea level rise for the entire Antarctic ice sheet is estimated to be 73 m. Global climate is changing, and with it the volume of ice. The purpose of the work was to map recent changes in the coastline of Antarctica and to establish an accurate baseline series of 1:1,000,000-scale maps that define, from the analysis of Landsat images, the glaciological characteristics of the coastline of Antarctica during two time intervals (mid-i 970's and late 1980's/early 1990's). A total of 240 separate map drawings have been completed-all of them based on interpretation of Landsat images. These form the basis for a series of 24 coastal maps being produced by the US Geological Survey. (AN)

Quantitative reconstruction of climatic parameters from both oceanic and continental records shows several time scales of the successive glacial-interglacial episodes that have characterized the Earth's climate about the past million years. For example, after analyzing data from the 2,083 m ice core recovered by the Soviet Antarctic Expeditions at Vostok (East Antarctic), Jouzel et al. (1982) found several peaks (25.3, 45.7, and 107.5 kyr) in the variation spectra of the Vostok isotope temperature, and related these peaks to the astronomical forcing, i.e., the obliquity of the Earth's axis (period at 41 kyr) and the precession of the equinox (periods at 23 and 19 kyr). Is the climatic variation purely caused by the external forcing? If so, the climate prediction would be relatively simple because it becomes the forecast of the Earth's orbit tilt and precession. In fact, the climate system is much more complicated. The climatic variation is caused by both external and internal sources.

The Earth continues to have a third of the ice that it had at the peak of the last ice age, although that ice continues to decrease, as it has, overall, for the past 18,000 years. Over the last 100 years, the retreat signal has been especially strong in ice shelves of the Arctic and along the Antarctic Peninsula, with a more mixed signal elsewhere. For instance, since the early 1990s the massive Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have thinned along the coasts but thickened in the interior, and since the late 1970s sea ice has decreased in the Arctic but increased (slightly) in the Antarctic. Major difficulties in the interpretations of the climate record come from the high interannual variability of most cryosphere components and the lack of consistent long-term global data records, the latter problem now being slowly remedied, in part, through satellite technology.

A new HD version of this animation is available

A newer version of this animation is available

Our Island Story was first published in 1905 and became an instant classic. Beginning with the Romans and following the triumphs and foibles of the good, not so good and the downright despicable figures of history; we are treated to a dazzling montage of kings, queens, barons, knights, explorers, movers and shakers that have played a key role in the history of England. Marshall freely mixes folk tale with historical fact and in so doing paints a very vivid picture of the past in a style reminiscent of all that is finest in the children’s story telling tradition.This is the first section of that work and will carry you from the time when Tacitus first sang the praises of Britannica to his Roman readers up to the vicious and bloodthirsty confusion that is the War of the Roses (about 1500 years). (Summary by Jim)<br /><br />Part 2 of this book may be found at <a href="http://librivox.org/our-island-story-part-2-by-he-marshall/" target="_blank">http://librivox.org/our-island-story-part-2-by-he-marshall/</a>.

Our Island Story was first published in 1905 and became an instant classic. Beginning with the Romans and following the triumphs and foibles of the good, not so good and the downright despicable figures of history; we are treated to a dazzling montage of kings, queens, barons, knights, explorers, movers and shakers that have played a key role in the history of England. Marshall freely mixes folk tale with historical fact and in so doing paints a very vivid picture of the past in a style reminiscent of all that is finest in the children’s story-telling tradition. This is the second section of that work and will carry you from the convoluted and bloody ‘Wars of the Roses’ up to the death of Queen Victoria and the resolution of the Boer War. Please be advised that this book was written in the early years of the 20th century and there will be words and phrases used then, in all innocence, that are considered politically incorrect in this age. It’s perfectly fine for children to listen to but please ensure there is someone on hand who can explain these terms in a mature fashion.(Summary by Jim)<br /><br />Part 1 of this book may be found at <a href="https://librivox.org/our-island-story-part-1-by-he-marshall/" target="_blank">https://librivox.org/our-island-story-part-1-by-he-marshall/</a>.

