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The U.S. Army and Marine Corps use maps and photo-imagery products to operate over a wide range of terrains. Personnel must be prepared to use these products not only for orientation and navigation but also to make tactical decisions quickly and accurately based on terrain considerations. The objective of this research task was to develop experimental land navigation training materials for use in a prototype training course for Army and Marine infantrymen. Map interpretation and terrain analysis course (MITAC) techniques were used to develop an illustrated tape-slide lecture on land navigation methods. MITAC techniques combine cartographic principles and practices with terrain association methods for training purposes. A five-part lecture series was developed based on the 1:50,000-scale topographic maps produced by the Defense Mapping Agency. The series includes lectures on (1) an introduction to map interpretation, (2) interpretation of terrain relief, (3) interpretation of inland hydrography, (4) interpretation of vegetation, and (5) interpretation of transportation lines. The experimental materials are currently being validated for task content and media compatibility using USMC subject matter experts (SMEs). They will be revised and organized per SME recommendations and tested for training effectiveness with participants from Marine infantry battalions.

Commercially produced multispectral imagery (MSI) promises to play an increasingly important role for terrain and others in the United States Army in future years. There are several reasons for this. First, some useful types of quality imagery may not be as plentiful in the future as they have been in the past, and MSI can help to fill the void. Secondly, commercially produced imagery is not classified, and is therefore easy to handle and store, particularly in field environments. Thirdly, the resolution of MSI is slowly improving, making it more useful for detailed analysis. And finally, techniques for computerized multispectral classification and image enhancement, potentially useful tools for terrain analysts, should become more readily available. (RH)

Commercially produced multispectral imagery (MSI) promises to play an increasingly important role for terrain and others in the United States Army in future years. There are several reasons for this. First, some useful types of quality imagery may not be as plentiful in the future as they have been in the past, and MSI can help to fill the void. Secondly, commercially produced imagery is not classified, and is therefore easy to handle and store, particularly in field environments. Thirdly, the resolution of MSI is slowly improving, making it more useful for detailed analysis. And finally, techniques for computerized multispectral classification and image enhancement, potentially useful tools for terrain analysts, should become more readily available. (RH)

Commercially produced multispectral imagery (MSI) promises to play an increasingly important role for terrain and others in the United States Army in future years. There are several reasons for this. First, some useful types of quality imagery may not be as plentiful in the future as they have been in the past, and MSI can help to fill the void. Secondly, commercially produced imagery is not classified, and is therefore easy to handle and store, particularly in field environments. Thirdly, the resolution of MSI is slowly improving, making it more useful for detailed analysis. And finally, techniques for computerized multispectral classification and image enhancement, potentially useful tools for terrain analysts, should become more readily available. (RH)

Multiple mesoscale numerical weather simulations are conducted to evaluate whether Ensemble Sensitivity Analysis (ESA) is a useful tool determining the sensitivity of a severe downslope windstorm (DSWS) in complex terrain to initial conditions and assimilated observations. A 96-member ensemble is implemented with 1.33 km grid spacing. Sensitive regions are found both upstream and downstream, based on a new forecast metric that indicates the potential for turbulence and strong winds reaching the Earths surface. Approximating the effects of assimilating a perfect observation at these sensitivity locations, then executing non-linear ensemble forecasts, shows the linear approximations in ESA are reasonable. We analyze the roles of upstream wind and stability structures, and leeside conditions, in determining the strength and propagation of winds down the mountain slope and onto the adjacent plains. Results suggest that ESA is a viable method to identify observation locations to improve forecasts of fine-scale, non-linear, high-impact events such as DSWS. Also, 14 severe DSWS identified by the High Wind Alert System located at the USAF Academy, CO are modeled utilizing a deterministic WRF configuration. Analysis shows that non-wave breaking events account for the strongest DSWS and propagate further away from the mountains than breaking events at this location.