3This Country of Ours, Part 1

By Henrietta Elizabeth Marshall

Another fine history book for children! Published in 1917, Marshall&#8217;s book of stories from the history of the United States begins with accounts of exploration and settlement, and ends with the presidency of Woodrow Wilson.<br /><br /> This is Part 1: Stories of Explorers and Pioneers, from Leif Ericson to Sir Walter Raleigh. Read along and view the original illustrations at <a href="http://www.mainlesson.com/display.php?author=marshall&book=country&story=_contents">mainlesson.com</a>. <br /><br /> Part 2: <a href="http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-2-by-h-e-marshall/">http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-2-by-h-e-marshall/</a><br /> Part 3: <a href="http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-3-by-h-e-marshall/">http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-3-by-h-e-marshall/</a><br /> Part 4: <a href="http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-4-by-h-e-marshall/">http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-4-by-h-e-marshall/</a><br /> Part 5: <a href="http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-5-by-h-e-marshall/">http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-5-by-h-e-marshall/</a><br /> Part 6: <a href="http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-6-by-h-e-marshall/">http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-6-by-h-e-marshall/</a><br /> Part 7: <a href="http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-7-by-henrietta-elizabeth-marshall/">http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-7-by-henrietta-elizabeth-marshall/</a><br />(Summary by Kara)

4Sinking of the Titanic and Great Sea Disasters

By Logan Marshall

This is a detailed and accurate account of the most awful marine disaster in history, constructed from the real facts as obtained from those on board who survived (gutenberg.org)

Principles of Economics was a leading economics textbook of Alfred Marshall (1842-1924), first published in 1890. Marshall began writing the book in 1881, and he spent much of the next decade at work on it.<br /><br />His plan for the work gradually extended to a two-volume compilation on the whole of economic thought; the first volume was published in 1890 to worldwide acclaim that established him as one of the leading economists of his time. It brought the ideas of supply and demand, of marginal utility and of the costs of production into a coherent whole, and became the dominant economic textbook in England for a long period. The second volume, which was to address foreign trade, money, trade fluctuations, taxation, and collectivism, was never published at all. (Summary from Wikipedia)<br /><br />This reading is based on the eighth edition, published in 1920.

Principles of Economics was a leading economics textbook of Alfred Marshall (1842-1924), first published in 1890. Marshall began writing the Principles of Economics in 1881 and he spent much of the next decade at work on the treatise. His plan for the work gradually extended to a two-volume compilation on the whole of economic thought; the first volume was published in 1890 to worldwide acclaim that established him as one of the leading economists of his time. It brought the ideas of supply and demand, of marginal utility and of the costs of production into a coherent whole, and became the dominant economic textbook in England for a long period. The second volume, which was to address foreign trade, money, trade fluctuations, taxation, and collectivism, was never published at all. (Wikipedia)<br /><br />The recording is based on the eighth edition, published in 1920.

7Myths and Legends of All Nations

By Logan Marshall

This excellent book contains many great stories from the various mythologies of man throughout the ages.

Principles of Economics was a leading economics textbook of Alfred Marshall (1842-1924), first published in 1890. Marshall began writing the book in 1881, and he spent much of the next decade at work on it.<br /><br />His plan for the work gradually extended to a two-volume compilation on the whole of economic thought; the first volume was published in 1890 to worldwide acclaim that established him as one of the leading economists of his time. It brought the ideas of supply and demand, of marginal utility and of the costs of production into a coherent whole, and became the dominant economic textbook in England for a long period. The second volume, which was to address foreign trade, money, trade fluctuations, taxation, and collectivism, was never published at all. (Summary from Wikipedia)<br /><br />This reading is based on the eighth edition, published in 1920.

Principles of Economics was a leading economics textbook of Alfred Marshall (1842-1924), first published in 1890. Marshall began writing the book in 1881, and he spent much of the next decade at work on it.<br /><br />His plan for the work gradually extended to a two-volume compilation on the whole of economic thought; the first volume was published in 1890 to worldwide acclaim that established him as one of the leading economists of his time. It brought the ideas of supply and demand, of marginal utility and of the costs of production into a coherent whole, and became the dominant economic textbook in England for a long period. The second volume, which was to address foreign trade, money, trade fluctuations, taxation, and collectivism, was never published at all. (Summary from Wikipedia)<br /><br />This reading is based on the eighth edition, published in 1920.