Remote-sensing analysis is conducted for the Naval Postgraduate School campus, containing buildings, impervious surfaces (asphalt and concrete), natural ground, and vegetation. Data is from the Optech Titan, providing three-wavelength laser data (532, 1064, and 1550 nm) at 10–15 points/m2. Analysis techniques for laser-scanner (LiDAR) data traditionally use only x, y, z coordinate information. The traditional approach is used to initialize the classification process into broad-spatial classes (unclassified, ground, vegetation, and buildings). Spectral analysis contributes a unique approach to the classification process. Tools and techniques designed for multispectral imagery are adapted to the LiDAR analysis herein. ENVI's N-Dimensional Visualizer is employed to develop training sets for supervised classification techniques, primarily Maximum Likelihood. Unsupervised classification for the combined spatial/spectral data is accomplished using a K-means classifier for comparison. The campus is classified into 10 and 16 classes, compared to the four from traditional methods. Addition of the spectral component improves the discrimination among impervious surfaces, other ground elements, and building materials. Maximum Likelihood demonstrates 75% overall classification accuracy, with grass (99.9%), turf (95%), asphalt shingles (94%), light-building concrete (89%), sand (88%), shrubs (85%), asphalt (84%), trees (80%), and clay-tile shingles (77%). Post-process filtering by number of returns increases overall accuracy to 82%.

Remote-sensing analysis is conducted for the Naval Postgraduate School campus, containing buildings, impervious surfaces (asphalt and concrete), natural ground, and vegetation. Data is from the Optech Titan, providing three-wavelength laser data (532, 1064, and 1550 nm) at 10–15 points/m2. Analysis techniques for laser-scanner (LiDAR) data traditionally use only x, y, z coordinate information. The traditional approach is used to initialize the classification process into broad-spatial classes (unclassified, ground, vegetation, and buildings). Spectral analysis contributes a unique approach to the classification process. Tools and techniques designed for multispectral imagery are adapted to the LiDAR analysis herein. ENVI's N-Dimensional Visualizer is employed to develop training sets for supervised classification techniques, primarily Maximum Likelihood. Unsupervised classification for the combined spatial/spectral data is accomplished using a K-means classifier for comparison. The campus is classified into 10 and 16 classes, compared to the four from traditional methods. Addition of the spectral component improves the discrimination among impervious surfaces, other ground elements, and building materials. Maximum Likelihood demonstrates 75% overall classification accuracy, with grass (99.9%), turf (95%), asphalt shingles (94%), light-building concrete (89%), sand (88%), shrubs (85%), asphalt (84%), trees (80%), and clay-tile shingles (77%). Post-process filtering by number of returns increases overall accuracy to 82%.

From the onset of the Iraq invasion of Kuwait, the Terrain Analysis Center (TAC) of the U.S. Army Topographic Engineering Center (TEC) was involved extensively in providing terrain and water resources information to combat forces deployed to Saudi Arabia, intelligence organizations, mapping agencies and various Federal agencies. Terrain and water resources information became vital factors in planning of the invasion routes to locating Scud-missile launch sites, a detailed assessment of terrain conditions was required by all. This paper will discuss several of the initiatives provided by TAC to out combat forces and supporting activities during Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm.

ON 12 MARCH 1974 THE DESCENT MODULE (DM) OF THE MARS-6 AUTOMATIC INTERPLANETARY STATION REACHED THE SURFACE OF MARS IN THE DESIGNATED LANDING SITE. THE DESCENT OF DM -- FROM ATMOSPHERIC ENTRY AND AERODYNAMIC BRAKING TO PARACHUTE--ASSISTED DESCENT INCLUSIVELY -- FOLLOWED THE PROGRAM. DURING THE PARACHUTE DESCENT, LASTING APPROXIMATELY 150 SEC, DIRECT MEASUREMENTS OF THE PARAMETERS OF THE MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE WERE MADE THE FIRST TIME. BASED ON ALL AVAILABLE INFORMATION ON THE LANDING SITE, A DETAILED ANALYSIS WAS MADE OF THE TERRAIN OF THE DM LANDING SITE.