Principles of Economics was a leading economics textbook of Alfred Marshall (1842-1924), first published in 1890. Marshall began writing the book in 1881, and he spent much of the next decade at work on it.<br /><br />His plan for the work gradually extended to a two-volume compilation on the whole of economic thought; the first volume was published in 1890 to worldwide acclaim that established him as one of the leading economists of his time. It brought the ideas of supply and demand, of marginal utility and of the costs of production into a coherent whole, and became the dominant economic textbook in England for a long period. The second volume, which was to address foreign trade, money, trade fluctuations, taxation, and collectivism, was never published at all. (Summary from Wikipedia)<br /><br />This reading is based on the eighth edition, published in 1920.

Principles of Economics was a leading economics textbook of Alfred Marshall (1842-1924), first published in 1890. Marshall began writing the Principles of Economics in 1881 and he spent much of the next decade at work on the treatise. His plan for the work gradually extended to a two-volume compilation on the whole of economic thought.<br /><br />The first volume was published in 1890 to worldwide acclaim that established him as one of the leading economists of his time. It brought the ideas of supply and demand, of marginal utility and of the costs of production into a coherent whole, and became the dominant economic textbook in England for a long period. The second volume, which was to address foreign trade, money, trade fluctuations, taxation, and collectivism, was never published at all. (Wikipedia).<br /><br />This reading is based on the eighth edition, published in 1920.

Principles of Economics was a leading economics textbook of Alfred Marshall (1842-1924), first published in 1890. Marshall began writing the book in 1881, and he spent much of the next decade at work on it.<br /><br />His plan for the work gradually extended to a two-volume compilation on the whole of economic thought; the first volume was published in 1890 to worldwide acclaim that established him as one of the leading economists of his time. It brought the ideas of supply and demand, of marginal utility and of the costs of production into a coherent whole, and became the dominant economic textbook in England for a long period. The second volume, which was to address foreign trade, money, trade fluctuations, taxation, and collectivism, was never published at all. (Summary from Wikipedia)<br /><br />This reading is based on the eighth edition, published in 1920.

The brave warrior, Beowulf, comes to the aid of King Hrothgar when he hears that Grendel, a horrible monster, is terrorizing the inhabitants of Hart Hall. Beowulf heroically battles Grendel, the Water Witch, and a fierce dragon. (Summary by Laura Caldwell)

14This Country of Ours, Part 2

By Henrietta Elizabeth Marshall

Another fine history book for children! Published in 1917, Marshall&#8217;s book of stories from the history of the United States begins with accounts of exploration and settlement, and ends with the presidency of Woodrow Wilson.<br /><br /> This is Part 2: Stories of Virginia, from chapter 13 (Captain John Smith) to chapter 21 (The Knights of the Golden Horseshoe). Read along and view the original illustrations at <a href="http://www.mainlesson.com/display.php?author=marshall&book=country&story=_contents">mainlesson.com</a>. <br /><br /> Part 1: <a href="http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-1-by-he-marshall/">http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-1-by-he-marshall/</a><br /> Part 3: <a href="http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-3-by-h-e-marshall/">http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-3-by-h-e-marshall/</a><br /> Part 4: <a href="http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-4-by-h-e-marshall/">http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-4-by-h-e-marshall/</a><br /> Part 5: <a href="http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-5-by-h-e-marshall/">http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-5-by-h-e-marshall/</a><br /> Part 6: <a href="http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-6-by-h-e-marshall/">http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-6-by-h-e-marshall/</a><br /> Part 7: <a href="http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-7-by-henrietta-elizabeth-marshall/">http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-7-by-henrietta-elizabeth-marshall/</a><br />(Summary by Kara)

15This Country of Ours, Part 3

By Henrietta Elizabeth Marshall

Another fine history book for children! Published in 1917, Marshall's book of stories from the history of the United States begins with accounts of exploration and settlement, and ends with the presidency of Woodrow Wilson.<br /><br /> This is Part 3: Stories of New England, from chapter 22 (The Story of the Pilgrim Fathers) to chapter 34 (The Witches of Salem). Read along and view the original illustrations at <a href="http://www.mainlesson.com/display.php?author=marshall&book=country&story=_contents">mainlesson.com</a>. <br /><br /> Part 1: <a href="http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-1-by-he-marshall/">http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-1-by-he-marshall/</a><br /> Part 2: <a href="http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-2-by-h-e-marshall/">http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-2-by-h-e-marshall/</a><br /> Part 4: <a href="http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-4-by-h-e-marshall/">http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-4-by-h-e-marshall/</a></br> Part 5: <a href="http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-5-by-h-e-marshall/">http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-5-by-h-e-marshall/</a></br> Part 6: <a href="http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-6-by-h-e-marshall/">http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-6-by-h-e-marshall/</a></br> Part 7: <a href="http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-7-by-henrietta-elizabeth-marshall/">http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-7-by-henrietta-elizabeth-marshall/</a><br />(Summary by Kara)

16This Country of Ours, Part 4

By Henrietta Elizabeth Marshall

Another fine history book for children! Published in 1917, Marshall&#8217;s book of stories from the history of the United States begins with accounts of exploration and settlement, and ends with the presidency of Woodrow Wilson.<br /><br /> This is Part 4: Stories of the Middle and Southern Colonies, from chapter 35 (The Founding of Maryland) to chapter 44 (The Founding of Georgia). Read along and view the original illustrations at <a href="http://www.mainlesson.com/display.php?author=marshall&book=country&story=_contents">mainlesson.com</a>.<br /><br /> Part 1: <a href="http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-1-by-he-marshall/">http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-1-by-he-marshall/</a><br /> Part 2: <a href="http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-2-by-h-e-marshall/">http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-2-by-h-e-marshall/</a><br /> Part 3: <a href="http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-3-by-h-e-marshall/">http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-3-by-h-e-marshall/</a><br /> Part 5: <a href="http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-5-by-h-e-marshall/">http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-5-by-h-e-marshall/</a></br> Part 6: <a href="http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-6-by-h-e-marshall/">http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-6-by-h-e-marshall/</a></br> Part 7: <a href="http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-7-by-henrietta-elizabeth-marshall/">http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-7-by-henrietta-elizabeth-marshall/</a><br />(Summary by Kara)

17This Country of Ours, Part 5

By Henrietta Elizabeth Marshall

Another fine history book for children! Published in 1917, Marshall&#8217;s book of stories from the history of the United States begins with accounts of exploration and settlement, and ends with the presidency of Woodrow Wilson.<br /><br /> This is Part 5: Stories of the French in America, from chapter 45 (How the Mississippi was Discovered) to chapter 50 (The Rebellion of Pontiac). Read along and view the original illustrations at <a href="http://www.mainlesson.com/display.php?author=marshall&book=country&story=_contents">http://mainlesson.com/</a> .<br /><br /> Part 1: <a href="http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-1-by-he-marshall/">http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-1-by-he-marshall/</a><br /> Part 2: <a href="http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-2-by-h-e-marshall/">http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-2-by-h-e-marshall/</a><br /> Part 3: <a href="http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-3-by-h-e-marshall/">http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-3-by-h-e-marshall/</a><br /> Part 4: <a href="http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-4-by-h-e-marshall/">http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-4-by-h-e-marshall/</a></br> Part 6: <a href="http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-6-by-h-e-marshall/">http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-6-by-h-e-marshall/</a></br> Part 7: <a href="http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-7-by-henrietta-elizabeth-marshall/">http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-7-by-henrietta-elizabeth-marshall/</a><br />(Summary by Kara)

18This Country of Ours, Part 6

By Henrietta Elizabeth Marshall

Another fine history book for children! Published in 1917, Marshall&#8217;s book of stories from the history of the United States begins with accounts of exploration and settlement, and ends with the presidency of Woodrow Wilson.<br /><br /> This is Part 6: Stories of the Struggle for Liberty, from chapter 51 (The Boston Tea-Party) to chapter 63 (A Turning Point in the World's History). Read along and view the original illustrations at <a href="http://www.mainlesson.com/display.php?author=marshall&book=country&story=_contents">http://mainlesson.com/</a>.<br /><br /> Part 1: <a href="http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-1-by-he-marshall/">http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-1-by-he-marshall/</a><br /> Part 2: <a href="http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-2-by-h-e-marshall/">http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-2-by-h-e-marshall/</a><br /> Part 3: <a href="http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-3-by-h-e-marshall/">http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-3-by-h-e-marshall/</a><br /> Part 4: <a href="http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-4-by-h-e-marshall/">http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-4-by-h-e-marshall/</a></br> Part 5: <a href="http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-5-by-h-e-marshall/">http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-5-by-h-e-marshall/</a></br> Part 6: <a href="http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-6-by-h-e-marshall/">http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-6-by-h-e-marshall/</a><br />(Summary by Kara)