This report studies a new algorithm for the regridding and transformation of Digital Terrain Elevation Matrices. The new algorithm uses sequential accesses to mass storage devices rather than the random methods used by the software system currently installed at the Defense Mapping Agency. Due to the simplicity of the new algorithm, minicomputers can be used in place of a larger mainframe computer. Four potential minicomputer systems are examined. Benchmark test results are given which show the feasibility of minicomputer use. Recommendations are made concerning the minicomputer to select if the new algorithm is to be implemented. (Author)

This report studies a new algorithm for the regridding and transformation of Digital Terrain Elevation Matrices. The new algorithm uses sequential accesses to mass storage devices rather than the random methods used by the software system currently installed at the Defense Mapping Agency. Due to the simplicity of the new algorithm, minicomputers can be used in place of a larger mainframe computer. Four potential minicomputer systems are examined. Benchmark test results are given which show the feasibility of minicomputer use. Recommendations are made concerning the minicomputer to select if the new algorithm is to be implemented. (Author)

This report studies a new algorithm for the regridding and transformation of Digital Terrain Elevation Matrices. The new algorithm uses sequential accesses to mass storage devices rather than the random methods used by the software system currently installed at the Defense Mapping Agency. Due to the simplicity of the new algorithm, minicomputers can be used in place of a larger mainframe computer. Four potential minicomputer systems are examined. Benchmark test results are given which show the feasibility of minicomputer use. Recommendations are made concerning the minicomputer to select if the new algorithm is to be implemented. (Author)

This report studies a new algorithm for the regridding and transformation of Digital Terrain Elevation Matrices. The new algorithm uses sequential accesses to mass storage devices rather than the random methods used by the software system currently installed at the Defense Mapping Agency. Due to the simplicity of the new algorithm, minicomputers can be used in place of a larger mainframe computer. Four potential minicomputer systems are examined. Benchmark test results are given which show the feasibility of minicomputer use. Recommendations are made concerning the minicomputer to select if the new algorithm is to be implemented. (Author)

This report studies a new algorithm for the regridding and transformation of Digital Terrain Elevation Matrices. The new algorithm uses sequential accesses to mass storage devices rather than the random methods used by the software system currently installed at the Defense Mapping Agency. Due to the simplicity of the new algorithm, minicomputers can be used in place of a larger mainframe computer. Four potential minicomputer systems are examined. Benchmark test results are given which show the feasibility of minicomputer use. Recommendations are made concerning the minicomputer to select if the new algorithm is to be implemented. (Author)

This report studies a new algorithm for the regridding and transformation of Digital Terrain Elevation Matrices. The new algorithm uses sequential accesses to mass storage devices rather than the random methods used by the software system currently installed at the Defense Mapping Agency. Due to the simplicity of the new algorithm, minicomputers can be used in place of a larger mainframe computer. Four potential minicomputer systems are examined. Benchmark test results are given which show the feasibility of minicomputer use. Recommendations are made concerning the minicomputer to select if the new algorithm is to be implemented. (Author)

In this paper the developed tools for the operative terrain analysis on the basis of digital cards and remote sensing images for the decision of problems on modeling, analysis and decision-making at emergency situations are described. The tools include the decision of such problems as the analysis of terrain characteristics, calculation of the shortest routes taking into account the set restrictions, search of the nearest objects with the master data, definition of spatial relations of terrain objects, calculation of zones of flooding, modeling of carrying over of radioactive particles, modeling of distribution of fires and a number of others. The examples of practical results are shown

Contains the code, data and analysis results for Fisher, K., Haegeli, P., and Mair, P.: Travel and terrain advice statements in public avalanche bulletins: A quantitative analysis of who uses this information, what makes it useful, and how it can be improved for users. Submitted to Natural Hazards and Earth Science Sciences on Oct. 23, 2021.

The author has identified the following significant results. Distinctive spectral signatures discriminated areas underlain by distinctive lithological/stratigraphical units where bedrock either outcrops or is relatively near to surface in the Lady Annie-Mt. Gordon fault zone, the Mary Kathleen, and Dugald River-Naraku areas. Spectral signatures associated with discrete plant communities distinguished different types of superficial deposits over the Cloncurry Plains. Distinctive spectral signatures also revealed the presence and nature of concealed bedrock beneath cover of residuum and superficial deposits where this is relatively thin in the Cloncurry Plains. Major faults were clearly displayed in areas of outcropping and near surface bedrock. Sets of lineaments with preferred orientations were identified in the Lady Annie and Dugald River areas. Known base metal deposits occur along these features.