19This Country of Ours, Part 7

By Henrietta Elizabeth Marshall

Another fine history book for children! Published in 1917, Marshall&#8217;s book of stories from the history of the United States begins with accounts of exploration and settlement, and ends with the presidency of Woodrow Wilson.<br><br> This is Part 7: Stories of the United States under the Constitution, from chapter 64 (Washington First in War, First in Peace) to chapter 99 (Wilson - The Great War). Read along and view the original illustrations at <a href="http://www.mainlesson.com/display.php?author=marshall&book=country&story=_contents">mainlesson.com</a><br><br> Part 1: <a href="http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-1-by-he-marshall/">http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-1-by-he-marshall/</a><br> Part 2: <a href="http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-2-by-h-e-marshall/">http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-2-by-h-e-marshall/</a><br> Part 3: <a href="http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-3-by-h-e-marshall/">http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-3-by-h-e-marshall/</a><br> Part 4: <a href="http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-4-by-h-e-marshall/">http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-4-by-h-e-marshall/</a></br> Part 5: <a href="http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-5-by-h-e-marshall/">http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-5-by-h-e-marshall/</a></br> Part 6: <a href="https://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-6-by-h-e-marshall/">http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-6-by-h-e-marshall/</a><br> Part 7: <a href="http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-7-by-henrietta-elizabeth-marshall/">http://librivox.org/this-country-of-ours-part-7-by-henrietta-elizabeth-marshall/</a><br>(Summary by Kara)

20Wonder Book of Bible Stories

By Logan Marshall

It is with the desire of aiding parents and teachers in telling these stories, and aiding children to understand them, also in the hope that they may be read in many schools, that a few among the many interesting stories in the Bible have been chosen, brought together and as far as necessary simplified to meet the minds of the young. - Introduction by Jesse Lyman Hurlbut inside the book itself.

This book gives an exciting account of Napoleon's rise to power. It opens with his humble beginning on the island of Corsica and ultimately emperor of over half of Europe. This book focuses on his victorious military campaigns, his disastrous Russian campaign, his exile to the island of Elba, his final loss at Waterloo, and his last days on the lonely island of St. Helena. Summary by pjcsaville.

22Favorite Fairy Tales

By Logan Marshall

This is a collection of the fairy tales that children love best, told in simple language and lavishly illustrated. They are written by various authors, a selection of the best and most popular fairy stories, culled from many sources and here collected and presented in most attractive form, printed in large clear type, with many pictures, some of them colored. (Summary from the book)<br><br>Read along and view the illustrations at <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/20748"> Project Gutenberg</a>

23Life of Washington, Volume 1

By John James Marshall

If it be true that it takes a great man to interpret the life of a great man then Bushrod Washington made no mistake in the selection of a biographer. For Marshall, under the influence of Washington, came to be nearly as great a man as the character whose life and achievement held his deepest thought for nearly a quarter of a century. . . . Marshall's sympathetic understanding of his subject, his firsthand knowledge of events with his remarkable powers of expression qualified him to produce the masterpiece that has come down to us.

24Cedric the Forester

By Bernard Gay Marshall

A rollicking juvenile adventure tale, this historical fiction book received the Newbery Honor award in 1922. Set in England during the early 1200s, the scion of a Western Marches noble family relates the many encounters and battles that he faces with the Saxon yeoman who becomes his fast friend. This yeoman, great of cross-bow skill and strategy, often saves the day, and after earning knighthood, becomes instrumental in the making of the Magna Carta. - Summary by Lynette Caulkins

25Life of Washington, Volume 2

By John James Marshall

Volume 2 of The Life begins with some early biography, but moves quickly to Washington's military career as a colonel in the battles against the French in Canada until the cessation of his tenure, after which he marries and appears to settle down. But, of course he is called to lead the troops fighting in the revolution against England about which leadership the remaining of Volume 2 is dedicated to the point of the American rejection of England's Plan for Reconciliation.