Long wavelength systems with improved penetration capability have been considered to have the potential for minimizing the vegetation contribution and enhancing the surface return variations. L-band imagery of the Arkansas geologic test site provides confirmatory evidence of this effect. However, the increased wavelength increases the sensitivity to larger scale structure at relatively small incidence angles. The regularity of agricultural and urban scenes provides large components in the low frequency-large scale portion of the roughness spectrum that are highly sensitive to orientation. The addition of a cross polarized channel is shown to enable the interpreter to distinguish vegetation and orientational perturbations in the surface return.

The major purpose of the program is to assist military planners in future stationing decisions. To achieve this purpose, planners must obtain an appreciation of the on-post terrain that includes, among other things, knowledge of the suitability for conducting field training exercises involving maneuverability of troops and military vehicles. The degree of maneuverability that can be achieved is a function of several terrain factors including slope, surface configuration, soils, vegetative cover, and surface drainage, all of which are treated in the studies. Planners concerned with troop stationing also need certain off-post information such as statistics on housing, schools, hospitals, and public utilities in urban areas near installations, as well as pertinent data on airfields and ports in the vicinity. These items are also treated in the studies. Because the program under which this study was prepared is intended to serve troop stationing requirements, the support provided by the program to environmental requirements is only incidental. Some of the information contained in the studies may be useful as environmental baseline data, but the studies are by no means complete environmental inventories of the kind required in support of the environmental impact assessments.

This report describes the results of a four-year, multi-faceted investigation into the physics of sediment transport and erosion in channels and hillslopes. The project addressed two objectives: (1) develop and explore new mathematical computational tools for modeling complex land-surface systems, and in particular the applicability of stochastic transport theory and fractional calculus; and (2) use numerical modeling and field data analysis to develop a better understanding of the processes, mechanisms, and dynamics of land-surface change in semi-arid rangeland environments, with a focus on the Colorado piedmont. These two aims are interconnected in the sense that rangeland landscapes provide a template for documenting and measuring process dynamics, while mathematical and numerical models contribute to interpreting these landscapes. This report is divided into three main sections. The first focuses on the primary thrust of the project, which involves applying recent concepts in stochastic transport theory and fractional calculus to sediment transport and dispersion. Our objective was to determine what new light these methods may shed on the dynamics of geomorphic systems. The second section analyzes the interplay between rainfall, runoff, vegetation, and erosion in setting the dynamics of the ephemeral channel networks that are so common in rangeland landscapes. The third section explores the shaping of channel cross-section geometry, which turns out to play a critical role in governing flows of mass and energy across the landscape.

Terrain Analysis FM 5 33

All-Terrain Vehicles (ATVs) are used to handle a wider variety of terrains and are specifically used in border patrol, oil exploration and surveying. In this study, an Epicyclic Gearbox has been designed, analysed and manufactured for its use in an ATV. Epicyclic Gearbox which is generally used in Tractors, High Speed Gas turbines and Construction Equipment has features such as rotating axes of certain gears, certain gears in mesh with multiple gears at the same time and co-axiality of input and output shafts. This provides for compactness of size, weight reduction and sufficient gear reduction which are essential requirements for ATVs. The modelling was done in Solid Works and the analysis in ANSYS. The gearbox was tested on the ATV, with its usage being effective. 

The contacts between 34 geological/geomorphic terrain units in the northern quarter of Venus mapped from Venera 15/16 data were digitized and converted to a Sinusoidal Equal-Area projection. The result was then registered with a merged Pioneer Venus/Venera 15/16 altimetric database, root mean square (rms) slope values, and radar reflectivity values derived from Pioneer Venus. The resulting information includes comparisons among individual terrain units and terrain groups to which they are assigned in regard to percentage of map area covered, elevation, rms slopes, distribution of suspected craters greater than 10 km in diameter.

An analysis was made of terrain masking for selected ground radar test locations at White Sands Missile Range. Digitized terrain altitude data are reformatted to allow calculation of straight line masking along radial profiles from the radar site. These data are then displayed in the form of maps of the illuminated terrain and altitude profiles. (Author)

This report studies a new algorithm for the regridding and transformation of Digital Terrain Elevation Matrices. The new algorithm uses sequential accesses to mass storage devices rather than the random methods used by the software system currently installed at the Defense Mapping Agency. Due to the simplicity of the new algorithm, minicomputers can be used in place of a larger mainframe computer. Four potential minicomputer systems are examined. Benchmark test results are given which show the feasibility of minicomputer use. Recommendations are made concerning the minicomputer to select if the new algorithm is to be implemented. (Author)

Relation between electromagnetic scattering properties of lunar surface & surface structures

This report documents the development of a mathematical model for predicting the steering performance of track-laying vehicles in environments ranging from soft soils to hard surfaces such as rigid pavements. The tractive forces between the terrain and the vehicle track are simulated by a rheological model that accounts for nonlinear shear-stress/shear-deformation relation, the effect of deformation rate on shearing resistance, and the effect of pressure on shear resistance and plastic yielding. The rheological model is coupled with the kinematics and the characteristics of the vehicle to develop the equations governing the transient motion of a vehicle on a level flat surface and the steady-state turning motion on a sloping terrain. A computer program, named AGIL, numerically integrates and solves these equations of motion in terms of the kinematics of the problem. The computer program is used to investigate parametrically the steering performance of a specific vehicle on different types of terrain and to examine the effect of vehicle charcteristics on steering performance. Appendix A of this report presents a procedure for determining the coefficient of rolling resistance. Appendix B gives recommended stability criteria for uniform turning motion. The field direct shear device is described in Appendix C.

The problem of the study was to investigate the validity and practicality of applying spectral density methods and the inherent statistics to the problem of describing terrain roughness and vehicle responses in terms of vehicle speed.

The Natick Terrain Analysis System (TAS) was developed to satisfy the need for a more scientific method of designing camouflage patterns and coloration based on actual terrain reflectance data. This report describes the three phase expansion of the TAS. Phase I extended the TAS capabilities to acquire and process reflectance data to 900 nm, and to predict the appearance of a scene through an image intensifier or with three dye, false color, infrared sensitive film. Phase II added the capability to quantify the brightness of targets in imagery recorded through an image intensifier or thermal imager, and determine a probability of detection of a target against the background. Phase III allows the user to interactively create camouflage patterns and overlay the patterns on a scene to perform a subjective analysis of its effectiveness.

This report describes the procedure of mapping crop/vegetation data for two selected flight line areas (Darmstadt, Fulda) in the Federal Republic of Germany. Mapping was based on the analysis of aerial photographs taken from 300 ft. and 600 ft. flight heights and on ground truth data sampling. In addition, interviews were conducted both with farmers in the areas of interest and with agricultural researchers. Meteorological data were collected on a statistical basis to evaluate the land-use and surface conditions existing during the September 1982 terrain data sampling by the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station. The results of this study should be used as an input for generalization of crop types and conditions for Central European land-use characteristics. Large-scale imagery (e.g. satellite photographs), various thematic maps and well-defined regionalization of Germany/Central Europe will generate the desired results for a limited number of defined land-use terrain factors. A supplementary classification of major geographic regions in Germany, even down to the district level, can be made on the basis of agricultural crop distribution and land use, which are taken from thematic maps and statistical sources. Thus, it will be possible to identify the likely distribution of land-use and the extent of continuous crop coverage for high cross-country mobility areas within specific regions.

The U.S. Army Engineer Topographic Laboratories (ETL) is participating in the development of a battlefield robotic platform, with a recon sensor suite payload, that will be teleoperated from a remotely located control van via RF communication link(s). A major component of the system is a sophisticated terrain navigation subsystem, to be later evolved from a teleoperation to an autonomous operation capability. The system will demonstrate an application of AI/Robotics for meeting future Army needs. (Author)

This report provides step-by-step methods and necessary procedures for obtaining information on roads and related structures, i.e. bridges, tunnels, etc., from U.S. military maps, aerial photography, and other source materials or documents. The Guide war written specifically for the U.S. Army Terrain Analyst and presents the detailed methodology necessary for obtaining approximately 15 data elements concerned with the location and mensurational characteristics of roads and related structures. It is the second in a series of guides for Army Terrain Analysts. (Author)