26Life of Washington, Volume 3

By John James Marshall

Volume 3 of The Life continues the Revolutionary War from the incursion into Jersey in 1778 to its conclusion with the surrender of Lord Cornwallis in 1781 at Yorktown, with emphasis on the role of George Washington, Commander-in-Chief of the United States forces.

27Life of Washington, Volume 4

By John James Marshall

This fourth volume covers the final battles and the peace conditions of the war, Washington at home, Washington as first President, and the internal battles to hammer out a new and heretofore unseen government.

28Life of Washington, Volume 5

By John James Marshall

Volume five of John Marshall's biography follows Washington through his second term ending in the election of John Adams and Washington's retirement to Mount Vernon. This narrative continues the careful and intriguing analysis of the subjects of the previous volume as America navagtes with Washington's wise captaincy the complicated and sometimes violent foreign and domestic conflicts of the young, developing nation.

29English Literature for Boys and Girls

By Henrietta Elizabeth Marshall

"Has there ever been a time when no stories were told? Has there ever been a people who did not care to listen? I think not." Thus begins a journey through the history of English literature, from the early middle ages to the Victorian era. The young person will experience the most well-loved characters of all time, from Beowulf, the warrior who dares to challenge a terrifying and bloodthirsty monster, to virtuous Una of The Faerie Queene, faithful to the end. H. E. Marshall masterfully weaves selections from the stories into her own retelling, leaving the reader with a keen appreciation for the great books that have become the foundation of Western culture. - Summary by cadastra

Book of Bible stories from the Old and New Testaments, in language easy for children to understand. - Summary by Ron Altman

Love fairy tales? We all do, and here are some of our "Favorite Fairy Tales." Come join us to the land of China to hear the story of "Aladdin", hear about Jack and how he climbs to treasure in "Jack and the Beanstalk," come to the woods and eat a candy house in "Hansel and Gretel." And there are so many more to listen to! - Summary by T. Craft<br><br> Additional editing by afutterer

32Short History of Greek Philosophy

By John Marshall

History of Ancient Greek philosophy from pre-Socratics to Aristotle and on to the Sceptics and the Stoics. - Summary by Peter Tucker

Among the professors of a religious course, some do still adhere unto a legal scheme of holiness, vainly making it the reason of their peace and hope, or, at least, of their venturing to found both on Christ; and others are reconciled unto an evangelical scheme of holiness, verily making it the result of their peace and hope, as already founded on Christ, freely offered to them in the Gospel. <br> The correction which one of these sorts, and the instruction in righteousness which both of them need, may be peculiarly gained from this book: and, for these purposes, they are earnestly entreated to peruse it completely, and in the same order wherein written: so that the one sort may not, from looking first into the latter part thereof, throw it aside as Antinomian ; nor the other sort, from looking only into the former part, throw it aside as legal. <br> In fine, whereas I have scarcely ever been acquainted with any practical composure, of human product, so evangelical, in a thread more connect, and a method more exact, than this: I equally despair, that any shall reap true benefit, in a partial and confused reading; and hope, that excellent fruit shall, through the divine blessing, redound therefrom, unto such as may read it otherwise. (Summary by Adam Gib)

34Life and Letters of Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, Volume 1

By Mrs. Julian Marshall

Letter and excerpts of journals of Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley were given to Florence Marshall by her son, Sir Percy Shelley in order to create an accurate biography of this famous writer. Although most famously known for her novel Frankenstein, she also wrote travel books, biographies, and was a political radical. - Summary by Phyllis Vincelli

35Life and Letters of Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, Volume 2

By Mrs. Julian Marshall

Letters and excerpts of journals of Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley were given to Florence Marshall by her son, Sir Percy Shelley in order to create an accurate biography of this famous writer. Although most famously known for her novel Frankenstein, she also wrote travel books, biographies, and was a political radical. Summary by PhyllisV.

Scotland's Story: A History Of Scotland For Boys And Girls is both a history of Scotland as well as delving into some of its legends. Written with younger readers in mind, it begins with the legend of Prince Gathelus and continues through King George IV (1762 —1830). The author writes, “And here I think I must end, for Scotland has no more a story of her own – her story is Britain's story.” <br><br> Within the book we will learn of Macbeth, of Robert the Bruce, of the Stewart kings, as well as a romanticized depiction of William Wallace. - Summary by James R Hedrick