This report discusses the final year's activities of a program to generate and analyze L-band clutter data. The L-band radar data used throughout this study were derived from airborne synthetic aperture radar imagery. Radar cross section measurements from a variety of distributed targets are presented, including sea surface, sea ice, agricultural fields and forests. Both HH and VV polarized data are presented. Models are presented which describe the intensity distribution of SAR data as well as describe L-band scattering from rough surfaces. The density distribution models describe the observed SAR intensity distributions quite well, whereas the radar scattering models in some cases overpredict the SAR-observed values. Keywords: Radar; L-Band; Backscatter cross sections; Terrain; and Measurement.

This report discusses the final year's activities of a program to generate and analyze L-band clutter data. The L-band radar data used throughout this study were derived from airborne synthetic aperture radar imagery. Radar cross section measurements from a variety of distributed targets are presented, including sea surface, sea ice, agricultural fields and forests. Both HH and VV polarized data are presented. Models are presented which describe the intensity distribution of SAR data as well as describe L-band scattering from rough surfaces. The density distribution models describe the observed SAR intensity distributions quite well, whereas the radar scattering models in some cases overpredict the SAR-observed values. Keywords: Radar; L-Band; Backscatter cross sections; Terrain; and Measurement.

Army terrain teams are required to produce a wide range of tactical products to support combat operations. Computer based systems make it possible to rapidly produce tactical products that previously could only be produced manually. The use of advanced software and hardware also adds a whole new range of analysis products and functions to the terrain analyst's repertoire. By integrating geographic information systems (GIS), image processing and data base management software together with scanning and communication technologies, the terrain analyst can pull existing data from appropriate sources, analyze the data to create products, enhance and/or create data as required, and push products and data back across the battlefield to other DoD systems. The Digital Topographic Support System/Quick Response Multicolor Printer (DTSS/QRMP) will provide quick and accurate tactical terrain analyses and digital topographic products in support of mission planning, decision making and combat operations that will greatly enhance the effectiveness of the Army in meeting its combat mission.

This report is one in a series of terrain analysis procedural guides being developed in support of the Topographic Support System (TSS). It was written specifically for a U.S. Army terrain analyst and presents the step-by- step methods needed for extraction, reducing, and recording soil information on a factor overlay and supporting data table.

Military terrain analysis and map reading are characterized as semiotic systems, that is, as languages that make only partial use of written and spoken language.

Preventing water pollution using importance-performance análisis and terrain analysis

A qualitative interpretation of the records from a monostatic acoustic radar is presented. This is achieved with the aid of airplane, helicopter, and rawinsonde temperature soundings. The diurnal structure of a mountain valley circulation pattern is studied with the use of two acoustic radars, one located in the valley and one on the downwind ridge. The monostatic acoustic radar was found to be sufficiently accurate in locating the heights of the inversions and the mixed layer depth to warrant use by industry even in complex terrain.

A digital computer and multivariate statistical techniques were used to analyze 4-band multispectral data. A representation of the original data for each of the four bands allows a certain degree of terrain interpretation; however, variations in appearance of sites within and between bands, without additional criteria for deciding which representation should be preferred, create difficulties for classification. Investigation of the video data groups produced by principal components analysis and cluster analysis techniques shows that effective correlations with classifications of terrain produced by conventional methods could be carried out. The analyses also highlighted underlying relationships between the various elements. The approach used allows large areas (185 cm by 185 cm) to be classified into fundamental units within a matter of hours and can be applied to those parts of the Earth where facilities for conventional studies are poor or lacking.

This procedural guide provides the Army Terrain Analyst with the methods and procedures necessary to generate a thematic or factor overlay with supportive tables for portraying climate. Seven potential sources of information are considered: climatic summaries; climatic studies and climatic atlases; geographic studies and atlases; maps (climatic); technical literature; aerial photography; and maps (topographic). Procedures for extracting climatic information (data elements) from these sources are presented. Appendices provide the analysts with additional sources of information. (Author)

During the period of the present research contract: (1) We have completed the design and construction of a prototype sweep-frequency electromagnetic exploration system; (2) We have tested extensively a prototype swept-frequency electromagnetic system on various geological environments and demonstrated the system capability to delineate subsurface geological structures of the earth; (3) We have initiated several theoretical approaches suitable for the interpretation of the spectral profiles generated by the swept-frequency system which are to be correlated with geological structures. (Author)

Just as analysis of terrain is important to general combat, so analysis of urban terrain is important to combat in built-up areas. This study was conducted to develop a series of graphic training aids which would provide troops with a means of learning the nature of the urban environment. The aids include the identification of building types and characteristics.

As global urbanization increases, the likelihood of United States (US) military participation in combat operations in urban areas also grows proportionally. This study examines the mission analysis step of the military decision-making process (MDMP) for military operations on urbanized terrain (MOUT). By reviewing urban combat in Aachen, Manila, Hue, Panama City, Mogadishu, and Grozny, as well as US Army and Marine Corps doctrine, this study summarizes characteristics for consideration during mission analysis for MOUT. At present, the US Army's manual, FM 90-10, Military Operations on Urbanized Terrain, published in 1979, is being rewritten. As the doctrinal review process begins, the Army must consider the planning and preparation processes for operational and tactical warfighting on urbanized terrain. Mission analysis, the foundation of the military decision-making process, remains critical to success in planning for Army operations, but particularly in the urban environment. The emerging threats and conditions of future urban combat will require commanders and staffs to examine their traditional methods of analysis for MOUT and develop more thorough methods of planning for urban combat. This study concludes with an outline of mission analysis that will assist commanders and staffs in producing well-planned orders for future MOUT.

The purpose of the workshop on Terrain Analysis and Quantitative Geomorphology was to assess methods for the quantification and analysis of seafloor morphology, to examine their application to acoustic scattering problems, and to evaluate future research directions and needs. A broader goal was to foster cooperation among investigators and minimize the redundancy in Navy-sponsored research projects. This report summarizes the results of the workshop and makes recommendations regarding future research. Keywords: Ocean bottom topography; Reverberation; Acoustic scattering; Mid-ocean ridge system; Sea beam data.

The purpose of the workshop on Terrain Analysis and Quantitative Geomorphology was to assess methods for the quantification and analysis of seafloor morphology, to examine their application to acoustic scattering problems, and to evaluate future research directions and needs. A broader goal was to foster cooperation among investigators and minimize the redundancy in Navy-sponsored research projects. This report summarizes the results of the workshop and makes recommendations regarding future research. Keywords: Ocean bottom topography; Reverberation; Acoustic scattering; Mid-ocean ridge system; Sea beam data.

Many current army combat simulation models require digitized terrain inputs for their execution, resulting in a costly and time-consuming operation. A methodology to generate parametric terrain as a function of the number of hill masses and the height, location, spread, and slope of the hills is presented in this paper. Modified bivariate normal (MBVN) distribution function and a linear function cutting the MBVN function are employed to achieve the terrain representation. Analysis of various terrain parameter values was conducted and the significant trends resulting from the study are described. Finally, recommendations for future enhancement of the model are given.

Many current army combat simulation models require digitized terrain inputs for their execution, resulting in a costly and time-consuming operation. A methodology to generate parametric terrain as a function of the number of hill masses and the height, location, spread, and slope of the hills is presented in this paper. Modified bivariate normal (MBVN) distribution function and a linear function cutting the MBVN function are employed to achieve the terrain representation. Analysis of various terrain parameter values was conducted and the significant trends resulting from the study are described. Finally, recommendations for future enhancement of the model are given.

This report discusses the final year's activities of a program to generate and analyze L-band clutter data. The L-band radar data used throughout this study were derived from airborne synthetic aperture radar imagery. Radar cross section measurements from a variety of distributed targets are presented, including sea surface, sea ice, agricultural fields and forests. Both HH and VV polarized data are presented. Models are presented which describe the intensity distribution of the SAR data as well as describe L-band scattering from rough surfaces. The density distribution models describe the observed SAR intensity distributions quite well, whereas the radar scattering models in some cases overpredict the SAR-observed values. (Author)